7V  A^l 


LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


UNIVERSITY  Of  NORTH  (AROLINA, 

Endowed  by  the  Dialectic  and  Philanthrooic  Socifitip 


3  [ 

9  [ 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINA 


ENDOWED  BY  THE 
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SOCIETIES 


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This  book  is  due  at  the  LOUIS  R.  WILSON  LIBRARY  on  the 
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DATE  jjj^rj. 
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4  2814 

'  -n  No.  513 

Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arcliive 
in  2015 


littps://arcliive.org/details/firstlatinreadinOOarro 


FIRST  LATIN  READINGS 


BY 

ROBERT  ARROWSMITH,  Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN,  TEACHERS   COLLEGE,  NEW  YORK  CITY 

AND 

GEORGE  M.  WHICHER,  M.A. 

INSTRUCTOR  IN  CLASSICS,  PACKER  COLLEGIATE  INSTITUTE,  BROOKLYN,  N.I 


NEW  YORK-:.  CINCINNATI  :.  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 


UOPYRIGHT,  1894,  BY 

4MERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 

A.  &  W.  FIRST  LAT.  READ. 
W.  P.  7 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


The  present  volume  is  put  forth  as  an  attempt  at  the  partial  solution  of 
the  vexed  question  of  early  reading  material  in  Latin.  The  call  for  variety 
in  the  Latin  authors  read  in  American  Preparatory  Schools  has  recently 
been  accentuated  by  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Secondary  School 
Studies,  presented  to  the  National  Educational  Association  in  1893.  The 
objections  to  the  exclusive  use  of  Caesar's  Commentaries  as  an  introduction 
to  the  Latin  language  are  set  forth  at  length  in  that  Report,  and  are  so 
well  known  that  a  repetition  of  them  here  is  not  necessary. 

The  opinion  held  by  many  teachers  that,  as  now  used,  Caesar's  great 
work  is  out  of  its  proper  relation  to  the  scheme  of  secondary  education  does 
not  conflict  with  the  recognition  of  the  important  place  occupied  by  the 
Commentaries  in  the  study  of  the  language,  history,  and  literature  of 
Rome.  It  cannot  be  maintained  that  there  is  general  agreement  among 
teachers  in  this  matter.  But  whether  the  object  is  to  enrich  or  to  rear- 
range the  present  scheme  of  Latin  readings,  or  merely  to  provide  a  more 
gradual  introduction  to  the  Commentaries,  there  is  a  wide  demand  for  some 
change  from  the  inherited  limitations  in  our  schools,  and  the  greatest  obsta- 
cles in  the  way  of  any  changes  for  the  better  are  gradually  giving  way. 
Of  these,  the  most  formidable  to  the  minds  of  some  is  the  possible  substi- 
tution of  authors  outside  the  confines  of  the  classical  period.  It  is  held 
that  a  departure,  in  however  small  degree,  from  classical  usage  is  most 
detrimental  to  the  acquisition  of  that  "classical  style,"  which  is  considered 
the  summum  bonum  in  the  teachmg  of  Latin. 

3 


4 


INTRODUCTOEY  NOTE. 


If,  however,  the  student's  introduction  to  the  literature  of  the  Romans 
is  to  arouse  a  desire  for  further  acquaintance  with  that  literature,  the 
material  offered  him  should  be  attractive  in  itself,  and  of  enough  variety 
to  sustain  his  interest.  If  he  is  to  appreciate  the  beauties  of  language 
and  construction,  he  should  be  equipped  with  the  widest  range  of  thought, 
vocabulary,  and  construction  possible.  He  should  be  made  to  feel  that 
his  highest  end  is  to  gain,  not  alone  a  mastery  of  the  mechanism  of  the 
language,  but  an  insight  into  the  thought  and  life  of  a  people  which 
contributed  so  largely  to  our  present  civilization  —  to  study  what  is  said 
not  solely  how  it  is  said. 

It  is  on  these  lines  that  the  editors  have  attempted  to  construct  this 
book.  The  selections  have  been  carefully  made  with  reference  to  their 
difficulty,  their  interest  as  literature,  and,  in  great  part,  their  relation  to 
Roman  life  and  customs.  They  are  in  all  cases  episodes  of  sufficient 
length  to  acquaint  the  student  with  the  author's  vocabulary  and  con- 
struction. In  the  use  of  this  volume,  the  student  should  be  urged  to 
consult  the  works  of  reference  indicated  in  the  notes,  and  encouraged  to 
observe  from  his  own  reading  all  matters  which  throw  light  on  the  stories 
of  Rome  and  illustrate  the  similarities  or  contrasts  in  constructions  and 
expressions  in  English  and  Latin.  The  aid  thus  given  to  an  appreciation 
of  English  usage  is  evident,  and  is  largely  increased  if  the  modern  lan- 
guages, and  particularly  German,  can  be  drawn  upon  for  purposes  of 
comparison. 

The  grammatical  references  which  accompany  the  text  are  not  intended 
as  a  final  arbitrary  settlement  of  grammatical  constructions.  The  fact 
that,  in  many  instances,  neither  the  makers  of  grammars  nor  the  editors 
of  texts  agree  among  themselves  in  grammatical  divisions  and  in  the 
explanation  of  certain  usages  (e.g.  the  uses  of  the  ablative  and  certain 
subjunctives)  emphasizes  the  danger  of  insisting  too  strongly  on  one  inter- 
pretation to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  Experience  shows  that  the  wisest 
method  is  to  insure  a  comprehension  of  the  essential  use  and  general  scope 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


5 


of  the  case  or  mode,  and  then  in  specific  instances  to  encourage  the  great- 
est, instead  of  the  least,  variety  of  interpretation.  When  teachers  and 
grammarians  and  editors  are  frequently  unable  to  reach  a  common  ground 
of  agreement,  over-refining  and  arbitrary  classification  can  be  but  barren 
in  results  to  the  pupil. 

The  vocabulary,  as  far  as  possible,  has  been  prepared  with  the  aim  of 
leading  the  student  to  appreciate  first  the  primary  meaning  of  the  word 
and  to  trace  its  development  through  its  secondary  and  derived  significa- 
tions. In  the  case  of  compound  verbs,  this  has  been  done  by  placing  all 
compounded  forms  under  the  simple  verb,  where  the  original  verb  value 
may  be  more  readily  traced. 

In  the  case  of  variations  in  the  text,  those  readings  have  been  selected 
which  seemed  most  helpful  to  the  student.  No  changes  whatever  have 
been  made  in  the  language  of  the  author,  but  in  some  cases,  especially  in 
the  selections  from  Cicero  and  Livy,  omissions  have  been  made  to  avoid 
the  introduction  of  undesirable  matter  or  quotations  from  the  Greek. 

In  a  book  intended  for  beginners,  it  has  seemed  best  to  have  the  spelling 
and  assimilation  of  all  the  texts  conform  to  one  standard.  With  the 
exception  of  a  very  few  words,  the  excellent  ElemenlarTj  Latin  Dictionary  of 
Dr.  Charlton  T.  Lewis  has  been  followed,  as  being  accessible  to  most 
teachers  and  students.  For  the  same  reasons  all  quantities,  especially 
*  hidden  quantities,'  have,  except  in  the  case  of  obvious  errors,  been  marked 
by  the  same  guide.  At  the  present  stage  of  the  study,  the  quantities 
assigned  must  necessarily,  in  many  cases,  be  tentative  and  subject  to  cor- 
rection. Even  in  such  quantities  as  are  definitely  settled,  the  great  diffi- 
culty of  securing  absolute  accuracy  is  evident,  and  corrections  in  this  as 
well  as  in  all  other  points  will  be  gratefully  received. 

The  editors  wish  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to  Professors  Peck 
and  Egbert,  of  Columbia  College,  to  Dr.  Knapp,  of  Barnard  College,  and 
to  Professor  Lodge,  of  Bryn  Mawr,  for  many  suggestions  and  for  their  ser- 
vices in  the  ungrateful  task  of  proof  reading;  to  Professor  Lodge  for 


6 


INTKODUCTORY  NOTE. 


early  proof  sheets  of  his  revision  of  Gildersleeve's  Latin  Grammar ;  and  to 
Dr.  Knapp,  who  has  placed  the  results  of  his  long  study  of  Gellius  at 
their  disposal.  These  gentlemen,  however,  are  not  responsible  for  any 
misstatements  or  errors. 

While  conscious  of  the  defects  w^hich  will  be  found  in  this  volume,  the 
editors  trust  that  it  may  nevertheless  have  some  small  part  in  bringing  about 
that  broader  view  of  the  province  of  Latin  teaching,  which  regards  the  lan- 
guage not  as  material  for  mental  training  alone,  but  as  an  essential  part  of 
the  world's  literature,  and  as  a  most  important  agent  in  securing  the  broadest 
culture  and  widest  human  sympathy. 

ROBERT  ARROWSMITH. 
GEORGE  M.  WHICHER. 

August,  1894. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

EuTROPius.    Breviarium.  page 

Book  I.   Founding  of  Rome     ........  13 

Expulsion  of  the  Kings       .......  15 

War  with  Tarquin                                                        .  16 

Coriolanus.    Cincinnatus    .......  19 

The  Gauls  at  Rome   20 

Book  II.    Corvinus   21 

Wars  with  the  Samnites   22 

War  with  Pyrrhus   23 

First  Punic  War  .       .   25 

The  Heroism  of  Regulus   26 

Book  III.    Second  Punic  War.    Battle  of  Cannae       ....  28 

Scipio   30 

Book  IV.   Third  Punic  War.    Destruction  of  Carthage       ...  31 

Book  Y.   Mithridates   32 

Book  YI.    Catiline's  Conspiracy  .       .       .       .       .       .       .  .33 

Caesar  conquers  Gaul.    Civil  War      .       .       .       .  .35 

Conquest  and  Death  of  Pompey   36 

Death  of  Caesar   37 

Book  YII.   Rise  of  Octavianus  ,       .  39 

Philippi   40 

Antony  and  Cleopatra.    Reign  of  Augustus       ...  41 
7 


8 


CONTENTS. 


COKNELIUS  NePOS.     Dc  VlVlS  InlUStVlbUS,  P^GE 

Miltiades       ..........  43 

Themistocles  45 


Aristides 
Hamilcar 
Hannibal 
Cato 
Atticus  . 


65 
56 
58 
67 
69 


Caesar.    De  Bello  Gallico. 

Book  II.   Campaign  against  the  Nervii  .76 

Book  III.   War  with  the  Veneti  84 

Book  IY.   First  Invasion  of  Britain      .       .       .      .       o       .      .  91 

Book  Y.   Second  Invasion  of  Britain  101 

Two  Brave  Rivals  110 

Book  YI.   Customs  of  the  Gauls    .       .       .      .      .       .       .  .111 

Customs  of  the  Germans  116 

The  Hercynian  Forest  o       .  .118 

Book  I.   The  German  Manner  of  Fighting  120 

Book  IY.   Description  of  the  Suebi  120 

The  Gauls'  Love  of  Gossip  121 


AuLus  Gellius.    Nodes  Atticae. 

Book  I.   Fabricius  and  the  Samnite  Gold 
Socrates  and  Xanthippe 
The  Sibylline  Books 
Papirius  Praetextatus 
Book  II.   The  Difference 
Book  III.  The  Meaning  of  the  Palm 
Pyrrhus  and  the  Poisoner 
Book  IY.   Scipio's  Haughty  Spirit 
Book  Y.   Bucephalus  . 

Hannibal's  Witty  Answer 
The  Roman  Crowns 


123 
123 
123 
124 
125 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
129 


CONTENTS.  9 

AuLus  Gellius  —  continued,  page 

Book  VI.   The  Sacredness  of  Roman  Oaths  .00...  132 

Book  VII.   A  Snake  Story   134 

Some  Early  Libraries   134 

Book  IX.   Some  Barbarous  Superstitions   135 

How  Corvinus  got  his  Name   136 

Book  X.   Claudia's  Impudence   137 

The  Ring  Einger   138 

War  or  Peace  ?   139 

The  Ages  of  Man   139 

Book  XV.   A  Strange  Death  .........  140 

Second  Sight   140 

The  White  Deer   141 

Cicero.    De  Natura  Deorum. 

Book  II.   The  Gods  appear  to  Men   143 

Other  Proofs  of  Divine  Existence   144 

The  Deities   145 

The  Wonders  of  the  Universe   147 

Book  III.   The  Gods  do  not  alv^ays  Punish   148 

De  Divinatione. 

.  Book  I.   Divination   ....             •       •      •      •      .  149 

Augury.   Portents.    Dreams   150 

LivY.  Historiae. 

Book  I.  Kings  of  Alba  Longa  e       c      o  152 

Romulus  and  Remus   153 

Hercules  and  Cacus   156 

Reign  of  Numa  •       o  .158 

Book  II.   Horatius  at  the  Bridge   160 

The  Gauls  at  Rome   161 

Notes  o  167 

Exercises  ,000  217 

Vocabulary                                                   o       •       o       •       .       o  251 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  STUDENT. 


In  beginning  the  reading  of  Latin  the  student  meets  certain  difficul- 
ties which  do  not  present  themselves  so  prominently  in  his  own  language, 
and  which  he  must  master  in  order  to  gain  the  power  of  reading  intel- 
ligently and  readily.  The  chief  of  these  difficulties  are  (1)  the  variety  of 
meanings  which  may  be  expressed  by  the  same  case  forms,  instead  of  by 
prepositions,  as  in  English;  (2)  the  similarity  of  certain  case  endings;  and 
(3)  the  order  of  wwds  in  the  Latin  sentences. 

The  same  features  may  be  seen  to  some  extent  in  English.  The  word 
him  has  two  distinct  uses,  as  maybe  seen  by  completing  the  sentence  "Bring 
him  — "  in  two  different  ways;  and,  until  the  idea  is  completed,  the  mind, 
consciously  or  unconsciously,  must  hold  the  interpretation  in  suspense. 
If  this  principle,  which  is  still  more  prominent  in  the  Latin  sentence,  is 
thoroughly  grasped  and  applied,  the  first  difficulty  will  be  much  decreased. 
The  first  step,  then,  should  be  to  understand  the  chief  meanings  of  the  dif- 
ferent cases  and  modes,  and  the  second  to  keep  these  meanings  in  mind  in 
reading  until  some  other  word  helps  to  decide  which  one  of  them  to  select. 

The  second  difficulty  is  rare  in  English,  owing  to  the  almost  complete 
absence  of  case  endings,  except  in  pronouns,  where  the  same  form  serves 
for  the  direct  and  for  the  indirect  object.  A  glance  at  the  Latin  declen- 
sions shows  that  similarity  in  forms  occurs  chiefly  between  the  nominative 
and  accusative,  and  between  the  dative  and  ablative.  The  case  is  to  be 
decided  as  before,  by  the  sense  w^hen  completed. 

The  difficulties  arising  from  the  order  of  words  are  greater  in  appear- 
ance than  in  reality.  The  usual  order  of  subject,  verb,  and  object  is  often 
overthrown  even  in  English,  in  poetry  and  in  ordinary  conversation,  where 
there  is  a  tendency  to  obtain  emphasis  by  placing  parts  of  the  sentence  in 
unusual  positions ;  e.g.  That  I  like,"  instead  of  "  I  like  that,^'  "  a  sailor 
bold,"  etc.  In  Latin,  the  greater  flexibility  of  the  language  allows  a  much 
wider  application  of  this  principle,  which  is  of  great  assistance  in  deter- 
mining the  full  meaning  of  the  sentence.    Examining  the  opening  sentence 

10 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  STUDENT. 


11 


on  page  13,  "Romanuni  imperium  ...  a  Romulo  exordium  habet,"  we  can 
trace  clearly  the  reasons  for  the  order  of  words.  The  author,  beginning  his 
work  on  the  history  of  Rome,  naturally  places  the  leading  idea  of  the  book 
in  the  most  prominent  position:  ^' the  Roman  Empire";  —  "Imperium 
Romanum  "  would  lay  most  stress  on  imperium :  "  the  Roman  Empire."  So 
also  the  important  fact  is  not  that  the  empire  had  an  origin,  but  that  it  had 
its  origin  in  Romulus,  which  is  indicated  by  the  position  of  a  Romulo. 
Attention  to  these  details  of  order  is  of  the  greatest  value  in  understanding 
the  author's  point  of  view,  and  therefore  the  spirit  of  his  writings.  Diffi- 
culties in  the  order  of  words  may  best  be  overcome  by  a  literal  translation, 
which  will  often  develop  the  meaning,  even  though  in  awkward  English. 
But  throughout  all  the  operations  by  which  we  try  to  arrive  at  the  meaning, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  chief  aim  is  not  to  translate  the  words 
into  English,  but  to  understand  the  thought  in  Latin;  and  this  power  oi  feeling 
the  Latin  thought  will  come  surely,  even  if  slowly  at  first,  by  close  attention 
to  the  structure  of  the  sentence. 

In  studying  the  grammatical  references  which  accompany  the  text  the 
student  will  sometimes  find  that  the  form  or  construction  treated  may  be 
explained  according  to  other  principles  than  those  referred  to.  In  some  cases 
the  Notes  call  his  attention  to  this  possibility,  and  he  will  find  it  of  great 
profit  and  interest  to  discover  the  changes  in  sense  which  are  thus  developed. 

The  Vocabulary  is  so  arranged  that  compound  verbs  are  found  once  in 
their  proper  alphabetical  position,  but  without  translation,  and  again  under 
the  simple  verb.  So,  for  instance,  the  meanings  of  conjicio  will  be  found 
only  uw&Qv  facia.  This  is  done  in  order  that  the  student  may  see  how  the 
derived,  and  sometimes  apparently  unconnected,  uses  of  a  verb  are  really 
connected  with  its  original  meaning. 

The  Notes  are  intended  not  to  explain  all  constructions  and  allusions 
found  in  the  text,  but  principally  to  call  attention  to  important  points  which 
the  student  may  follow  out  independently,  in  the  works  recommended  and 
in  his  own  observation  of  similarities  in  thought  and  usage  in  English.  Par- 
ticularly, in  reading  the  selections  contained  in  this  book,  he  should  draw 
as  widely  as  possible  on  his  outside  reading,  on  pictures  and  descriptions, 
and  on  his  own  observation,  in  order  to  gain  a  real  appreciation  of  the 
interest  which  Rome  and  Roman  things  have  always  had  for  educated  men. 

The  grammatical  references  in  the  footnotes  are  to  the  Latin  Grammars 
in  most  common  use;  H.  =  Harkness'  Complete  Latin  Grammar,  1898,  ref- 
erences to  Harkness'  Standard  Grammar  being  inclosed  in  parentheses. 
M.  =  Mooney.   A,  =  Allen  k  Greenough.    G.  =  Gildersleeve.   B.  =  Bennett. 


The  original  Latin  city  comprised  only  the  Palatine  and  a  small  portion  of  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory. The  Etruscans  inhabited  the  Caelian  Hill,  and  extended  toward  the  Esquiline.  The  Sabine 
town  occupied  the  Quirinal,  which  was  originally  connected  with  the  Capitoline,  on  which  was  the 
Sabine  citadel,  by  a  ridge  sloping  toward  the  Forum  and  the  Campus  Martins.  Ancus  Marcius  added 
to  the  city  the  Aventine,  and  built  a  fortress  on  the  Janiculum.  Servius  Tullius  added  the  Viminal 
and  Esquiline,  and  inclosed  the  seven  hills  with  a  line  of  fortifications,  of  which  one  portion  is  still 
traceable.  The  ridge  connecting  the  Capitoline  and  Quirinal  was  a  barrier  which  cut  the  town  in 
two.  The  only  means  of  communication  between  the  two  halves  of  the  city,  when  its  population 
had  reached  nearly  two  million  inhabitants,  were  the  narrow  strip  of  land  between  the  Capitoline 
and  the  river  and  a  lane  ten  feet  wide  crossing  the  ridge.  To  relieve  the  pressure,  this  ridge  was  cut 
away  by  the  Emperor  Trajan,  in  whose  Forum  on  the  site  of  the  excavations  stands  the  well-known 
'  Trajan's  Column,'  140  feet  high,  *  erected  to  show  to  posterity  how  high  was  the  mountain  leveled 
by  the  Emperor.'  The  business  portion  of  the  modern  city  occupies  the  Campus  Martins,  its  main 
artery,  the  famous  '  Corso,'  following  the  line  of  the  ancient  street  shown  on  the  plan.  See  Lan- 
ciani,  Ancient  Home,  p.  86. 

12 


EUTEOPIUS. 


BREYIAEIUM. 


Book  I. 


Founding  of  Borne,    Rape  of  the  Sabines. 


1.  Eomanum  imperium  a  Eomulo  exor- 
dium habet,  qui  Eheae  Silviae,  Vestalis 
virginis,  filius  et  (quantum  putatus  est) 
Martis,  cum  Eemo  fratre  tino  partu  editus 
est.  Is  cum  inter  pastores  latrocinaretur/ 
octodecim  annos  ^  natus,  urbem  exiguam  in 
Palatmo  monte  constituit,  xi.  Kal.  Maias^^^g 
Olympiadis  sextae  anno  tertio. 
2.  Condita  civitate/  quam  ex  nomine  suo  Eomam^  vocavit, 
haec  fere  egit.  Multitudinem  fmitimorum  in  civitatem  recepit, 
centum  ex  senioribus  legit,  quorum  consilio^  omnia  ageret/  quos 
senatores  nominavit  propter  senecttitem.  Tum,  cum  uxores  ipse 
et  populus  suus  non  haberent,^  invitavit  ad  spectaculum  Itidorum 
vicinas  urbi  ^  Eomae  nationes,  atque  earum  virgines  rapuit.  Com- 


HUT-URN. 

( Vase  in  British  Museum.) 


Special  Study.  —  Note  uses  of  the  ablative :  Roman  dates. 


H  M 

1  600,11(521,11,2)  348 

2  417  (379) 

3  754-5  (642^) 

4  489  (431) 

5  410  (373) 


A  G  B 

325  685  288 

197       256  336  181 

498-506  376:  259,  6  App.  371 
255, 1  255,  d,  1  409-10  227 
191,1    239,1,  a     340  177 

13 


H  M         A        G  B 

6  476  (420)  247,  1  248,  c,  1  401  218 

7  590  (497,  I)  382,  3  317,  2  630  282,  2 

8  598  (517)  355  326  586  286,  2 

9  434  (391,  I)  214  234  359  192, 1 


14 


EUTROPIUS. 


motis  bellis  propter  raptarnm  iniuriam^  Caeninenses  vicit^  Antem- 
nates,  CrustumlnoSj  Sablnos,  ndenates,  Veientes.  Haec  omnia 
oppida  urbem  cingunt.  Et  cum,  orta  subito  tempestate,  non  com- 
paruissetj  anno  ^  regni  tricesimo  septimo  ad  deos  transisse  creditus  ^ 
est  et  consecratus.  Deinde  Eomae^  per  quinos  dies^  senatores 
imperaverunt  et  his  regnantibus  annus  unus  completus  est. 


B.C. 

715. 


B.C. 

673. 


B.C. 

640. 


GroivtJi  of  the  city. 

3.  Postea  l^uma  Pompilius  rex  creatus  est,  qui  bellum  quidem 
nullum  gessit,  sed  non  minus  clvitatij^  quam  RomuluSj  profuit. 
Nam  et  leges  Eomanis^  moresque  constituit,  qui  consuettidine 
proeliorum  iam  latrones  ac  semibarbari  putabantur,  et  annum 
descrlpsit  in  decem  menses,  prius  sine  aliqua  supputatione 
conftisum,  et  infmita  Romae  sacra  ac  templa  con- 
stituit.  Morbo  decessit  quadragesimo  tertio  im- 
peril anno. 

4.  Huic  successit  Tullus  Hostilius.  Hie  bella 
reparavit,  Albanos  vicit,  qui  ab  urbe  Eoma  duo- 
decimo miliario''  sunt,  Veientes  et  Fidenates,  quo- 
rum alii  sexto  miliario  absunt  ab  urbe  Eoma,  alii 
octavo  decimo,  bello  superavit,  urbem  ampliavit 
adiecto  Caelio  monte.  Cum  triginta  et  duos 
annos^  regnasset,^  fulmine  ictus  cum  domo  sua 
arsit. 

5.  Post  hunc  Ancus  Marcius,  ISTumae  ex  filia  nepos^  suscepit 
imperium.    Contra  Latinos  dimicavit,  Aventinum  montem  civi- 


MILIARIUM. 


Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute :  locatiye. 


H  M        A  G  B 

1  486  (429)  243  256  898  230 

2  611, 1 (584, 1)  274  330,  b  528  332 

3  488  (425,  II)  242, 1  258,  c,  2  411  232 

4  417, 1  (879, 1)  197  25G,  a  386  181,  2 


6  426  (385, 1)     205     227         846  187,  II    9  238  (285) 


M 


6  425, 1  (88'i,  4) 

7  485,  3  (425,  II,  | 

2,  N.  2)  1 

8  417  (879) 


A 

285 


240,1  258,/ 
197  256 


G  B 

350, 2  188 

385,  N.l  228,1 

386  181 


101,3   128,  a,  1  131,1  116,1 


BREVIARIUM,  L 


15 


tatl  adiecit  et  laniculum,  apud  ostium  Tiberis  civitatem  supra 
mare  sexto  decimo  miliario  ab  urbe  Eoma  condidit.  Vicesimo 

quarto  anno  imperii  morbo 


MOUTH   OF  THE   CLOACA    MAXIMA  AND 
RUINS  ON  THE  PALATINE. 


tj-  616. 

Hic 


periit. 

6.  Deinde  regnum  Priscus  b.c. 
Tarquinius  accepit. 
numerum  senatorum  dupli- 
cavit,  circum  Romae  aedi- 
ficavit,  ludos  Roinanos 
Instituit,  qui  ad  nostram 
memoriam  permanent.  Vicit 
Idem  .etiam  Sablnos  et  non 
parum  agrorum,^  sublatum 
iisdem,^  urbis  Romae  terri- 
torio  adiunxit,  primusque 
triumphans  urbem  intravit. 
Muros  fecit  et  cloacas,  Capi- 
tolium  incohavit.  Tricesimo 
octavo   imperii    anno  per^ 


Anei  filios  occlsus  est,  regis  eius  cui  ipse  successerat. 


Census.     Expulsion  of  the  kings, 

7.  Post  hunc  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium,  genitus  ex  b.c. 
nobili  femina,  captlva  tamen  et  ancilla.  Hic  quoque  Sablnos 
subegit,  montes  tres,  Quirinalem,  Viminalem,  Esquilinum,  urbi 
adiunxit,  fossas  circa  murum  duxit.  Primus  omnium  censum 
ordinavitj  qui  adhuc  per  orbem  terrarum  incognitus  erat.  Sub 
eo  Roma,  omnibus  in  censum  delatis,  habuit  capitum  lxxxiii. 
milia  civium  Romanorum  cum  ils  qui  in  agris  erant.  Occlsus 


Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  separation. 

G  B  H  MAG 

3  468,  3  (415,  I,  n.  1)     247,  3     246,  b  401 


H  M       A         G  B 

1  448(397,4)       225,2  216,4  369  201,2 

3  427  (385,  II,  2)  211      229     345,  r.  1  188,  2,  d 
A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  — 2 


16 


EUTROPIUS. 


est  scelere  generi  suI  Tarquinii  Superb!,  filii  eius  regis  cui  ipse 
successerat,  et  filiae,  quam  Tarquinius  habebat  uxorem. 

8.  Lucius  Tarquinius  Superbus,  Septimus  atque  tiltimus  regum, 
'  Volscos,  quae  gens  ad  Campaniam  euntibus^  non  longe  ab  urbe 
est,  vicit,  Gabios  civitatem  et  Suessam  Pometiam  subegit,  cum 
Tuscis  pacem  fecit,  et  templum  lovi  in  Capitolio  aedificavit. 
Postea  Ardeam  oppugnans,  in  octavo  decimo  mlliario  ab  urbe 
positam  civitatem,  imperium  perdidit.  Nam  cum  filius  eius, 
et  ipse  Tarquinius  iunior,  nobilissimam  feminam  Lucretiam,  ean- 
demque^  pudlcissimam,  Collatlnl  uxorem,  stuprasset,  eaque  de 
iniuria  marito  et  patri  et  amlcis  questa  fuisset,  in  omnium  con- 
B.c.  spectti  se  occidit.  Propter  quam  causam  Brutus,  parens  et  ipse 
Tarquinii,  populum  concitavit  et  Tarquinio^  ademit  imperium. 
Mox  exercitus  quoque  eum,  qui  civitatem  Ardeam  cum  ipso  rege 
oppugnabat,  rellquit;  veniensque  ad  urbem  rex  portis  clausis 
exclusus  est,  cumque  imperasset  annos  quattuor  et  viginti  cum 
uxore  et  llberls  suls  fugit.  Ita  Romae  regnatum  est"^  per  septem 
reges  annls^  ducentis  quadraginta  tribus,  cum  adhtic  Eoma,  ubi 
plurimum,  vix  usque  ad  quintum  decimum  mlliarium  possideret.^ 


Consuls.     War  with  Tarquin. 


B.C. 

509. 


9.  Hinc  consules  coepere,  pro  uno  rege  duo  hac  causa  creati, 
ut,  si  tinus  mains  esse  voluisset,^  alter  eum  habens  potestatem 
similem  coerceret.^  Et  placuit  ne  imperium  longius  quam  annuum 
haberent,^  ne  per  diuturnitatem  potestatis  Insolentiores  redde- 
rentur,^  sed  civlles  semper  essent,  qui  se  post  annum  sclrent^^ 


Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  purpose :  accusative  and  ablative  of  timcc 


H  M 

1  425, 4  (384, 4,  N.  3)  210 

2  508,  3  (451, 8)        446,  3 

3  427  (385,  II,  2)  211 

4  302,  6  (301, 1)        145,  4 


A      a  B 

235,  &  353  188,2 
195,  6  310  248 
229      345,  R.l  188,  2, 
\m,d  208,2  256,3 


5  417, 2  (379, 1)       243,  n.  256,  h  393, 3 


31,1 


H  M       A       G  B 

6  598(515,111)      878,6  313,6^  587  309,8 

7  545,11,2(493,2)  317,2  307,/  596,2  269, 1,& 

8  568(497,11)       328  317,1  545  282 

9  565(498,1)        333  331,  r2  546  295,4 
10  592.(517)           382,2  320,6  633  283,3,a 


BREVIARIUM,  L 


17 


futures  esse^  privates.  Fuerunt  igitur  anno  primo  ab  expulsis^ 
regibus  consules  L.  lunius  BriituS;  qui  maxinie  egerat  ut  Tar- 

quinius  pelleretur/  et  Tar- 
quinius  Collatinus,  marltus 
Lucretiae.  Sed  Tarquinio 
CollatTno  *  statim  sublata 
est  dignitas.  Placuerat  enim 
ne  quisquam  in  urbe  mane- 
ret,  qui  Tarquinius  vocare- 
ti^ir.^  Ergo  accepto  omni 
patrimonio  suo  ex  urbe  mi- 
gravit  et  loco  ipsius  factus 
est  L.  Valerius  Publicola 
consul. 

10.  Commovit  tamen  bel- 
lum  urbi^  Romae  rex  Tar- 
quinius, qui  fuerat  expulsus, 
et  conlectis  multis  gentibus, 
ut  in  regnum  posset  restitui, 
dimicavit.  In  prima  pugna 
Brutus  consul  et  Aruns,  Tarquinii  fllius,  in  vicem  se  occiderunt, 
Eomani  tamen  ex  ea  pugna  victores  recesserunt.  Brutum  Eo- 
manae  matronae,  defensorem  pudlcitiae  suae,  quasi  communem 
patrem  per  annum  Itixerunt.  Valerius  Publicola  Sp.  Lucretium 
Tricipitlnum  conlegam  sibi  fecit,  Lucretiae  patrem;  quo  morbo 
mortuo,  iterum  Horatium  Pulvillum  conlegam  sibi  sumpsit.  ita 
primus  annus  quinque  consules  habuit,  cum  Tarquinius  Collatl- 
nus  urbe  cessisset  propter  nomen,  Brutus  in  proelio  perlsset,  Sp. 
Lucretius  morbo  mortuus  esset. 

Special  Study.  —  Predicate  Accusative  and  Nominative. 

H  MAGB  H  MAG  B 

1  642(523,1)  392  336,2  650        314  4  427(385,11,2)  211    229    345,  r.  1  188, 2, 

3  636,  4  (549, 5,  n.  2)  486  292,  a  325,  r.  3  337,  5  5  652,  1  (529,  II)  405    342    663, 1  324 

3  566 (501,  II, 1)       341  332     653, 1      297, 1  6  429 (386)  202    228   347  187,  III 


18 


EUTROPIUS. 


608. 


Further  attempts  of  Tarquin, 

11.  Secnndo  quoque  anno  iterum  Tarquinius,  ut  reciperetur 
in  regnum,  bellum  Eomanis  intulit,  auxilium  ei  ferente  Porsena, 
Ttisciae  rege,  et  Eomam  paene  cepit.  Verum  turn  quoque  victus 
est.  Tertio  anno  post  reges  exactos  ^  Tarquinius,  cum  suscipl  non 
posset  in  regnum,  neque  el  Porsena,  qui  pacem  cum  Eomanis 
fecerat,  auxilium  praestaret,  Ttisculum^  se  contulit,  quae  civitas 
non  longe  ab  urbe  est,  atque  ibi  per  quattuordecim  annos  privatus 
cum  uxore  consenuit.  Quarto  anno  post  reges  exactos,  cum 
Sabini  Eomanis  bellum  intulissent,  victi  sunt,  et  de  his  triumpha- 
tum  est.  Qulnto  anno  L.  Valerius  ille,  Bruti  conlega  et  quater 
consul,  fataliter  mortuus  est,  adeo  pauper,  ut  conlatis  a  populo 
nummis  stimptum  habuerit^  sepulttirae.  Quem  matronae,  sicut 
Brutum,  annum  Itixerunt. 

12.  [N'ono  anno  post  reges  exactos,  cum  gener  Tarquinii  ad 
iniuriam  soceri  vindicandam*  ingentem  conlegisset  exercitum, 
nova  Komae  dignitas  est  creata,  quae  dictatura  appellatur,  maior 
quam  consulatus.  Eodem  anno  etiam  magister  equitum  factus 
est,  qui  dictatorl  obsequeretur.^  Neque  quicquam  similius  potest 
dTci  quam  dictatura  antiqua  huic  imperii  potestati,  quam  nunc 
Tranquillitas  Vestra  habet,  maxime  cum  Augustus  quoque  Octa- 
vianus,  de  quo  postea  dicemus,  et  ante  eum  G.  Caesar  sub  dicta- 
turae  nomine  atque  honore  regnaverint.^  Dictator  autem  Eomae 
primus  fuit  T.  Larcius,  magister  equitum  primus  Sp.  Cassius. 

^f-  13.  Sexto  decimo  anno  post  reges  exactos  seditionem  populus 
Eomae  fecit,  tamquam  a  senatu  atque  consulibus  premeretur.^ 
Tum  et  ipse  sibi  tribunos  plebis  quasi  proprios  indices  et  defen- 

Special  Study.  — Participle  for  abstract  noun. 


501 


494 


H  M        A        G  B 

1  636, 4  (549, 5,  I  ggg  229,  a  825,  R.  8  837, 5 

N.2)  ) 

3  418  (880,  II)      199, 1  258,  b  887        182, 1 

3  570 :  550  (500,  )  837  :  819  :    552  :      284 : 

II :  495,  VI)  i"  316,  2  287,  c  513        268,  6 


H  MAG 

*''TJ'!;h97     800  432,K.838,: 
N.  2, 544, 1)  ) 

5  590  (497, 1)      882, 3  817, 2  630  282, 

6  598(517)        855     826     586  286,: 

7  584(518,11)    875    312     602  307 


BREVIARIUM,  I. 


19 


sores  creavit,  per  quos  contra  senatum  et  consules  ttitus  esse 
posset. 

14.  Sequentl  anno  VolscI  contra  Romanos  bellum  reparaverunt, 
et  victi  acie  etiam  Coriolos  civitatem,  quam  habebant  optimam, 
perdiderunt. 

Coriolanus.  Cincinnatus. 

15.  Octavo  decimo  ann5  post  reges  eiectos,  expulsus  ex  urbe  b.c. 
Q.  Marcius,  dux  Eomanorum,  qui  Coriolos  ceperat^  Volscorum 
clvitatem,  ad  ipsos  Volscos  contendit  iratus^  et  auxilia  contra 
Komanos  accepit,  Eomanosque  saepe  vicit.  Usque  ad  qulntum 
mlliarium  urbis  accessit,  opptignaturus  ^  etiam  patriam,  legatls/ 
qui  pacem  petebant,  repudiatis,  nisi  ad  eum  mater  Veturia  et 
uxor  Volumnia  ex  urbe  venissent/  quarum  fletu  et  deprecatione 
superatus  removit  exercitum.  Atque  hic  secundus  post  Tar- 
quinium  fuit,  qui  dux  contra  patriam  suam  esset.^ 

16.  C.  Fabio  et  L.  Virginio  consulibus  trecenti  nobiles  homines^  b.c. 
qui  ex  Fabia  f  am  ilia  erant^  contra  Veientes  bellum  soli  suscepe- 
runt,  promittentes  senatui  et  populo  per  se  omnecertamen  implen- 
dum.  Itaque  profecti,  omnes  nobiles  et  qui  singuli  magnorum 
exercituum  duces  esse  deberent,^  in  proelio  conciderunt.  Unus 
omnino  superfuit  ex  tanta  familia,  qui  propter  aetatem  puerllem 
duel  non  potuerat  ad  ptignam.  Post  haec  census  in  urbe  habitus 
est  et  inventa  sunt  civium  capita  cxvii.  milia  cccxix. 

17.  Sequentl  anno,  cum  in  Algido  monte,  ab  urbe  duodecimo  b.c. 
ferme  miliario,  Eomanus  obsideretur  exercitus,  L.  Qulntius  Cin- 
cinnatus  dictator  est  f actus,  quT  agrum  quattuor  iugerum^  pos- 
sidens  manibus  suTs  colebat.  Is  cum  in  opere  et  arans  esset 
inventus,  sudore  deterso  togam  praetextam  accepit  et  caesis 
hostibus  liberavit  exercitum. 

Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  in  apodosis. 
HMAGTB  H  MAGB 

1  638,  3  (549, 3)  283  293,  b,  3  670,  4  (2)  337,  4  3  591,  5  (503,  II,  1)  383, 1  820  631, 1  283, 1 
S  579  (510)        866  308        597  304       4  145,  2  (136, 1)      58, 1    78, 1,  b  68,  7    59, 1 


20 


EUTROPIUS. 


B.C. 

451. 


Decemvirs.    Virginia.    Gauls  capture  Rome, 

18.  Anno  trecentesimo  et  altero  ab  urbe  condita  imperium 
consulare  cessavit  et  pro  duobus  consulibus  decern  fact!  sunt,  qui 
summam  potestatem  haberent/  decemviri  nominati.  Sed  cum 
prlmo  anno  bene  egissent,  secundo  iinus  ex  iis,  Appius  Claudius, 
Virginii  ctiiusdam,  qui  honestis  iam  stipendils  contra  Latinos  in 
monte  Algido  mllitarat,^  f Iliam  virginem  corrumpere  voluit ;  quam 
pater  occidit,  ne  stuprum  a  deceinviro  sustineret,  et  regressus  ad 
milites  movit  tumultum.  Sublata  est  decern viris^  potestas  ipsique 
damnati  sunt. 

20.  Post  viginti  deinde  annos  Veientani  rebellaverunt.  Dic- 
tator contra  ipsos  missus  est  Furius  Camillus  qui  primum  eos 


TRIUMPH. 


vTcit  acie,  mox  etiam  civitatem  diu  obsidens  cepit,  antTquissimam 
Italiae  atque  ditissimam.  Post  earn  cepit  et  Faliscos,  non  minus 
nobilem  civitatem.  Sed  commota  est  ei  invidia,  quasi  praedam 
male  divisisset,  damnatusque  ob  cam  causam  et  expulsus  civitate. 


Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  purpose. 


H  M 

1  590  (497, 1)  382,  3 
8  238(235)  101,3 


A  G 

817, 2  630 
128,  a,  1  131,1 


B 

282,  2 
116,  1 


H  M 
3  427  (385,  II,  2)  211 


G  B 

345,  B.l   188,2,  d 


BREVIARIUM,  U. 


21 


Statim  Gall!  Senones  ad  iirbem  venerunt,  et  vTctos  Romanos 
undecimo  iniliario  a  Eoma  apud  flumeu  Alliam  seciiti  etiam 
urbem  occiiparunt.  !N"eque  defend!  quicquam,  nisi  Capitolium, 
potuit;  quod  cum  diu  obsedisseut  et  iam  Eonianl  fame  laborarent, 
accepto  etiam  auro,  ne  Capitolium  obsiderent,  recesserunt^  sed  a 
Camillo,  qui  in  vicina  civitaxe  exsulabat,  Gallis^  superventum 
est^  gravissimeque  victl  sunt.  Postea  tamen  etiam  secutus  eos 
Camillus  ita  cecldit,  ut  et  aurum,  quod  ils  datum  fuerat,  et  omnia, 
quae  ceperant,  militaria  signa  revocaret.  Ita  tertio  tiiumphans 
urbem  ingressus  est  et  appellatus  secundus  Romulus,  quasi  et  ipse 
patriae  conditor. 


Book  IL 
Coimnits. 

6.  Census  iterum  habitus  est.  Et  cum  LatmT,  qui  a  Romanis 
subacti  erant,  milites  praestare  nollent,^  ex  Romanis  tantum  tiro- 
nes  lecti  sunt,  factaeque  legiones  decem,  qui  modus  sexaginta 
vel  amplius  armatorum  milia  efficiebat.  Parvis  adhuo  Romanis 
rebus,*  tanta  tamen  in  re  militari  virtus  erat.  Quae  cum  profectae 
essent  adversus  Gallos  duce  L.  Furio,  quidam  ex  Gallis  unum  ex  b.c. 

349 

Romanis,  qui  esset^  optimus,  provocavit.  Tum  se  M.  Valerius 
tribunus  militum  obtulit,  et  cum  processisset  armatus,  corvus  ei 
supra  dextrum  bracchium  sedit.  Mox  commissa  adversus  Galium 
pugna  Idem  corvus  alls  et  unguibus  Gall!  oculos  verberavit,  ne 
rectum  posset  aspicere.  Ita  a  tribuno  Valerio  interfectus.  Cor- 
vus noil  solum  victoriaiii  ei,  sed  etiam  iiomen  dedit.  Nam 

Special  Study.  —  Impersonal  passive. 

H  M        A  G  B 

4  4S9  (431)  255,  4  255,  d,  3  409-10  227 

5  591,  5  (503,  I  ^  3^^  ^3^  283, 1 
11,1)  ) 


H  M       A       G  B 

1  426, 3  (384,  II,  5)  205,  n.  230  217     187,  II,  b 

2  302,  6  (301, 1)      145,  4   14G,  d  208,  2  256, 3 

3  598  (517)  355      826  586     286, 2 


22 


EUTROPIUS. 


postea  idem  Corvinus  est  dictus.  Ac  propter  hoc  meritum  anno- 
rum  trium  et  vigintl  consul  est  factus. 

Wars  with  the  Samnites. 

8.  lam  Eomani  potentes  esse  coeperunt.  Bellum  enim  in  cen- 
tesimo  et  tricesimo  fere  miliario  ab  urbe  apud  Samnites  gereba- 
tur,  qui  medil  sunt  inter  Picenum,  Campaniam  et  Aptiliam.  L. 
Papirius  Cursor  cum  honore  dictatoris  ad  id  bellum  profectus 
est.  Qui  cum  Eomam  rediret,  Q.  Fabio  Maximo,  magistro  equi- 
tum,  quern  apud  exercitum  reliquit,  praecepit  ne  se  absented 
pugnaret.  Ille  occasione  reperta^  felicissime  dimicavit  et  Sa- 
mnites delevit.  Ob  quam  rem  a  dictatore  capitis  ^  damnatus,  quod 
se  vetante  pugnasset/  ingenti  favore  militum  et  populi  liberatus 
est,  tanta  Paplrio  seditione  commota  ut  paene  ipse  interficeretur. 

9.  Postea  Samnites  Romanos  T.  Veturio  et  Sp.  Postumio  con- 
sulibus  ingenti  dedecore  vicerunt  et  sub  iugum  miserunt.  Pax 
tamen  a  senatu  et  populo  soluta  est,  quae  cum  ipsis  propter 
necessitatem  facta  fuerat.  Postea  Samnites  victi  sunt  a  L. 
Paplrio  consule,  septem  milia  eorum  sub  iugum  missa.  Papirius 
primus  de  Samnitibus  triumphavit.  Eo  tempore  Ap.  Claudius 
censor  aquam  Claudiam  indtixit  et  Viam  Appiam  stravit.  Sa- 
mnites reparato  bello  Q.  Fabium  Maximum  vicerunt  tribus  milibus 
hominum  occisls.  Postea,  cum  pater  ei  Fabius  Maximus  legatus  ^ 
datus  fuisset,  et  Samnites  vTcit  et  pltirima  ipsorum  oppida  cepit. 
Deinde  P.  Cornelius  Ruflnus  M.  Curius  Dentatus,  ambo  coiisules, 
contra  Samnites  missi  ingentibus  proeliis  eos  confecere.  Tum 
bellum  cum  Samnitibus  per  annos  quadraginta  novem  actum  su- 
stulerunt.  ISTeque  ullus  hostis  fuit  intra  Italiam,  qui  Eomanam 
virttitem  magis  fatigaverit. 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  in  informal  indirect  discourse. 

H  MAGB  H  MAGB 

1  489  (431)  255, 1  255,  d,  1  409-10  227  3  588,  II  (516,  II)  857  321      541  286,  1 

»  456  (410,  III,  N.  2)  228     220,  a     378, 3  208, 2,  a     4  393  (363)  179  183^  321  169,  2 


BREYIARIUM,  11. 


23 


War  with  Pyrrhus. 

11.  Eodem  tempore  Tarentlnis,  qui  iam  in  ultima  Italia  sunt, 
bellum  indictum  est,  quia  legatis  Eomanorum  initiriaiu  fecissent.-^ 
Hi  Pyrrhum,  Epiri  regem,  contra  Eomanos  auxilium  poposcerunt, 
qui  ex  genere  Achillis  originem  trahebat.  Is  mox  ad  Italiam 
venit,  tumque  primum  Eomani  cum  transmarmo  hoste  dimicave- 
runt.  Missus  est  contra  eum  consul  P.  Valerius  Laevinus,  qui 
cum  exploratores  Pyrrhi  cepisset,  iussit 
eos  per  castra  duel,  ostendi  omnem  exer- 
citum,  tumque  dimitti,  ut  rentintiarent 
Pyrrlio  quaecumque  a  Eomanis  ageren- 
tur.^  Commissa  mox  ptigna,  cum  iam 
Pyrrhus  fugeret,  eleptiantorum  auxilio 
vicit,  quos  incognitos^  Eomani  expave- 
runt.  Sed  nox  proelio  finem  dedit; 
Laevinus  tamen  per  noctem  fugit, 
Pyrrhus  Eomanos  mille  octingentos 
cepit  eosque  summo  honore  tractavit, 
occTsos  sepelivit.  Quos  cum  adverso 
vulnere*  et  true!  vultti  etiam  mortuos  iacere  vidisset,  tulisse  ad 
caelum  manus  dicitur  cum  hac  voce :  se  tdtius  orbis  dominum 
esse  potuisse,^  si  tales  sihi  mllites  contigissent.^ 


Pyrrhus  returns  the  captives.    They  are  disgraced, 

12.  Postea  Pyrrhus  coniunctis  sibi  Samnltibus,  Lucanis,  Bruttils 
Eoraam  perrexit,  omnia  ferro  Ignique  vastavit,  Campaniam  popu- 
latus  est  atque  ad^  Praeneste  veiiit,  miliario  ab  urbe  octavo 


Special  Study.  —  Indirect  questions. 


H  M     A      G  B 

1  588,  II  (516,  II)  357  321      541  286, 1 

2  649,  II  (529, 1)  394  334      467  300 

3  638, 1  (549, 1)     282  292,  r.  666  337,/ 

4  473, 2  (419, II)  246  251      400  224 


H 

K511,  ) 
N.3:527,  III,  N.  2,  if 
6  647, 3  (527,  III) 


M 


368 
404 


A 

(308,c: 
1  337,  &,  4 
337, 1 


G  B 
597,3:  304,  a: 
656,  R.  322,  c 
656,1  321,^ 


7  418, 4  (380,  II,  1)        199,  n.  1   258,  5,  n.  2  337, 4   182, 3 


24 


EUTROPIUS. 


decimo.  Mox  terrore  exercittis,  qui  eum  cum  consule  sequebatur, 
in  Campaiiiam  se  recepit.  Legati  ad  Pyrrhum  de  redimendis^  ca- 
ptivis  miss!  ab  eo  hoiiorifice  suscepti  sunt.  Captivos  sine  pretio 
Eomam  mlsit.  Unum  ex  legatis  Eomanorum,  Fabricium^  sic 
admiratus,  cum  eum  pauperem  esse  cognovisset,  ut  quarta  parte 
regni  promissa  sollicitare  voluerit  ut  ad  se  traiisiret,  contem- 
ptusque  est  a  Fabricio.  Quare  cum  Pyrrhus  Eomanorum  ingenti 
admiratione  teneretur,  legatum  mlsit^  qui  pacem  acquis  condi- 
cionibus  peteret,  praecipuum  virum,  Cineam  nomine,  itaut  Pyrrhus 
partem  Italiae,  quam  iam  armis  occupaverat,  obtineret. 

13.  Pax  displicuit  remandatumque  Pyrrbo  est  a  senatti  eum 
cum  Eomanis,  nisi  ex  Italia  recessisset,  pacem  habere  non  posse. 
Turn  Eomani  iusserunt  captivos  omnes,  quos  Pyrrhus  reddiderat, 
infames  haberi,  quod  armati  cap!  potuissent,^  nec  ante_  eos  ad 
vetereiii  statum  reverti,  quam  binorum  hostium  occisorum  spolia 
retulissent.^  Ita  legatus  Pyrrhl  reversus  est.  A  quo  cum  quaere- 
ret  Pyrrhus  qualem  Eomam  comperisset,  Clneas  dixit  regum  se 
patriam  vidisse;  scilicet  tales  illic  fere  omnes  esse,  qudlis  unus 
Pyrrhus  apud  Eplrum  et  reliquam  Graeciam  putdretur^ 

Fabricius  rejects  an  offer  to  poison  Pyrrhus.    Pyrrhus  is 
conquered. 

Missi  sunt  contra  Pyrrhum  duces  P.  Sulpicius  et  Decius  Mils 
consules.  Certamine  commisso  Pyrrhus  vulneratus  est,  elephant! 
interfecti,  vlgintl  milia  caesa  hostium,  et  ex  Eomanis  tantum 
quinque  milia ;  Pyrrhus  Tarentum  fugatus. 

14.  Interiecto  anno  contra  Pyrrhum  Fabricius  est  missus,  qui 
prius  inter  legates  sollicitari  non  poterat  quarta  regni  parte  pro- 
Special  Study.  —  Temporal  clauses  with  antequam. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  629  (M4,  2)  297     801     433     339,  2    3  605,  I  (520,  I,  2)    351     327        577  292 

3  538,  11  (516,  II)     357     321     5il     2S6,  1  |  4  643  (524)  392     336,  2    650    314,  1 


BREYIARIUM,  11. 


25 


missa.  Turn,  cum  vlcina  castra  ipse  et  rex  liaberent,  medicus 
Pyrrhi  nocte  ad  eum  venit,  promittens  veneno  se  Pyrrhum  occlsti- 
rum,  SI  sibi  aliquid  polliceretur.  Quem  Fabricius  vinctum  redtici 
iussit  ad  dominum  Pyrrhoque  dlci  quae  contra  caput  eius  medicus 
spopondisset.^  Turn  rex  admiratus  eum  dixisse  fertur  :  Ille  est 
Fahricius,  qui  difficilius  ah  lionestate  quam  sol  a  cursu  sud  dvertl 
potest.''  Tum  rex  ad  Siciliam  profectus  est.  Pabricius.  victis 
Lticanis  et  Samnltibus  triumphavit. 

Consules  deiude  M.  Curius  Dentatus  et  Cornelius  Lentulus  b.c 

275 

adversum  Pyrrhum  miss!  sunt.  Curius  contra  eum  ptignavit^  exer- 
citum  eius  cecldit,  ipsum  Tarentum  fugavit^  castra  cepit.  Ea 
die  caesa  hostium  vTgintl  tria  mllia.  Curius  in  consulatu  trium- 
phavit. Primus  Pomam  elephantos  quattuor  duxit.  Pyrrhus 
etiam  a  Tarento  mox  recessit  et  apud  Argos,  Graeciae  civitatem, 
occisus  est. 

First  Punic  War. 

18.  Anno  quadringentesimo  septuagesimo  septimo,  cum  iam 
clarum  urbis  Eomae  nomen  esset,  arma  tamen  extra  Italiam  mota 
non  fuerant.  Ut  igitur  cognosceretur  quae  copiae  Eomanorum 
essent/  census  est  habitus.  Tum  inventa  sunt  civium  capita 
ducenta  nonaginta  duo  milia  trecenta  triginta  quattuor,  quam- 
quam  a  condita  urbe  numquam  bella  cessassent.^ 

Et  contra  Afros  bellum  susceptum  est  primum  Ap.  Claudio  Q. 

264. 

Eulvio  consulibus.    In  Sicilia  contra  eos  ptignatum^  est  et  Ap. 
Claudius  de  Afris  et  rege  Siciliae  Hierone  triumphavit. 

21.  L.  Manlio  Yulsone  M.  Atllio  Regulo  consulibus  bellum  in  B.r. 
Africam  translatum  est.    Contra  Hamilcarem,  Carthaginiensium 
ducem,  in  mar!  pugnatum,^  victusque  est.    Nam  perditis  sexaginta 

Special  Study.  —  Accusative  of  Hmit  of  motion. 

H  M       A       G  B 

1  649,  II  (529,  T)  894     834     467  800 

2  586, 1,  2  (515,  III,  n.  1, 8)  878,  5  818,  g  605,  n.  309,  6 


3  802,  6  \ 
(801, 1, 1)  S 


M  A 
145,4  U6,d 


208,2  256,8 


26 


EUTROPIUS. 


quattuor  navibus  retro  se  recepit.  Komani  viginti  duas  amise- 
runt.  Sed  cum  in  Africam  transissent,  prlmam  Clypeam,  Africae 
civitatem,  in  deditionem  acceperunt.  Consules  usque  ad  Cartha- 
ginem  processerunt^  niultisque  castellis  vastatis  Manlius  victor 
Eomani  rediit  et  vigintl  septem  mllia  captiYorum  reduxit,  Atilius 
Kegulus  in  Africa  remansit.  Is  contra  Afros  aciem  mstruxit. 
Contra  tres  Carthaginiensium  duces  dimicans  victor  fuit,  decern 
et  octo  milia  hostium  cecidit,  quinque  milia  cum  decern  et  octo 
elephantis  cepit,  septuaginta  quattuor  civitates  in  fidem  accepit. 
Tum  victi  Carthaginienses  pacem  a  Eomanis  petiverunt.  Quam 
cum  Eegulus  nollet  nisi  durissimis  condicionibus  ^  dare,  Afri 
auxilium  a  Lacedaemoniis  petiverunt.  Et  duce  Xanthippo,  qui 
a  Lacedaemoniis  missus  fuerat,  Komanorum  dux  Eegulus  victus 
est  ultima  pernicie.  Nam  duo  milia  tantum  ex  omni  Eomano 
exercitti  reftigerunt,  quingenti  cum  imperatore  Eegulo  capti  sunt, 
triginta  milia  occlsa,  Eegulus  ipse  in  catenas  coniectus. 


The  heroism  of  Eegulus. 

25.  Post  haec  mala  Carthaginienses  Eegulum  ducem,  quern 
ceperant,  petierunt  ut  Eomam  proficlsceretur,^  et  pacem  a 
Eomanis  obtineret,  ac  permtitationem  captivorum  faceret.  Ille 
Eomam  cum  venisset,  inductus  in  senatum  nihil  quasi  Eomanus 
egit,  dixitque  se  ex  ilia  die,  qua  in  potestatem  Afrorum  venisset,^ 
Romanum  esse  deslsse.  Itaque  et  uxorem  a  complexu  rem5vit, 
et  senatui  suasit  ne  pax  cum  Poenis  fieret^;  illos  enim  frdctos  tot 
cdsibiis  spem  nUllam  habere  ;  se  tanti^  non  esse,  ut  tot  milia 
captivorum  propter  unum  se  et  senem  et  paucos,  qui  ex  Romdnls 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute  used  for  condition o 


H  M        A  G  B 

1  4S9.  2  (431,  8)   255,  6   310,  a   591,  r.  2   227,  2,  b 

2  565  (498,  I)      333      331       546  295, 1 


H  M         A         G  B 

3  643  (524)     392      336, 2      650  814 

4  448  (404)     224      252,  a     380      203, 3 


BREVIAEIUM,  IL 


27 


capti  faerant,^  redderentur}  Itaque  obtinuit.  Kam  Afros  pacem 
petentes  ntillus  admisit.  Ipse  Carthaginem  rediit,  offer entibus- 
que  Eomanis  ut  eum  Komae  tenerent,  negayit  se  in  ed  urbe 
mdnsurum,^  in  qua,  postquam  Afris^  servierat,^  dignitatem  lionestl 
civis  habere  non  posset.^  Eegressus  igitur  ad  Africam  omnibus 
supplicils  exstinctus  est. 

Battle  of  Lilyhaeum.    Interchange  of  captives, 
27.  C.  Lutatio  Catulo  A.  Postumio  Albino  consulibus,  anno  b.c. 

—     _  242 

belli  Piinici  vicesimo  et  tertio  Catulo  bellum  contra  Afros  com- 
missum  est.  Profectus  est  cum  trecentis  navibus  in  Siciliam; 
Afri  contra  ipsum  quadringentas  paraverunt.  JSTumquam  in  marl 
tantis  copiis  ptignatum  est.  Lutatius  Catulus  navem  aeger 
ascendit ;  vulneratus  enim  in  pugna  superiore  fuerat.  Contra 
Lilybaeum,  cTvitatem  Siciliae,  pugnatum  est  ingenti  virtute^ 
Romanorum.  ISTam  lxiii.  Carthaginiensium  naves  captae  sunt, 
cxxv.  demersae,  xxxii.  milia  hostium  capta^  xiii.  milia  occisa, 
Infinitum  aurl,  argentl,  praedae  in  potestatem  Romanorum  redac- 
tum.  Ex  classe  Romana  xii.  naves  demersae.  Pugnatum  est  vi. 
Idus  Martias.  Statim  pacem  Carthaginienses  petlverunt  tributa- 
que  est  his  pax.  Captlvl  Romanorum  qui  tenebantur  a  Cartha- 
giniensibus  redditi  sunt.  Etiani  Carthaginienses  petlverunt  ut 
redimi  eos  captlvos  liceret  ^  quos  ex  Afrls  RomanI  tenebant. 
Senatus  iussit  sine  pretio  eos  dari,  qui  in  publica  ctistodia  essent ; 
qui  autem  a  privatis  tenerentur,  ut  pretio  dominis  reddito  Cartha- 
ginem redirent  atque  id  pretium  ex  fisco  magis  quam  a  Cartha- 
giniensibus  solveretur.^ 

Special  Study.  —  Substantive  clauses. 


H               M        A           G  B 

1  643, 4  (524,  2,  2))  392,  n.  3  336,  d  628,  r.  {a)  314,  3 

3  570(500,11)        337  319,1  552  284,1 

3  617:619(537)      260,3  288  281  270,1 

4  426(385,1)         205  227  346  187,  c 


H  M      A  G  B 

5  643  (524)  392  336, 2  650  314, 1 

6  473,3(419,111)  245  248  399  220,1 

7  565(498,1)  333  331  646  295,1 


28 


EUTROPIUS. 


Book  III. 
Second  Punic  War, 

7.  M.  Minucio  Ktifo  P.  Cornelio  consulibus  HistrTs  bellum 
inlatum  est,  quia  latrocinati  navibus  Eomanorum  fuerant,  quae 
frtimenta  exhibebant^  perdomitlque  sunt  omnes.  Eodem  anno 
bellum  Punicum  secundum  Eomanls  inlatum  est  per  Hanni- 
balem,  Carthaginiensium  ducem,  qui  Saguntum,  Hispaniae  clvi- 
tatem  Eomanis  amicam,  oppugnare  aggressus  est,  annum  agens 
vicesimum  aetatis,  copils  congregatis  cl.  milium.  Huic  Roman! 
per  legatos  denuntiayerunt  ut  bello  abstineret.  Is  legatos  admit- 
tere  noluit.  EonianI  etiam  Cartbaginem  miserunt,  ut  mandaretur 
Hanniball^ne  bellum  contra  socios  populi  Eomani  gereret.  Dura 
responsa  a  Cartliaginiensibus  data  sunt.  Saguntlni  interea  fame 
Yicti  sunt^  captTque  ab  Hannibale  ultimis  poenis  adficiuntur. 
Bellum  Cartliaginiensibus  indictum  est. 

8.  Tum  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  cum  exercitti  in  Hispaniam  pro- 
fectus  est,  Ti.  Sempronius  in  Siciliam.  Hannibal  relicto  in 
Hispania  fratre  Hasdrubale  Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Alpes,  adMc 
ea  parte  invias,  sibi  patefecit.  Traditur  ad  Italiam  lxxx.  milia 
peditum,  x.  milia  equitum,  septem  et  xxx.  elephantos  adduxisse. 
Interea  multi  Ligures  et  G-alli  Hannibal!  se  coniunxerunt.  Sem- 
pronius Gracchus  cognito  ad  Italiam  Hannibalis  adventti  ex 
Sicilia  exercitum  Ariminum  traiecit. 

HannihaVs  great  victories.    Battle  of  Cannae, 

9.  P.  Cornelius  Sc!pio  Hannibal!  primus  occurrit.  Commisso 
proelio,  fugatis  su!s  ipse  vulneratus  in  castra  rediit.  Sempronius 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  impersonal  passive. 

1  H   426,  3  (3S4,  II,  5)        M   205,  n.       A   230        G   217        B   187,  II,  § 


BREVIARIUM,  IIL 


29 


Gracchus  et  ipse  confllgit  apud  Trebiam  amnem.  Is  quoque  vin- 
citur.  Hannibali  multl  se  in  Italia  dedidemnt.  Inde  ad  Tusciam 
veniens  Hannibal  Flaminio  consull  occurrit.  Ipsum  Flarainium 
interemit;  Eomanorum  xxy.  milia  caesa  sunt,  ceterl  difftigerunt. 
Missus  adversus  Hannibalem  postea  a  Eomanis  Q.  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus.  Is  eum  differendo  ^  pugnam  ab  impetu  fregit^  mox  inventa 
occasione  vTcit. 

10.  Qulngentesimo  et  quadragesimo  anno  a  condita  urbe  L. 
Aemilius  Paulus,  P.  Terentius  Varro  contra  Hannibalem  mittun- 
tur  Fabioque  succedunt,  qui  abiens  ambo  consules  monuit  ut 
Hannibalem,  callidum  et  impatientem  ducem,  non  aliter  vince- 
rent;^  quam  proelium  differendo.^  Verum  cum  impatientia  Var- 
ronis  consulis,  contradicente   altero   consule,  apud  vicum    qui  b.c. 

—  216 

Cannae  appellatur,  in  Apulia  pugnatum  esset,  ambo  consules  ab 
Hannibale  vincuntur.  In  ea  pugnl  tria  milia  Af rorum  pereunt ;  2. 
magna  pars  de  exercitu  Hannibalis  sauciatur.  Nullo  tamen 
proelio  Punico  bello  Komani  gravius  accept!  sunt.  Peiiit  enim 
in  eo  consul  Aemilius  Paulus,  consulares  aut  praetorii  xx.,  sena- 
tores  capti  aut  occisT  xxx.,  nobiles  virl  ccc,  militum  xl.  milia, 
equitum  iii.  milia  et  qulngenti.  In  quibus  malls  nemo  tamen 
Eomanorum  pacis  meutionem  habere  dTgnatus  est.  Servl,  quod^ 
numquam  ante,  manumissi  et  milites  facti  sunt. 

11.  Post  eam  pugnam  multae  Italiae  civitates,  quae  Eomanis 
parueraut,  se  ad  Hannibalem  traiistulerunt.  Hannibal  Eomanis 
obtulit  ut  captivos  redimerent,  responsumque  est  a  senatti  eds 
elves  non  esse  necessarids  qui,  cum  armati  esseiit,  capi  potuissent. 
Hie  omnes  postea  variis  supplicils  interfecit  et  tres  modios  dmi- 
lorum  aureorum  Carthaginem  misit,  quos  ex  manibus  equitum 
Eomanorum,  senatorum  et  militum  detraxerat. 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  the  gerund. 


H  M        A       G  B 

1  630(542,  IV)  292:  294  301,1   431   33S,  4 

2  565  (498, 1)    333         331      546   295,  1 


H  M        A  G  B 

3  399,  6  (445, 7)  182,  2  200,  e,  n.  614,  e.  2  247, 1,  b 


30 


EUTROPIUS. 


Successes  in  Spain.    Scipio  is  recalled  to  Rome, 

15.  Interea  ad  Hispanias,  ubi  occlsis  duobus  Scipionibus  nul-= 
lus  Eomanus  dux  erat,  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  mittitur,  filius  P, 
Sclpionis,  qui  ibidem  bellum  gesserat,  annos  natus  quattuor  et 
vigintij  vir  Eomanorum  omnium  et  sua  aetate  et  posteriore  tem- 
pore fere  primus.  Is  Carthaginem  Hispaniae  capit,  in  qua  omne 
aurum,  argentum  et  belli  apparatum  Afrl  habebant,  nobilissimos 
quoque  obsides,  quos  ab  Hispanis  acceperant.  Magonem  etiam, 
fratrem  Hannibalis,  ibidem  capit,  quem  Eomam  cum  alils  mittit. 
Eomae  ingens  laetitia  post  hunc  nuntium  fuit.  Scipio  Hispano- 
rum  obsides  parentibus  reddidit ;  quare  omnes  fere  Hispani  tino 
animo  ad  eum  transierunt.  Post  quae  Hasdrubalem,  Hannibalis 
fratrem,  vTctum  ^  fugat  et  praedam  maximam  capit. 

18.  Desperans  Hannibal  Hispanias  contra  Sclpionem  diutius 
posse  retinerl,  fratrem  suum  Hasdrubaiem  ad  Italiam  cum  omni- 
bus copils  evocavit.  Is  veniens  eodem  itiiiere,  quo  etiam  Han- 
nibal venerat,  a  consulibus  Ap.  Claudio  Nerone  et  M.  Livio 
Sallnatore  apud  Senam,  Piceni  civitatem,  in  insidias  compositas 
incidit.  Strenue  tamen  pugnans  occisus  est ;  ingentes  eius  copiae 
captae  aut  interfectae  sunt,  magnum  pondus  auri  atque  argent! 
Komam  relatum  est.  Post  haec  Hannibal  diffldere  iam  de  belli 
coepit  eventu.  Eomanis  ingens  animus  accessit ;  itaque  et  ipsi 
evocaverunt  ex  Hispania  P.  Cornelium  Sclpionem.  Is  Eomam 
cum  ingeiitl  gloria  venit. 

Scipio  conquers  in  Africa.    Peace  is  declared. 

20«  Anno  quarto  decimo  posteaquam  in  Italiam  Hannibal  vene- 
rat, Scipio,  qui  multa  in  Hispania  bene  egerat,  consul  est  factus  et 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  participle  for  co-ordinate  verb. 

1  H   639  (649, 5)         M  281,  4         A   292,  r.         G   664,  r.  1         B   836,  3,  a 


BREVIARIUM,  IV, 


31 


in  African!  missus.  Ciii  viro^  divinum  quiddam  inesse  existima- 
batur,  adeo  ut  putaretur  etiam  cum  numinibus  habere  sermonem. 
Is  in  Africa  contra  Hannonem,  ducem  Afrorum,  ptignat,  exer- 
citum  eius  interlicit.  Secundo  proelio  castra  capit  cum  quattuor 
milibus  et  qumgentis  militibus,  xi.  milibus  occlsis.  Sypbacem, 
Numidiae  regem,  qui  se  Afris  coniunxerat,  capit  et  castra  eius 
invadit.  Syphax  cum  nobilissimis  Numidis  et  inflnitls  spoliTs 
Eomam  ab  Scipione  mittitur.  Qua  re  audita  omnis  fere  Italia 
Hannibalem  deserit.  Ipse  a  Carthaginiensibus  redire  in  Africam 
iubetur,  quam  Scipio  vastabat. 

21.  Ita  anno  septimo  decimo  ab  Hannibale  Italia  liberata  est. 
Legati  Carthaginiensium  pacem  a  Scipione  petiverunt ;  ab  eo  ad 
senatum  Romam  miss!  sunt;  quadraginta  et  quinque  diebus^  his 
indutiae  datae  sunt,  quousque  Komam  Ire  et  regredl  possent.^ 
Et  XXX.  milia  pondo  argenti  ab  his  accepta  sunt.  Senatus  ex 
arbitrio  Sclpionis  pacem  iussit  cum  Carthaginiensibus  fieri. 
Scipio  his  condicionibus  dedit,  amplius  quam  triginta  naves 
haberent,  ut  quingenta  mllia  pondo  argenti  darent,  captivos  et  per- 
fugds  redderent. 


Book  IV. 


Third  Punic  War.    Carthage  destroyed, 

10.  Tertium  deinde  bellum  contra  Carthaginem  suscipitur,  b.c. 
sexcentesimo  et  altero  ab  urbe  coiidita  anno,  L.  Manlio  Censorino 
et  M.  Manilio  consulibus,  anno  quinquagesimo  primo  postquam 
secundum  Ptinicum  transactum  erat.  Hi  profecti  Carthaginem 
oppugnaverunt.  Contra  eos  Hasdrubal,  dux  Carthaginiensium, 
dimicabat.    Famea,  dux  alius,  equitatui  Carthaginiensium  prae- 

Special  Study  .  —  Dative  witli  compounds  :  ablative  of  time. 


H  M        A         G  B 

1  429  (8S6)  202  228  34T  187,  III 
3  417,  2  (379, 1)  243,  n.  256, 2,  h  393,  r.  2  231,  1 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  3  * 


H  M   A    G  B 

3  603,11,2(519,11,2)  354  328  572  293,111,2 


EUTROPIUS. 


erat.  Scipio  tunc,  ScTpionis  African!  nepos,  tribiinus  ibi  mllitabat. 
Huius  apud  omnes  ingens  metus  et  reverentia  erat.  Nam  et 
paratissinius  ad  diraicandum^et  consultissimus  habebatur.  Itaque 
per  eum^  mnlta  a  consnlibus  prospere  gesta  sunt,  neque  quic- 
quam  magis  vel  Hasdrubal  vel  Famea  vitabant,  quam  contra  earn 
Eomanorum  partem  committere,  ubi  Scipio  dimicaret.^ 

11.  Per  idem  tempus  Masinissa,  rex  l^umidarum,  per  annos 
sexaginta  fere  amicus  popull  Eomani,  anno  vitae  nonagesimo 
septimo  mortuus  quadraginta  quattuor  filiis  relictis  Sclpionem 
divlsorem  regnl  inter  filios  suos  esse  iussit. 

12.  Cum  igitur  clarum  ScTpionis  nomen  esset/  iuvenis  adhuc 
consul  est  factus  et  contra  Carthaginem  missus.  Is  eam  cepit 
ac  diruit.  Spolia  ibi  inventa,  quae  variarum  civitatum  excidiis 
Carthago  conlegerat,  et  ornamenta  urbium  civitatibus  Siciliae, 
Italiae,  Africae  reddidit,  quae  sua  recognoscebant.  Ita  Carthago 
septingentesimo  anno,  quam  condita  erat,  deleta  est.  Scipio 
nomen,  quod  avus  eius  acceperat,  meruit,  scilicet  ut  propter 
virtutem  etiam  ipse  Africanus  itinior  vocaretur. 


Book  V. 

Marius  and  Sulla.     War  with  Mithradates, 

4.  Anno  urbis  conditae  sexcentesimo  sexagesimo  secundo 
primum  Romae  bellum  civile  commotum  est,  eodem  anno  etiam 
Mithradaticum.  Causam  bello  civili  C.  Marius  sexies  consul 
dedit.  ISTam  cum  Sulla  consul  contra  Mithradaten  gesturus* 
bellum,  qui  Asiam  et  Achaiam  occupaverat,  mitteretur,  isque 
exercitum  in  Campania  paulisper  teneret,  ut  belli  socialis,  de 
quo  diximus,  quod  intra  Italiam  gestum  fuerat,  reliquiae  toUe- 

Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  denoting  purpose. 
H  MAGB  H  MAGB 

1  628(^2,111)        291      800      429,2  338,3    4  598(517)  355    326  586  286,2 

2  468, 3  (415,1,  N.l)  247,3  246,  &  401        -      5  638,3(549,3)    283    293,6,2    670,3  337,4 

3  652, 1  (529,  II)       405     342     663, 1  324 


BREVIARIUM,  YL 


rentur,  Marius  adfectavit  ut  ipse  ad  bellum  Mithradaticum  mit- 
teretur.^  Qua  re  Sulla  commotus  cum  exercitti  ad  urbein  veiiit. 
Illic  contra  Marium  et  Sulpicium  dimicavit.  Primus  urbem 
Eomam  armatus  ingressus  est,  Sulpicium  interfecit,  Marium 
fugavit,  atque  ita  consulibus  ordinatis  in  futurum  -  annum  Cn, 
Octavio  et  L.  Cornelio  Cinna  ad  Asiam  profectus  est. 

5.  Mithradates  enim,  qui  PontI  rex  erat  atque  Armeniam 
Minorem  et  totum  Ponticum  Mare  in  circuitu  cum  Bosporo  tene- 
bat,  primo  Nicomeden,  amicum  populi  Eomani,  Bithynia^  voluit 
expellere;  senatuique  mandavit  helium  se  el  propter  iniurias, 
quds  passus  fuerat,  inldturum.  A  senatu  responsum  est  Mithra- 
datl,  SI  id  faceret,  quod^  bellum  a  Eomanis  et.  ipse  pateretur. 
Quare  iratus  Cappadociam  statim  occupavit  et  ex  ea  Ariobarza- 
nen,  regem  et  amicum  populi  Pomani,  fugavit.  Mox  etiam 
Bithyniam  invasit  et  Paphlagoniam  pulsis  regibus,  amicis  populi 
EomanI,  Pylaemene  et  Nicomede.  Inde  Ephesum  contendit  et 
per  omnem  Asiam  litteras  misit  ut,  ubicumque  inventi  essent^ 
cives  Eomam,  uno  die  occiderentur.^ 


Book  VI. 

Death  of  Mithradates.    Catiline^s  conspiracy, 

12.  Dum  haec  geruntur,^  piratae  omnia  maria  infestabant  ita 
ut  Eomanis,  toto  orbe  victoribus,  sola  navigatio  tuta  non  esset.^ 
Quare  id  bellum  Cn.  Pompeio  decretum  est.  Quod  intra  paucos 
menses  ingenti  et  felicitate  et  celeritate  confecit.  Mox  ei 
delatum  bellum  etiam  contra  reges  Mithradaten  et  Tigranen. 

Special  Study.  —  Temporal  clauses  with  dum. 


H               M           A        G  B 

1  565  (498, 1)  834  331  546  295, 5 

2  464(414)  236,  l&N.  243  390,2  214,1 

3  See  Notes. 

4  643  (524)  392  336, 2  650  314, 1 


H  M       A  G  B 

5  642,  4  (523,  III)  393  339  652  316 

6  533,  4  (467,  III,  4)  352  276,  6  570  293 

7  570  (500,  11)  337  319  552  284 


34 


EUTROPIUS. 


Quo  suscepto  Mithradaten  in  Armenia  Minore  nocturno  proe- 
lio  vicit,  castra  diripnit,  quadraginta  milia  eius  occidit,  viginti 
tantum  de  exercitti  suo  perdidit  et  duos  centuriones.  Mithra- 
dates  cum  uxore  fugit  et  duobus  comitibus.  Neque  multo  post, 
cum  in  suos  saeviret,  Pharnacis,  filii  sul,  apud  milites  seditione 
ad  mortem  coactus  venenum  hausit.  Hunc  finem  habuit  Mithra- 
dates.  Periit  autem  apud  Bosporum,  vir  ingentis  industriae^ 
consiliique.  Eegnavit  annis  sexaginta,  vixit  septuaginta  duobus, 
contra  Eomanos  bellum  habuit  annis  quadraginta. 

15.  M.  Tullio  Cicerone  oratore  et  C.  Antonio  coss.,  anno  ab 
urbe  condita  sexcentesimo  octogesimo  nono,  L.  Sergius  Catilina, 
nobilissimi  generis  vir,  sed  ingenil  pravissimi,  ad  delendam^ 
patriam  coniuravit  cum  quibusdam  Claris  quidem  sed  audacibus 
virls.  A  Cicerone  urbe  expulsus  est.  Socii  eius  deprehensi  in 
carcere  strangulati  sunt.    Ab  Antonio,  altero  consule,  Catilma 

ipse  victus  proelio 
est  interfectus. 

16.  Sexcentesimo 
nonagesimo  anno  ab 
urbe  condita  D.  lu- 
nio  Sllano  et  L.  Mti- 
rena  coss.,  Metellus 
de  Creta  triumph  a- 
vit,  Pompeius  de 
bello  piratico  et 
Mithradatico.  Nulla  umquam  pompa  triumph!  similis  fuit. 
Ducti  sunt  ante  eius  currum  filii  Mithradatis,  filius  Tigranis 
et  Aristobulus,  rex  ludaeorum;  praelata  est  ingens  pecunia  et 
auri  atque  argenti  infinitum.  Hoc  tempore  nullum  per  orbem 
terrarum  grave  bellum  erat. 

Special  Study.  — Genitive  of  characteristic. 

H  MAGBl  H  MAGB 

1  440, 3  (396,  V)      222      215      365      203  I  3  628(542,  III,  n.  2  :  544, 1)  297  300  427  339,2 


TRIUMPHAL  CAR. 


BEEVIARIUM,  VI. 


35 


Caesar  conquers  Gaul.    Civil  War, 
17.  Anno  urbis  conditae  sexcentesimo  nonagesimo  tertio  C.  ^-c- 

59 

lulius  Caesar,  qui  postea  imperavit,  cum  L.  Bibulo  consul  est 
factus.  Decreta  est  ei  Gallia  et  Illyricum  cum  legionibus  decem. 
Is  primo  vicit  Helvetios,  qui  nunc  Sequani  appellantur,  deinde 
vincendo^  per  bella  gravissima  usque  ad  Oceanum  Britannicum 
processit.  Domuit  autem  annis  novem  fere  omnem  Galliam,  quae 
inter  Alpes,  flumen  Eliodanum,  Ehenum  et  Oceanum  est  et  cir- 
cuitti  patet  ad  bis  et  tricies  centena  milia^  passuum.  Britannis 
mox  bellum  intulit,  quibus  ante  eum  ne  nomen  quidem  Eomano- 
rum  cognitum  erat,  eosque  victos  obsidibus  acceptis  stipendiarios 
fecit.  Galliae^  autem  tributi  nomine  annuum  imperavit  stipen- 
dium  quadringenties,  Germanosque  trans  Ehenum  aggressus 
immanissimis  proelils  vicit.  Inter  tot  successtis  ter  male  ptigna- 
vit,  apud  Avernos  semel  praesens  et  absens  in  Germania  bis. 
Nam  legati  eius  duo,  Titurius  et  Aurunculeius,  per  msidias  caesi 
sunt. 

19.  Hinc  iam  bellum  civile  successit  cxsecrandum  et  lacrima- 
bile,  quo  praeter  calamitates,  quae  in  proelils  acciderunt,  etiam 
populi  Eomani  fortuna  mutata  est.  Caesar  enim  rediens  ex 
Gallia  victor  coepit  poscere  alteram  consulatum  atque  ita,  ut  sine 
dubietate  aliqua  ei  deferretur.  Contradictum  est  a  Marcello  con- 
sule,  a  Bibulo,  a  Pompeio,  a  Catone,  iussusque  dimissis  exercitibus 
ad  urbem  redire.    Propter  quam  iniuriam  ab  Arimino,  ubi  milites 

49 

congregates  habebat,  adversum  patriam  cum  exercitu  venit. 
Consules  cum  Pompeio  senatusque  omnis  atque  universa  nobilitas 
ex  urbe  fugit^  et  in  Graeciam  transiit.    Apud  Epirum,  Mace- 
Special  Study.  —  Singular  verb  used  with  two  subjects. 


H  MA 

1  680  (542,  IV)  292  801 
a  41T  (379)  196  257 


G  B  H 

431  338,  4  3  426,  1  (385,  I) 
385      181       4  392  (463, 1) 


M      A        G  B 

205  227  346  187,  II,  a 
175,2  m,d  285,1  255,3 


36 


EUTROPIUS. 


doniam,  Achaiam,  Pompeio  duce,  senatus  contra  Caesarem  bellum 
paravit. 

Pompey  is  conquered,  flees  to  Alexandria,  and  is  killed, 

20.  Caesar  vaciiam  urbem  iugressiis  dictatorem  se  fecit. 
Inde  Hispanias  petiit.  Ibi  Pompeii  exercitus  validissimos  et 
fortissimos  cum  tribus  ducibus,  L.  Afranio,  M.  Petreio,  M.  Var- 
ronCj  superavit.  Inde  regressus  in  Graeciam  transiit,  adversum 
Pompeium  dimicavit.  Primo  proelio  victus  est  et  fugatus,  evasit 
tamen,  quia  nocte  interveniente  Pompeius  sequi  noluit,  dixitque 
Caesar:  nee  Pompeium  scire  vincere,  et  illo  tantum  die  se  potuisse 
superdrl.  Deinde  in  Thessalia  apud  Palaeopharsalum  productis 
utrimque  ingentibus  copils  dimicaverunt.  Pompeii  acies  habuit 
quadraginta  milia  peditum,  equites  in  sinistro  cornu  sexcentos, 
in  dextro  quingentos,  praeterea  totlus  Orientis  auxilia,  totam 
nobilitatem,  innumeros  senatores,  praetorios,  consulares  et  qui 
magnorum  iam  bellorum  victores  fuissent.^  Caesar  in  acie  sua 
habuit  peditum  non  integra  triginta  mIlia,  equites  mllle. 

21.  Numquam  adhuc  Eomanae  copiae  in  tinum  neque  ma- 
iores  neque  melioribus  ducibus  convenerant,  totum  terrarum 
orbem  facile  subacttirae^^  si  contra  barbaros  dticerentur.^  Ptigna- 
tum  tamen  est  ingenti  contentione,  victusque  ad  postremum  Pom- 
peius et  castra  eius  direpta  sunt.  Ipse  fugatus  Alexandream 
petiit  ut  a  rege  Aegypti,  cui  tutor  a  senatti  datus  fuerat  propter 
iuvenilem  eius  aetatem,  acciperet  auxilia.  Qui  fortunam  magis 
quam  amicitiam  sectitus  occldit  Pompeium,  caput  eius  et  anulum 
Caesari  misit.  Quo  conspecto  Caesar  etiam  lacrimas  fudisse 
dicitur,  tanti  viri  intuens  caput  et  generi  quondam  sui. 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  characteristic. 


H  M         A         G  B 

1  591, 1  (503, 1)  883,  2  320         631, 2  283 

2  688, 2  (5i9,  2)  288     298,  b,  8  670, 4  (2)   387,  4 


H  M       A  G  B 

3  576  (509,  N.  3)     365     307,/     596,2  803 


BREVIARIUM,  YL 


37 


Caesar  returns  to  Rome  and  subdues  Ms  enemies, 

22.  Mox  Caesar  Alexandream  venit.  Ipsi  qnoque  Ptolemaeus  b.c, 
parare  voluit  Insidias,  qua  causa  regi  bellum  inlatum  est.  Vic- 


multas  popull  Eoiuani  provincias  occupantem  vicit  acie,  postea 
ad  mortem  coegit. 

23.  Inde  Eomam  regressus  tertio  se  consul  em  fecit  cum  M.  ^.c 
Aemilio  Lepido,  qui  ei  magister  equitum  dictator!  ante  annum  ^ 
fuerat.  Inde  in  Africam  profectus  est,  ubi  mflnita  nobilitas  cum 
luba,  Mauretaniae  rege,  bellum  reparaverat.  Duces  autem 
Eomani  erant  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  ex  genere  antiquissimo  Sci- 
pionis  African!  (hie  etiam  socer  Pompeii  Magni  fuerat),  M. 
Petreius,  Q.  Varus,  M.  Poreius  Cato,  L.  Cornelius  Faustus,  Bullae 
dictatoris  filius.  Contra  hos  commisso  proelio  post  multas  dimica- 
tiones  victor  fuit  Caesar.  Cato,  Scipio,  Petreius,  luba  ipsi*  se 
occiderunt.    Paustus,  Pompeii  gener,  a  Caesare  interfectus  est. 


24.  Post  annum  ^  Caesar  Pom'am  regressus  quarto  se  consulem 
fecit  et  statim  ad  Hispanias  est  profectus,  ubi  Pompeii  filii,  Cn. 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  reference :  ipse  agreeing  with  subject. 


LORICA. 


tus  in  ISTilo  periit  inventumque 
est  corpus  eius  cum  lorica  aurea. 
Caesar  Alexandrea^  potitus  regnum 
Cleopatrae  dedit,  Ptolemaei  sorori. 
Eediens  inde  Caesar  Pharnacem, 
Mithradatis  Magni  f  ilium,  qui  Pom- 
peio  ^  in  auxilium  apud  Thessaliam 
fuerat,  rebellantem  in  Ponto  atque 


Caesar  is  assassinated. 


H  M     A       G  B 

1  477,1(421,1)  253  249     407  218,1 

8  425, 4,  N.  (384,  II,  4,  n.  2)  208  235,  a  350, 1  188, 1,  n. 


H  M     A  G  B 

3  488,  1  (430)     249  259,  d  403,  n.  4  (a)  857, 1 

4  509, 1  (452, 1)  447  195, 1  311, 2  249, 2 


38  EUTROPIUS, 

Pompeius  et  Sex.  Pompeius  ingens  bellum  praeparaverant.  Multa 
proelia  fuerunt^  -Qltimuin  apud  Mundam  civitatem,  in  quo  adeo 
Caesar  paene  victus  est,  ut  fugientibus  suis  se  voluerit  occidere, 
ne  post  tan  tain  rei  mllitaris  gloriam  in  potestatem  adulescentium 


DEATH  OF  CAESAR.  —  GEROME. 


natns  annos  sex  et  quinqnaginta  veniret.  Denique  revocatis  suTs 
vicit.    Ex  Pompeii  filils  maior  occisus  est,  minor  fugit. 

25.  Inde  Caesar  bellis  clvilibus  toto  orbe  compositis  Romam 
rediit.  Agere  insolentius^  coepit  et  contra  consuettidinem  Ko- 
manae  libertatis.  Cum  ergo  et  bonores  ex  sua  voluntate  praesta- 
ret,  qui  a  populo  antea  deferebantur,  nee  senatui  ad  se  venienti 

Special  Study.  —  Prepositions  with  names  of  towns. 

1  H   498  (444,  1)         M   426         A   93,  a         G   297,  2         B   240, 1 


BREYIARIUM,  YIL 


39 


adsurgeret,  aliaque  regia  ac  paene  tyrannica  faceret,  coniuratum  ^ 
est  in  eum  a  sexaginta  vel  amplius  senatoribus  equitibusque  b.o. 
Eomanls.  Praecipui  fuerunt  inter  coniuratos  duo  Bruti,  ex  eo 
genere  Bruti,  qui  primus  Romae  consul  fuerat  et  reges  expule-  15. 
rat,  C.  Cassius  et  Servilius  Casca.  Ergo  Caesar,  cum  senattis 
die  inter  ceteros  venisset  ad  curiam,  tribus  et  viginti  vulneribus 
confossus  est. 


Book  VII. 


Rise  of  Octavianus.    Second  Triumvirate, 


1.  Anno  urbis  septingentesimo  fere  ac  nono  interfecto  Caesare 
bella  civilia  reparata  sunt.  Percussoribus^  enim  Caesaris  sena- 
tus  favebat.  Antonius  consul  partium  Caesaris  civilibus  bellis 
opprimere  eos  conabatur.  Ergo  tur- 
bata  re  publica  multa  Antonius  sce- 
lera  committens  a  senatu  hostis  iudica- 
tus  est.  Miss!  ad  eum  persequendum 
duo  consules,  Pansa  et  Hirtius,  et 
Octavianus  adulescens,  annos  duode- 
viginti  natus,  Caesaris  nepos,  quern 
ille  testamento  heredem  reliquerat  et 
nomen  suum  ferre  iusserat.  Hic  est, 
qui  postea  Augustus  est  dictus  et  rerum^ 
potitus.  Quare  profecti  contra  Antonium 
tres  duces  vicerunt  eum.  Evenit  tamen 
ut  victores  consules  ambo  morerentur.- 
Quare  tres  exercitiis  um  Caesar!  Au- 

YOUNG  AUGUSTUS.  ,  .       _  . 

{Vatican.)  gusto  parucrunt. 


Special  Study. 

H  M      A        G  B 

1  302,  6  (301,  1)  145,  4  146,  d  208,  2  256, 3 
a  426, 1  (385, 1)  205     221      346     187,  II,  a 


Dative  with  special  verbs. 

H  M       A  G  B 

3  458,  3  (410,  V,  3>  231     223,  a    407.  2  {d)  212,  2 

4  571, 1  (501, 1, 1)  341,  2  332,  a,  2  553,  3      297,  2 


40 


EUTROPIUS. 


2.  Fugatus  Antonius  amisso  exercitti  confugit  ad  Lepidum, 
qui  Caesari^  magister  equitum  fuerat  et  turn  copias  mllituin 
grandes  habebat,  a  quo  suscsptus  est.  Mox  Lepido  operam 
dante  Caesar  cum  Antonio  pacem  fecit  et  quasi  vindicaturus 
patris  sul  mortem,  a  quo  per  testamentum  fuerat  adoptatus, 
Eomam  cum  exercitti  profectus  extorsit  ut  sibi  Ylcesimo  anno 
consulatus  daretur.^  Senatum  proscrlpsit  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido, 
et  rem  publicam  armis  tenere  coepit.  Per  hos^  etiam  Cicero 
orator  occisus  est  multique  alil  nobiles. 


Battle  of  Philippi, 
3.  Interea  Brutus  et  Cassius,  interfectores  Caesaris,  ins^ens 

42.  _    _  .  7  o 

bellum  moverunt.  Erant  enim  per  Macedoniam  et  Orientem 
multl  exercitus,  quos  occupaverant.  ProfectI  sunt  igitur  contra 
eos  Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus  et  M.  Antonius  (remanserat 
enim  ad  defendendam  Ttaliam  Lepidus).  Apud  Philippos,  Mace- 
doniae  urbem,  contra  eos  pugnaverunt.  Primo  proelio  victi  sunt 
Antonius  et  Caesar,  penit  tamen  dux  nobilitatis  Cassius,  secundo 
Brtitum  et  infinitam-  nobilitatem,  quae  cum  illis  bellum  gesserat, 
victam  interfecerunt.  Ac  sic  inter  eos  divisa  est  res  publica,  ut 
Augustus  Hispanias,  Gallias  et  Italiam  teneret,  Antonius  Asiam, 
Pontum,  Orientem.  Sed  in  Italia  L.  Antonius  consul  bellum 
civile  commovit,  f rater  eius,  qui  cum  Caesare  contra  Brtitum 
Cassiumque  dimicaverat.  Is  apud  Perusiam,  Ttisciae  civitatem, 
victus  et  captus  est,  neque  occisus. 

6.  Interim  Pompeius  pacem  rtipit  et  navali  proelio  victus 
fugiens  ad  Asiam  interfectus  est.  Antonius,  qui  Asiam  Orien- 
temque  tenebat,  repudiata  sorore  Caesaris  August!  Octavianl^ 

Special  Study.  —  Agent  considered  as  means. 


H  M      A       G  B 

1  425.  4,  N.  (384,  II,  4,  n.  2)  208  235.  a  350, 1  188,  1,  n. 
3  566  (501, 11, 1)  341  332      553, 1  297, 1 


H  MAG 

3  463,  3  (415,  f    247.3    246,6    401,  end 


BREVIARIUM,  YII» 


41 


Cleopatram,  regmam  AegyptT,  diixit  uxorem.  Contra  Persas  ipse 
etiam  pugnavit.  Prlmls  eos  proelils  vlcit^  regrediens  tamen  fame 
et  pestilentia  laboravit  et,  cum  instarent  Parthi  fugienti,  ipse  pro 
victo  recessit. 

Antony  and  Cleopatra.    Long  and  prosperous  reign  of  Augustus. 

7.  Hic  quoque  ingens  bellum  civile  commovit  cogente  uxore 
Cleopatra,  regina  Aegypti,  dum  cupiditate  muliebri  optat  ^  etiam 
in  urbe  regnare.  Yictus  est  ab  Augusto  navali  pugna  clara  et 
inltistrT  apud  Actium,  qui  locus  in  Epiro  est,  ex  qua  fugit  in  b.c. 

31 

Aegyptum  et  desperatis  rebus,  cum  omnes  ad  Augustum  transi- 
rent,^  ipse  se  interemit.  Cleopatra  sibi  aspidem  admlsit  et  veneno 
eius  exstincta  est.  Aegyptus  per  Octavianum  Augustum  imperio 
Romano  adiecta  est  praepositusque  ei  Cn.  Cornelius  Gallus. 
Hunc  primum  Aegyptus  E-omaiium  iudicem  habuit. 

8.  Ita  bellls  toto  orbe  confectis  Octavianus  Augustus  Eomam 
rediit,  duodecimo  anno  quam^  consul  fuerat.  Ex  eo  rem  publi- 
cam  per  quadraginta  et  quattuor  annos  solus  obtinuit.  Ante 
enim  duodecim  annis  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido  tenuerat.  Ita  ab 
initio  prlncipatus  eius  usque  ad  finem  quTnquaginta  et  sex  anni 
fuere.  Obiit  autem  septuagesimo  sexto  anno  morte  communi  Iua.d. 
oppido  Campaniae  Atella.  Romae  in  campo  Martio  sepultus  est, 
vir,  qui  non  immerito  ex  maxima  parte  deo  similis  est  putatus. 
Neque  enim  facile  ullus  eo^aut  in  bellTs  felicior  fuit  aut  in  pace 
moderatior.  Quadraginta  et  quattuor  annis,  quibus  solus  gessit 
imperium,  civilissime  vixit,  in  cunctos  liberalissimus,  in  amicos 
fidissimus,  quos  tantis  evexit  honoribus,  ut  paene  aequaret 
fastlgio  suo. 

Special  Study.  —  Expressions  for  time  since. 


1  dum  optat  =  optans.  \  3-  quam  =  postquam. 

2  H  598  (517)    M  355    A  326    G  586    B  286,  2  |  4  H  4T1  (417)    M  239,  1    A  247    G  898    B  217, 1 


42 


EUTROPIUS. 


10.  Scythae  et  IndT,  quibus  antea  Eomanorum  nomen  incogni- 
tum  fuerat,  munera  et  legates  ad  eum  miserunt.  Galatia  quoque 
sub  hoc  provincia  facta  est,  cum  antea  regnum  fuisset,  primusque 
earn  M.  Lollius  pro  praetore  administravit.  Tanto  autem  amore 
etiam  apud  barbaros  fuit,  ut  reges,  populi  Eoniani.  amici,  in 
honorem  eius  conderent  civitates,  quas  Caesareas  nominarent. 
Multi  autem  reges  ex  regnls  suis  venerunt,  ut  ei  obsequerentur, 
et  habitti  Eomano,  togati  scilicet,  ad  vebiculum  vel  equum  ipslus 
cucurrerunt.  Moriens  divus  appellatus  est.  Kem  ptiblicam 
beatissimam  Tiberio  successorl  reliquit,  qui  privlgnus  el,  mox 
gener,  postremo  adoptione  filius  fuerat. 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


DE  YIRIS  INLUSTRIBUS. 


MiLTIADES. 


Tlie  battle  of  Marathon, 


4.  Dareus,  cum  ex  Europa  in  Asiam  redisset,  hortantibus  ^ 
amlcls  lit  Graeciam  recligeret  in  snam  potestatem^  classem  quTn- 

gentarum  navinm  compara- 


boeam  appulsa  celeriter  Eretriam  ceperunt  omnesque  eius  gentis 
elves  abreptos  in  Asiam  ad  regem  misemnt.  Inde  ad  Atticam 
accesserunt  ac  suas  copias  in  campum  Maratbona  deduxerunt. 
Is  est  ab  oppido  circiter  milia  passuum  decem.  Hoc  tumultu 
Atbenienses  tam  proplnquo  tamque  magno  permoti  auxilium  nus- 

Special  Study.  —  Indicative  and  subjunctive  in  causal  clauses. 


PLAIN  OF  MARATHON 


vit  elque  Datim  praefecit 
et  Artapliernem,  bisque  du- 
centa  peditum,  decem  equi- 
tum  mllia  dedit^  cansam  in- 
terserens,  se  bostem  esse 
Atbeniensibus,  quod  eorum 
auxilio  lones  Sardls  expti- 
gnassent^  suaque  praesidia 
interfecissent.  Illi  prae- 
fectl   regii  classe   ad  Eu- 


1  H  643  (524)  M   392  A  336,  2  G  650  B  314,  1 

43 


44 


CORXELIUS  XEPOS. 


quam  nisi  a  Lacedaemonils  petlverunt  Phidippumque  cursorem 
eiiis  generis^  qui  hemerodroinoe  vocantiir,  Lacedaemonem  mise- 
runt;  ut  nuntiaret  quam  celeri  opus  esset  auxilio.^  Dorai^  autem 
creant  decern  praetores,  qui  exercitui  praeessent^  in  iis  Miltiadem. 
Inter  quos  magna  fait  contentio,  utrum  moenibus  se  defenderent,^ 
an  obviam  irent  liostibus  acieque  decernerent.  Unus  Miltiades 
maxime  nitebatur  ut  primo  quoque  tempore  castra  fierent :  id 
si  factum  esset,"^  et  civibus  aninium  accessiirum^  cum  viderent 
de  eorum  virtute  non  desperarl,  et  liostes  eadem  re  fore  tardi- 
ores,  si  animadverterent  auderi  adversus  se  tam  exiguis  copiis 
dimicari. 

5.  Hoc  in  tempore  nulla  civitas  Atheniensibus  auxilio^  fuit 
praeter  Plataeenses.  Ea  mille  misit  militum.  Itaque  horum 
adventu  decem  milia  armatorum  completa  sunt,  quae  manus 
mirabili  flagrabat  pugnandi  cupiditate.  Quo  factum  est  ut  plus 
quam  conlegae  ^Miltiades  valeret.  Eius  ergo  auctoritate  impulsi 
Athenienses  copiis  ex  urbe  eduxerunt  locoque  idoneo  castra  fece- 
runt.  Dein  postero  die  sub  montis  radicibus  acie  regione  in- 
Sept.  structa  non  apertissima  (namque  ar bores  multis  locis  erant  rarae) 

12 

proelium  commiserunt  hoc  consilio,  ut  et  montium  altittidine  tege- 
rentur  et  arborum  tractti  equitatus  hostium  impedlretur,  ne  mul- 
titudine  clauderentur.  Datis,  etsi  non  aequum  locum  videbat 
suis,  tamen  f retus  numero  ^  copiarum  suarum  confligere  cupiebat, 
eoque  magis,  quod,  priusquam  LacedaemoniT  subsidio  vemrent/ 
dimicare  utile  arbitrabatur.  Itaque  in  aciem  peditum  centum, 
equitum  decem  milia  produxit  proeliumque  commisit.  In  quo 
tanto^  plus  virtute  valuerunt  Athenienses,  ut  decemplicem  nume- 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  in  special  constructions. 


H  M      A         G  B 

1  47T,  III  (414,  IV)  252     24:3,  e  406        21S,  2 

2  4S4.  2  (426,  2)       242,  2  258,  d  411,  k.  2  232,  2 

3  642.  8  (523,  II,  n.)  324     334,  Ij  467        300,  2 

4  646  (527, 1)  402    337,  a  656       319,  B 


H  M  A  G  B 

5  433  (390)  206       233,  «    356  191,2 

6  476, 1  (425,  II,  1,  n.)  247,  N.  1  254,     2  401,  n.  6  218, 3 

7  605, 1  (520, 1, 2)       351        327        577  292 

8  479  (423)  248        250       403  223 


THEMISTOCLES. 


45 


rum  hostium  profligarintj^  adeoque  eos  pertermerunt,  nt  Persae 
non  castra,  sed  naves  petierint.  Qua  pugna^  nihil  alliilc  exstitit 
nobilius :  nulla  enim  umquam  tarn  exigua  manus  tantas  opes 
prostravit. 

Themistocles. 

His  early  years.    He  devotes  himself  to  public  affairs, 

1.  Themistocles,  ]S"eoclT  filius,  Atheniensis.  Htiius  yitia  in- 
euntis  adulescentiae  magnis  sunt  emendata  virtutibus,  adeo  ut 
anteferatur  huic  nemo,  pauci  pares  putentur.  Sed  ab  initio  est 
ordiendum.^  Pater  eius  Neocles  generosus  fuit.  Is  uxorem  Acar- 
nanam  civem  duxit,  ex  qua  natus  est  Themistocles.  Qui  cum 
minus  esset  probatus  parentibus,  quod  et  liberius  vl\^ebat  et  rem 
familiarem  neglegebat,  a  patre  exheredatus  est.  Quae  contumelia 
non  fregit  eiim,  sed  erexit.  Nam  cum  itidic^sset  sine  summa  . 
industria  non  posse  earn  exstinguT,  totum  se  dedidit  rei  publicae, 
diligentius  amlcis  famaeque  serviens.  Multum  in  iudicils  privatis 
versabatur,  saepe  in  contionem  popull  prodibat ;  nulla  res  maior 
sine  eo  gerebatur,  celeriter  quae  opus  erant  reperiebat,  facile 
eadem  oratione  explicabat.  ISTeque  minus  in  rebus  gerendis 
promptus  quam  excogitandls  erat,  quod  et  de  mstantibus,  ut  ait 
Thucydides,  verissime  itidicabat  et  de  futuris  callidissime  con- 
iciebat.    Quo  factum  est  ut  brevi  tempore  inltistraretur. 

He  strengthens  the  naval  poiver  of  Athens.    The  doubtful 
response  of  the  oracle. 

2.  Primus  autem  gradus  fuit  capessendae  rei  publicae  bello  Cor- 
cyraeo:  ad  quod  gerendum  praetor  a  populo  factus  non  solum 

Special  Study.  —  Periphrastic  conjugation  ;  gerund  and  gerundive. 


H  M         A        G  B 

1  550  (495,  VI)  316,  2  287,  c  513  268,  6 
JJ  4T1  (41T)  239, 1     247        398     217, 1 


H  M  A        G  B 

3  531  (466,  N.)     295, 1     294,  h     251     337,  7 


46 


COENELIUS  NEPOS. 


praesenti  bello,  sed  eUam  reliquo  tempore  ferociorem  reddidit 
civitatem.    ISTam  cum  pecunia  publica,  quae  ex  metallls  redibat^ 
"  largltione  magistratuum  quotannis  interiret,  ille  persuasit  populo 

ut  ea  pecunia  classis  centum 
navium  aedificaretur.  Qua 
celeriter  effecta  primum  Cor- 
cyraeos  fregit^  deinde  mari- 
timos  praedones  consectando 
mare  ttitum  reddidit.  In  quo 
cum  dlvitiis  ornavit,  turn 
etiam  peritissimos  belli  ^  na- 
valis  fecit  Athenienses.  Id 
quantae  saltitl^  fuerit  tini- 
versae  Graeciae,  bello  cogni- 
tum  est  Persico.  Nam  cum 
universae  Inferret  Europae 


MINE  OR  CLAY  PIT. 

{From  pottery  found  near  Corinth.) 

Xerxes  et  mari^  et  terra  bellum 


cum  tantis  copiis,  quantas  neque  ante  nec  postea  habuit  quis- 
quam:  htiius  enim  classis  mllle  et  ducentarum  navium  longa- 
rum  fuit,  quam  duo  milia  onerariarum  sequebantur,  terrestres 
autem  exercittis  septingenta  peditum,  equitum  quadringenta 
milia  f uerunt :  —  cuius  de  adventti  cum  f ama  in  Graeciam 
esset  perlata  et  maxime  Athenienses  peti  dicerentur  propter 
ptignam  Marathoniam,  miserunt  Delphos  consultum  *  quidnam 
facerent^  de  rebus  suis.  Deliberantibus  Pythia  respondit  ut 
moenibus  lignels  se  munirent.^  Id  responsum  quo  valeret^  cum 
intellegeret  nemo,  Themistocles  persuasit  consilium  esse  Apolli- 
nis   ut  in  naves   se   suaque   conferrent;^  eum^  enim  a  deo 


Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  service  :  genitive  of  material. 


H  M       A         G  B 

1  451, 1  (399, 1,  2)  226, 1  218,  a  374        204, 1 

3  433(390)  206  233,  a  356  191,2 

3  485,  2  (425,  II,  2)  241, 3  258,  d  385,  n.  1  228 

4  633  (546)  301  302  435        340, 1 


H  M  A  G  B 

5  642, 3  (523,  II,  n.)  324  334,  b  46T  300,  2 

6  565  (498, 1)  333  331  546  295, 1 

7  649,  II  (529,  I)  394  334  46T  300 

8  396, 2  (445, 4)  182, 4  195,  d  211, 5  246, 5 


THEMISTOCLES. 


47 


sTgnificari  murum  iTgnenm.  Tall  consilio  probato  addunt  ad 
superiores  totidem  naves  triremes  siiaque  omnia,  quae  mover! 
poterant,  partim  Salamina/  partim  Troezena  deportant:  arcem 


TRIREME. 


^  sacerdotibus  paucisque  maioribus  natu^  ad  sacra  proctiranda  tra 
dunt,  reliquum  oppidum  relinquunt. 


Battle  of  Thermopylae, 

3.  Htiius  consilium  plerlsque  civitatibus  displicebat  et  in  terra 
dimicari  raagis  placebat.  Itaque  missi  sunt  delect!  cum  Leonidaj  j^jy 
Lacedaemoniorum  rege,  qui  Thermopylas  occuparent  longiusque 
bavbaros  progredi  non  paterentur.  li  vim  hostium  non  sustinue- 
runt  eoqne  loco  oranes  interierunt.  At  classis  communis  Grae- 
ciae  trecentarum  navium,  in  qua  ducentae  erant  Atheniensium, 
primiim  apud  ArtemTsium  inter  Euboeam  continentemque  terram 
cum  classiarils  regils  conflixit.  Angustias  enim  Themistocles 
quaerebat,  ne  multitudine  circumlretur.  Hie  ets!  pari  proelio 
discesserant,  tamen  eodem  loco  non  sunt  aus!  manere,  quod  erat 

Special  Study.  —  Ways  of  expressing  purpose. 

H               MAGBIH  MA  GB 

1  419,2(380, 11,2,2))  199, 1  258,5  337  182,1  1  3  480(424)      238,1      253,  a      397  226,1 
Ao  &  W.  LAT.  R.   4 


48 


COKNELIUS  NEPOS. 


periculum,  ne,  si  pars  navium  adversariorum  Euboeam  superas- 
set,  ancipitl  premerentur^  perlculo.  Qu5  factum  est  iit  ab  Arte- 
mlsio  discederent  et  exadversum  Athenas  apud  Salamlna  classem 
suam  coiistituerent. 

Xerxes  burns  Athens,     Themistocles  forces  the  battle  of  Salamis. 

4.  At  Xerxes  ThermopylTs  exptignatis  protinus  accessit  astu  ^ 
idque  ntillis  defendentibuS;  interfectis  sacerdotibus  quos  in  arce 

inveneratj  incendio 
delevit.  C^iiius  flam- 
ma  perterriti  clas- 
siarii  cum  manere 
non  auderent  et  plti- 
riml  hortarentur  ut 
domes  ^  suas  disce- 
derent moenibusque 
se  defenderent,  The- 
mistocles unus  re- 
stitit  et  universos 
pares  esse  posse  aie- 
bat,  disperses  testabatur  perituros,  idque  EurybiadI,  regl  Lace- 
daemoniorum,  qui  turn  summae  imperil  praeerat,  fore  adflrmS^bat. 
Quern  cum  minus  quam  vellet  moveret,  noctti  de  servis  suls  quem 
habuit  fidelissimnm  ad  regem  misit,  ut  ei  nuntiaret  suls  verbis 
adversdrids  eius  in  fugd  esse :  qui  si  discessissent,  mdiore  cum 
labdre  et  longinquiore  tempore  bellum  confecturum,  cum  singulds 
consectdrl  cogeretur :  quds  si  statim  aggrederetur,  brevi  universos 
oppressurum.     Hoc  eo  valebat,  ut  ingratils  ad  deptignandum 

Special  Study.  —  Accusative  of  limit. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  567  (498,  III)      336      331,/     550      296,  2  |  3  419, 1  (380,  II,  2, 1)  199,  2  258,  h  337  182, 1,  & 


THE  ACROPOLIS. 


THEMISTOCLES. 


49 


omnes  cogerentur.  Hac  re  audita  barbarus,  nihil  doll  subesse  b.c. 
credens,  postridie  alienissimo  sibi  locOj  contra  opporttinissimo  g^p^ 
hostibus  adeo  angusto  marl  conflixit,  ut  eius  multittido  navium  20. 


PLAN  OF  THE  BATTLE  OF  SALAMIS. 


explicarl  non  potuerit.  Victus  ergo  est  magis  etiam  consilio 
Themistocli  quam  armis  Graeciae. 

Themistodes  induces  Xerxes  to  leave  Greece. 

6.  Hic  etsi  male  rem  gesserat,  tamen  tantas  habebat  reliquias 
copiarum,  ut  etiam  tum  iis  opprimere  posset  hostes.  Iterum  ab 
eodem  gradu  depulsus  est.  Nam  Themistodes  verens  ne  bellare 
perseveraret,^  certiorem  eum  fecit  id  agi^  ut  pons^  quem  ille  in 
Hellesponto  fecerat,  dissolveretur  ac  reditu  in  Asiam  excltidere- 
tur,  idque  ei  persuasit.  Itaque  qua  sex  mensibus  iter  fecerat, 
eadem  minus ^diebus  triginta  in  Asiam  reversus  est  seque  a  The- 
mistocle  non  superatum,  sed  conservatum  iudicavit.    Sic  unius 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  with  verbs  of  fearing. 
H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  567  (498,  III)     836     331,/     650     296, 2  |  2  471, 4  (417, 1,  n.  2)  239, 3  247,  c  296, 4  217, 3 


50 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


viri  prudentia  Graecia  liberata  est  Europaeque  succubuit  Asia. 
Haec  est  altera  victoria,  quae  cum  Maratlionio  possit  comparari 
tropaeo.  Nam  pari  modo  apud  Salamina  parvo  numero  navium 
maxima  post  hominum  memoriam  classis  est  devicta. 


BRIDGE  OF  BOATS. 


479, 


The  fortifications  of  Athens. 

B.C.  6.  Magnus  hoc  bello  Themistocles  fuit  neque  minor  in  pace. 
Cum  enim  Phalerico  portu  ^  neque  magno  neque  bono  Athenienses 
uterentur,  huius  consilio  triplex  Piraei  portus  constittitus  est 
isque  moenibus  circumdatus,  ut  ipsam  urbem  dlgnitate  aequipe- 
raret,  titilitate  superaret.  Idem  muros  Atheniensium  restituit 
praecipuo  suo  perlculo.  Namque  Lacedaemonil  causam  idoneam 
nacti  propter  barbarorum  excursiones,  qua  negarent^  oportere 
extra  Peloponnesum  tillam  urbem  muros  habere^  ne  essent  loca 
mtinita,  quae  hostes  posslderent,^  Athenienses  aedificantes  pro- 
Special  Study.  —  Clauses  of  characteristic. 


H  M       A        G  B 

1  477(421,1)  253      249      407  218,1 

a  591,7(503,11,2)  383,1  320,/  631,1  282,3 


H  M        A        G  B 

3  589,  II  (500,  I)    382,  5    320     631, 1  283 


THEMISTOCLES. 


61 


hibere  sunt  conatT.  Hoc  longe  alio  spectabat  atque  ^  videri  vole- 
baiit.  Athenienses  enim  duabus  victoriis,  Marathonia  et  Sala 
mmia,  tantam  gloriam  apud  omnes  gentes  erant  consectitl^  ut  in- 
tellegerent  Lacedaemonil  de  prlncipatti  sibi  cum  iis  certamen  fore, 
Quare  eos  quam^  mflrmissimos  esse  volebant.  Postquam  autem 
audierunt  mtiros  instrul,  legatos  Athenas  miserunt,  qui  id  fieri 
vetarent.  His  praesentibus  desierunt  ac  se  de  ea  re  legatos  ad 
eos  missuros  dixerunt.  Hanc  legationem  suscepit  Themistocles 
et  solus  primo  profectus  est :  reliqui  legati  ut  turn  exirent,  cum 
satis  alti  tuendo  ^  muri  exstructi  viderentur,  praecepit :  interim 
omnes,  servi  atque  liberi,  opus  facerent  neque  tilli  loco  parce- 
rent,  sive  sacer  [sive  prof  anus],  sive  privatus  esset  sive  publicus, 
et  undique,  quod  idoneuiii  ad  mtiniendum  putarent,  congererent. 
Quo  factum  est  ut  Atheniensium  mtiri  ex  sacellis  sepulcrlsque 
constarent. 


Themistocles  deceives  the  Spartans  until  the  walls  are  finished, 

7.  Themistocles  autem,  ut  Laced  aemonem  venit,  adire  ad  magi- 
stratus  noluit  et  dedit  operam,  ut  quam^  longissime  tempus  duceret, 
causam  interponens  se  conlegas  exspectare.  Cum  Lacedaemonil 
quererentur  opus  nihilo  minus  fieri  eumque  in  ea  re  conari  fallere, 
interim  reliquT  legati  sunt  consecuti.  A  quibus  cum  audisset  non 
multum  superesse  munitionis,  ad  ephoros  Lacedaemoniorum  ac- 
cessit,  penes  quos  summum  erat  imperium,  atque  apud  eos  con- 
tendit  falsa  iis  esse  delata :  quare  aequum  esse  illos  viros  bonos 
nobilesque  mittere,  quibus  fides  haberetur,  qui  rem  explorarent: 
interea  se  obsidem  retinerent.^  Gestus  est  ei  mos,  tresque  legati 
fimcti  summis  honoribus  Athenas  miss!  sunt.    Cum  his  conlegas 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  with  verbs  of  commanding. 

H  MAGB  H  MAGB 

1  516,3(459,2)  429,2  247,  643  841,  l,c  3  627(542,11)  290  299  429  338, 2, 
8  159,2(170,2(2))  428       93,6  303   240,3       4  642,4(523,111)     393     339     652  316 


52 


CORK^ELIUS  NEPOS. 


suos  Themistocles  iussit  proficisci  iisque  praedixit  ut  ne  prius 
Lacedaemoniojum  legates  dimitterent  quam  ipse  esset^  remissus. 
Hos  postquam  Atlienas  pervenisse  ratus  est^  ad  magistratum  sena- 
tumque  Lacedaemoniorum  adiit  et  apud  eos  liberrime  professus 
est :  Athenienses  suo  consilio,  quod  communi  itlre  gentium  facere 
possent,  deos  ptiblicos  suosque  patrios  ac  penates,  quo  facilius  ab 
hoste  possent  defendere^  mtirls  saepsisse,  neque  in  eo  quod  inutile 
esset  Graeciae  fecisse.  Nam  illorum  urbem  ut  propugnaculum 
oppositum  esse  barbaris,  apud  quam  iam  bis  classes  regias  fecisse  ^ 
naufragium.  Lacedaemonios  autem  male  et  iniuste  facere^  qui 
id  potius  intuerentur,  quod  ipsorum  domination!  quam  quod  uni- 
versae  Graeciae  utile  esset.  Quare,  si  suos  legatos  recipere  vel- 
lentj  quos  Atlienas  miserant,  se  remitterent,  [cum]  aliter  illos 
numquam  in  patriam  essent  recepturi. 


TJiemistodes  is  banished  from  Athens  and  flees  from  Greece. 

8.  Tamen  non  effugit  civium  suorum  invidiam.  Namque  ob 
eundem  timorem,  quo  damnatus  erat  Miltiades,  testularum  suf- 
fragiis  e  civitate  eiectus  Argos  liabitatum  concessit.  Hic  cum 
propter  multas  virttites  magna  cum  dignitate  viveret,  Lacedae- 
monii  legatos  Atlienas  miserunt,  qui  eum  absentem  acctisarent^ 
quod  societatem  cum  rege  Perse  ad  Graeciam  opprimeiidam  fecis- 
set.  Hoc  crimine  absens  proditionis  damnatus  est.  Id  ut  audi- 
vit,  quod  non  satis  tutum  se  ArgTs  videbat,  Corcyram  demigravit. 
Ibi  cum  eius  principes  animadvertisset  timere  ne  propter  se 
bellum  iis  Lacedaemonii  et  Athenienses  indicerent,  ad  Admetum 
Molossum  regem,  cum  quo  ei  hospitium  [non]  erat,  conf  iigit.  Hue 
cum  venisset  et  in  praesentia  rex  abesset,  quo  maiore  religione 
se  receptum  tueretur,  f iliam  eius  parvulam  adripuit  et  cum  ea  se 

Special  Study.  — Use  of  quo  in  final  clauses. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  605,  II  (520,  I,  2)     351      327      576     292  |  3  643, 1  (524, 1, 1))  392,  n.  2  336,  c  635  314,  4 


THEMISTOCLES. 


53 


in  sacrarium,  quod  summa  colebatiir  caerimonia,  coniecit.  Inde 
non  prius  egressus  est  quam  rex  eum  data  dextra  in  fidem  reci- 
peret,  quam  praestitit.  ^STam  cum  ab  Atheniensibus  et  Lacedae- 
moniis  exposceretur  publiee,  supplicem  non  prodidit  monuitque 
ut  consuleret  sibi :  difficile  enim  esse  in  tam  propmquo  loco  tuto 
eum  versarL  Itaque  Pydnam  eum  deduci  iussit  et  quod  satis 
esset  praesidii  dedit.  Hic  in  navem  omnibus  ignotus  nautis 
escendit.  Quae  cum  tempestate  maxima  Naxum  ferretur,  ubi 
tum  Atheniensium  erat  exercitus,  sensit  Themistocles,  si  eo  per- 
venisset,  sibi^  esse  pereundum.  Hac  necessitate  coactus  domino 
navis  quis  sit  aperit,  multa  pollicens,  si  se  conservasset.  At  ille 
clarissimi  viri  captus  misericordia  diem  noctenique  procul  ab 
insula  in  salo  navem  tenuit  in  ancorls  neque  quern  quam  ex  ea 
exTre  passus  est.  Inde  Ephesum  pervenit  ibique  Themistoclen 
exponit:  cui  ille  pro  meritis  postea  gratiam  rettulit. 


He  goes  to  Artaxerxes. 

9.  Scio  plerosque  ita  scripsisse  Themistoclen  Xerxe  regnante 
in  Asiani  transTsse.  Sed  ego  potissimuiii  Thucydidi^  credo^  quod  et 
aetate  proximus  de  iis,  qui  illorum  temporum  historiam  relique- 
runt,  et  eiusdem  civitatis  fuit.  Is  autem  ait  ad  Artaxerxen  eum 
venisse  atque  his  verbis  epistulam  imsisse :  "  Themistocles  veni 
ad  te,  qui  plurima  mala  omnium  Graiorum  in  domum  tuam 
intulTj  quam  diti  mihi  necesse  fuit  adversum  patrem  tuum  bellare 
patriamque  meam  defendere.  Idem  multo  plura  bona  feci,  post- 
quam  in  tuto  ipse  et  ille  in  periculo  esse  coepit.  Nam  cum  in 
Asiam  revert!  vellet,  proelio  apud  Salamma  facto,  litteris  eum 
certiorem  fecT  id  agT  ut  pons,  quem  in  Hellesponto  fecerat,  dis- 
solveretur  atque  ab  hostibus  circumiretur :  quo  ntintio  ille  perl- 
Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  periphrastic  passive. 
H  MAG  B|  H  MAG  B 

1  431  (388)        207       232       355       189,  1  |  3  426,  2  (885,  II)    205    227    346     187,  II,  a 


64 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


culo  est  liberatus.  Nunc  autem  confugl  ad  te  exagitatus  a  ctincta 
Graecia,  tuam  petens  amicitiam :  quam  si  ero  adeptus,  non  minus 
me  bonum  amicum  habebis  quam  fortem  inimlcum  ille  expertus 
est.  Te  autem  rogo  ut  de  iis  rebus^  quas  tecum  conloqui  volo, 
annuum  mihi  tempus  des  eoque  transacto  ad  te  venire  patiaris.'^ 

He  is  kindly  received.    Dies  at  Magnesia. 

10.  Htiius  rex  animi  magnittidinem  admlrans  cupiensque  talem 
virum  sibi  conciliari  veniam  dedit.  Ille  omne  illud  tempus  lit- 
teris  sermonlque  Persarum  se  dedidit :  quibus  adeo  erudltus  est, 
ut  multo  commodius  dicatur  apud  regem  verba  fecisse  quam  ii 
poterant,  qui  in  Perside  erant  natl.  Hie  cum  multa  regi  esset 
pollicitus  gratissimumque  illud,  si  suis  iiti  consiliis  vellet,  ilium 
Graeciam  bello  oppresstirum,  magnis  mtineribus^  ab  Artaxerxe 
donatus  ^  in  Asiam  rediit  domiciliumque  Magnesiae  sibi  constituit. 
Namque  banc  urbem  ^  ei  rex  donarat/  his  quidem  verbis,  quae  ei 
panem  praeberet  ^  (ex  qua  regione  quinquagena  talenta  quotannis 
redlbant),  Lampsacum  autem,  unde  vinum  stimeret,  Mytinta,  ex 
qua  obsonium  haberet. 

Huius  ad  nostram  memoriam  monumenta  manserunt  duo : 
sepulcrum  prope  oppidum,  in  quo  est  sepultus,  statua  in  foro 
Magnesiae.  De  cuius  morte  multimodis  apud  plerosque  scri- 
ptum  est,  sed  nos  eundem  potissimum  Thticydidem  auctorem  pro- 
bamus,  qui  ilium  ait  Magnesiae  morbo  mortuum  n.eque  negat 
fuisse  famam  venenum  sua  sponte  siimpsisse,  cum  se,  quae  regi 
de  Graecia  opprimenda  pollicitus  esset,  praestare  posse  despera- 
ret.  Idem  ossa  eius  clam  in  Attica  ab  amicis  sepulta,  quoniam 
legibus  non  concederetur,^  quod  proditionis  esset  ^  damnatus,  memo- 
riae prodidit. 

Special  Study.  —  Forms  of  the  locative,  singular  and  plural. 

H  MAGBIH  MA  GB 

1  420,  6  (384,  II,  2)   203  225,  d  348  18T,  I,  a  I  »  643  (524)       392      336,  2       650      314,  1 


ARISTIDES. 


Aristides. 

His  rivalry  with  Themistocles  and  his  banishment. 

1,  AristideSj  Lysimachi  filius,  Atheniensis,  aequalis  fere  fuit 
Themistocli.  Itaque  cum  eo  de  prmcipatu  contendit:  namque 
obtrectarunt  inter  se.  In  his  autem  cognitum  est  quanto  anti- 
staret  eloqnentia  innocentiae.  Quamquam  enim  adeo  excellebat 
Aristides  abstinentia,  ut  unus  post  hominum  memoriam,  quern 
quidem  nos  audierimus/  cognomine  Itistus  sit  appellatus,  tamen 
a  Themistoele  conlabef actus  testula  ilia  exsilio^  decern  annorum 
multatus  est.  Qui  quidem  cum  intellegeret  reprimi  concitatam 
multitudinem  non  posse,  cedensque  animadvertisset  quendam 
scribentem  ut  patria  pelleretur,  quaeslsse  ab  eo  dicitur  quare 
id  faceret  aut  quid  Aristides  commisisset,  cur  tanta  poena  ^  dignus 
dticeretur.^  Cui  ille  respondit  se  ignorare  Aristiden,  sed  sibi  non 
placere,  quod  tam  cupide  laborasset  ut  praeter  ceteros  itistus 
appellaretur.  Hic  decem  annorum  legitimam  poenam  non  pertu- 
lit.  Nam  postquam  Xerxes  in  Graeciam  descendit,  sexto  fere 
anno  quam  erat  expulsus,  popull  sclto  in  patriam  restitutus  est. 

2.  Interf ait  autem  pugnae^  naval!  apud  Salamlna,  quae  facta  est 
prius  quam  poena  liberaretur.^  Idem  praetor  fuit  Atheniensium 
apud  Plataeas  in  proelio,  quo  Mardonius  fusus  barbarorumque 
exercitus  interfectus  est.  ISTeque  aliud  est  ullum  huius  in  re 
militari  inliistre  factum  quam  huius  imperii  memoria,  iustitiae 
vero  et  aequitatis  et  innocentiae  multa,  in  primis,  quod  eius 
aequitate  factum  est,  cum  in  communi  classe  esset  Graeciae  simul 
cum  Pausania,  quo  duce  Mardonius  erat  fugatus,  ut  summa 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  question. 


H  M        A         G  B 

1  591, 3  (503, 1,  N.  1)  883, 5  320,  d  627,  r.  1  283, 5 

2  456, 3  (410,  I II)     228     220,  b,  1  378,  r.  3  208,  fj 

3  481  (421,  III)        238, 2  245,  a  397,  n.  2  226, 2 


H  M       A       G  B 

4  591,  2  (500,  I)  382, 4  319,  2  631,  2  284, 2 

5  429  (386)  202  228     347     187,  III 

6  605,  II  (520, 11)  351  327     577  292 


56 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


imperii  maritimi  ab  Lacedaemoniis  transferretur  ad  Athenienses  : 
namque  ante  id  tempus  et  marl  et  terra  duces  eraut  Lacedaemonii. 
Turn  autem  et  intemperantia  Pausaniae  et  itistitia  factum  est 
Aristidis  ut  omnes  fere  civitates  Graeciae  ad  Atheniensium  socie- 
tatem  se  applicarent  et  adversus  barbaros  hos  duces  deligerent 
sibi. 

Hamilcar. 

He  commands  in  Sicily ,  and  fortifies  Eryx, 

1.  Hamilcar,  Hannibalis  fllius,  cognomine  Barca,  Carthaginien- 
sis,  primo  Poenico  bello,  sed  temporibus  extremis,  admodum 
B.C.  adulescentulus  in  Sicilia  praeesse  coepit  exercitui.    Cum  ante 

247 

'  eius  adventum  et  marl  et  terra  male  res  gererentur  Carthaginien- 
sium,  ipse,  ubi  adfuit,  numquam  host!  cessit  neque  locum  nocendi 
dedit,  saepeque  e  contrario  occasione  data  lacessivit  semperque 
superior  discessit.  Quo  facto,  cum  paene  omnia  in  Sicilia  Poem 
amisissent,  ille  Erycem  sic  defendit,  ut  bellum  eo  loco  gestum 
non  videretur.  Interim  Carthaginienses  classe  apud  msulas 
Aegates  a  C.  Lutatio,  consule  Eomanorum,  superatT,  statuerunt 
belli  facere  finem  eamque  rem  arbitrio  permiserunt  Hamilcaris. 
Ille,  etsi  flagrabat  bellandi  cupiditate,  tamen  pacl^  serviundum^ 
putavit,  quod  patriam  exhaustam  sumptibus  dititius  calamitates 
belli  ferre  non  posse  intellegebat ;  sed  ita,  ut  statim  mente  agi- 
taret,  si  paulum  modo  res  essent  refectae,  bellum  renovare  Eoma- 
nosque  armis  persequi,  donicum  aut  virttite  vicissent^  aut  victi 
mantis  dedissent.  Hoc  consilio  pacem  conciliavit,  in  quo  tanta 
fuit  ferocia,  cum  Catulus  negaret  bellum  composittirum,^  nisi  ille 
cum  suis,  qui  Erycem  tenuerant,  armis  relictis  Sicilia  decederent, 

Special  Study.  —  Impersonal  passive  of  intransitive  verbs. 


H  M  A  G  B 

1  426,8(384,5)  205,  n.  280         846, r.1  187,  II,  & 

2  531  (466,  N.)  295,1  294,  c,  n.  251, 2     337, 7,  & 


H  M       A         G  B 

3  608,11,2(519,11,2)  354     828         572  298,111 

4  642,£ootn.(523,footn.2)  266,2  336,  a,  n.  527,3  314,5 


HAMILCAH. 


67 


ut  succumbente  patria  ipse  periturum  se  potius  dixerit/  quam 
cum  tanto  flagitio  domum  rediret :  ^  non  enim  suae  esse  virtutis  ^ 
arma  a  patria  accepta  adversus  hostes  adversariis  tradere.  Huius 
pertinaciae  cessit  Catulus. 

.  He  ends  the  mercenary  war. 

2.  At  ille,  ut  Carthaginem  venit,  multo  aliter  ac  sperarat  rem 
publicam  se  habentem  cognovit.  Namque  diiiturnitate  externi 
mall  tantum  exarsit  intestlnum  bellum,  ut  numquam  in  pari  peri- 
culo  fuerit  Carthago,  nisi  cum  deleta  est.  Primo  mercennaril 
milites,  quibus  adversus  Komanos  usi  erant,  descTverunt :  quorum 
Humerus  erat  viginti  milium.  Hi  totam  abalienarunt  Africam, 
ipsam  Carthaginem  oppugnarunt.  Quibus  mails  adeo  sunt  Poem 
perterriti,  ut  etiam  auxilia  ab  Komanis  petierint ;  ^  eaque  impe- 
trarunt.  Sed  extremo,  cum  prope  iam  ad  desperationem  pervenis- 
sent,  Hamilcarem  imperatorem  fecerunt.  Is  non  solum  hostes 
a  mtirls  Carthaginis  removit,  cum  amplius  centum  milia^  facta 
essent  armatorum,  sed  etiam  eo  compulit,  ut  locorum  angastiis 
clausi  plures  fame  quam  ferro  interirent.  Omnia  oppida  abalie- 
nata,  in  his  Uticam  atque  Hipponem,  valentissima  totius  Africae, 
restituit  patriae.  Neque  eo  fuit  contentus,  sed  etiam  fines  impe- 
rii propagavit,  tota  Africa  tantum  otium  reddidit,  ut  nullum  in 
ea  bellum  videretur  multis  annis  fuisse. 

His  successes  in  Spain. 

3.  Eebus  his  ex  sententia  peractis  fidenti  animo  atque  Infesto 
Eomanis,  quo  facilius  causam  bellandl  reperiret,  effecit  ut  impe- 
rator  cum  exercitti  in  Hispaniam  mitteretur,  eoque  secum  d.tixit 

Special  Study.  —  Sequence  of  tenses  in  clauses  of  result. 


H  M        A         G  B 

1  550(495,  VI)  316,2  287.  c  513  268,6 
3  670,  1  (502, 2)  339      332,  b    644,  k.  3   284, 4 


H  M       A        G  B 

3  447  (402)  217, 2  214,  d  366  198,3 

4  471,4(417,1,N.2)  229,3  247,  c  296,  E.  4  217,8 


68 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


filium  Hannibalem  annorum^  novem.  Erat  praeterea  cum  eo 
adulescens  inlustris,  formosus,  Hasdrubal.  De  hoc  ideo  mentio- 
nem  fecimus,  quod  Hamilcare  occlso  ille  exercitui  praefuit  resque 
magnas  gessit,  et  prmceps  largitione  vetustos  pervertit  mores 
Carthaginiensium,  eiusdemque  post  mortem  Hannibal  ab  exercitu 
accepit  imperium. 

4.  At  Hamilcar,  posteaquam  mare  transiit  in  Hispaniamque 
venit,  magnas  res  secimda  gessit  fortuna:  maximas  bellicosis- 
simasque  gentes  subegit^  equis,  armis,  viris^  pecunia  totam  locu- 
pletavit  Af  ricam.  Hic  cum  in  Italiam  bellum  Inferre  meditaretur, 
nono  anno  postquam  in  Hispiniam  venerat,  in  proelio  pugnans 
B.C.  adversus  Yettones  occisus  est.    Huius  perpetuum  odium  erga 

229. 

'  Romanes  maxime  concitasse  videtur  secundum  bellum  Poenicum. 
Namque  Hannibal,  filius  eius^  adsiduis  patris  obtestationibus  eo 
est  perductus,  ut  interire  quam  Romanes  non  experiri  mallet. 


Hannibal. 

His  greatness  as  a  general. 

1.  Hannibal,  Hamilcaris  filius,  Carthaginiensis.  Si  verum  est, 
quod  nemo  dubitat,  ut  populus  Romanus  omnes  gentes  virtute 
superarit,  non  est  infitiandum  Hannibalem  tanto^  praestitisse 
ceteros  imperatores  prudentia,  quant o^  populus  Romanus  antece- 
dat  fortitridine  cunctas  nationes.  Nam  quotienscumque  cum  eo 
congressus  est  in  Italia,  semper  discessit  superior.  Quod  nisi 
domi  civium  suorum  invidia  debilitatus  esset,^  Romanos  videtur 
superare  potuisse.  Sed  multorum  obtrectatio  devlcit  unius  vir- 
ttitem. 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  and  accusative  of  time  v^iih  postquam. 


H 

M 

A 

G 

B 

1  440,  3  (396,  Y) 

222 

215,  b 

365 

203 

}}  479  (423) 

248 

250,  R. 

403 

223 

H  M         A         G  B 

3  579  (510)       366       308       597       304,  1 


HANNIBAL. 


69 


His  oath  of  hatred  toward  Borne. 

Hic  autem  velut  hereditate  relictum  odium  patermim  erga 
Eomanos  sic  conservavit,  ut  prius  animam  quam  id  deposuerit, 
qui  quidem,  cum  patria  pulsus  esset  et  alienarum  opum  indigeret, 
numquam  destiterit  animo  bellare  cum  Eomanls. 

2.  i^am  ut  omittam  Philippum,  quem  absens  hostem  reddidit 
Eomanls,  omnium  ils  temporibus  potentissimus  rex  Antiochus  fuit. 
Hanc  tanta  cupiditate  incendit  bellandij  ut  usque  a  Eubro  Marl 
arma  conatus  sit  inferre  Italiae.  Ad  quem  cum  legati  venissent 
EomanI,  qui  de  eius  voluntate  explorarent  darentque  operam  con- 
silils  clandestlnis,  ut  Hannibalem  in  susplcionem  regi  adducerent, 
tamquam  ab  ipsis  corruptus  alia  atque  antea  sentTret^  neque  id 
frustra  fecissent,  idque  Hannibal  comperisset  seque  ab  interiori- 
bus  consiliis  segregari  vidisset,  tempore  dato  adiit  ad  regem,  elque 
cum  multa  de  fide  sua  et  odio  in  Eomanos  comme  moras  set,  hoc  ad- 
iunxit :  Pater  mens/'  inquit,  "  Hamilcar,  puerulo  me,  utpote  non 
amplius  novem  annos  nato,  in  Hispaniam  imperator  proficiscens 
Carthagine,  lovl  optimo  maximo  hostias  immolavit.  Quae  divina 
res  dum  conficiebatur,  quaesivit  a  me  vellemne  secum  in  castra  pro- 
ficlsci.  Id  cum  libenter  accepissem  atque  ab  eo  petere  coepissem 
ne  dubitaret  ducere,  tum  ille,  ^  faciam,'  inquit,  ^  si  mihi  fidem, 
quam  postulo,  dederis.'  Simul  me  ad  aram  adduxit,  apud  quam 
sacrificare  mstituerat,  eamque  ceteris  remotis  tenentem  iurare 
iussit  numquam  me  in  amicitiacum  Eomanis  fore.  Id  ego  iusiti- 
randum  patrl  datum  usque  ad  hanc  aetatem  ita  conservavi,  ut 
nemini  dubium  esse  debeat  quin  reliquo  tempore  eadem  mente 
sim^  futurus.  Quare  si  quid  amice  de  Eomanis  cogitabis,  non 
imprudenter  feceris,  si  me  celaris :  cum  quidem  bellum  parabis, 
te  ipsum  frtistraberis,  si  non  me  in  eo  prmcipem  posueris.'' 

Special  Study.  —  Comparative  clauses  with  tamquam. 

H  MAG         Bi  H  MA  G_ 

1  584(513,11)       375      312      602      307,113  595,1(504,3,2)  341,3  332,er,R.   555,2  298 


60 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


He  is  made  commander-in-cMef.    Subdues  Saguntum.  Crosses 

the  Alps, 

3.  Hac  igitur  qua  diximus  aetate  cum  patre  in  Hispaniam  pro- 
fectus  est :  cuius  post  obitum,  Hasdrubale  imperatore  suffecto, 

B.C.  equitatuT  omni  praefuit.    Hoc  quoque  interfecto  exercitus  sum- 

221 

■  mam  imperil  ad  eum  detulit.  Id  Carthaginem  delatum  publice 
comprobatum  est.  Sic  Hannibal  minor  quinque  et  viginti  annis^ 
natus  imperator  factus  proximo  triennio  omnes  gentes  Hispaniae 
bello  subegit:  Saguntum,  foederatam  civitatem,  vi  expugnavit, 
tres  exercitus  maximos  comparavit.  Ex  his  tinum  in  Africam 
misit,  alterum  cum  Hasdrubale  fratre  in  Hispania  reliquit,  ter- 
tium  in  Italiam  secum  duxit.  Saltum  Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Qua- 
cumque  iter  fecit,  cum  omnibus  incolTs  conflixit :  neminem  nisi 
victum  dimTsit.  Ad  Alpes  posteaquam  venit,  quae  Italiam  ab 
Gallia  seiungunt,  quas  nemo  umquam  cum  exercitti  ante  eum 
praeter  Herculem  Graium  transierat  (quo  facto  is  hodie  saltus 
Grains  appellatur),  Alpicos  conantes  prohibere  transitu  concTdit, 
loca  patefecit,  itinera  muniit,  effecit  ut  ea  elephantus  ornatus  Ire 
B.C.  posset/  qua  antea  unus  homo  inermis  vix  poterat  repere.  Hac 

218  ~ 

*  copias  tradtixit  in  Italiamque  pervenit. 

The  battle  of  Trasumenus,  _ 

4.  Confllxerat  apud  Ehodanum  cum  P.  Cornelio  ScTpione  con- 
sule  eumque  pepulerat.  Cum  hoc  eodem  Clastidii  apud  Padum 
decernit  sauciumque  inde  ac  fugatum  dimittit.  Tertio  Idem 
Scipio  cum  conlega  Tiberio  Longo  apud  Trebiam  adversus  eum 
venit.  Cum  iis  manum  conseruit:  utrosque  profllgavit.  Inde 
per  Ligures  Appenninum  transiit,  petens  Etruriam.  Hoc  itinere 
adeo  gravl  morbo  adficitur  oculorum  ut  postea  numquam  dextro 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  measure. 
H  M  AGBI         .H  MAG  B 

1  471  (417)       239,  1       247      398      217, 1  |  3  566  (501,  11,  1)    341     332    553,  1    297, 1 


HAN]^TIBAL. 


61 


aeque  bene  usus  sit.  Qua  valetudine  cum  etiam  turn  premeretur 
lectlcaque  ferretur,  C.  Flaminium  consulem  apud  Trasumenum 
cum  exercitu  msidils  circumventum  occldit,  neque  multo  post  C. 
Centenium  praetorem  cum  delecta  manu  saltiis  occupantem. 
Hinc  in  Aptiliam  pervenit.  Ibi  obviam  el  venerunt  duo  consules, 
C.  Terentius  et  L.  Aemilius.  Utrlusque  exercitus  uno  proelio 
fugavit,  Paulum  consulem  occldit  et  aliquot  praeterea  consulares, 
in  iis  Cn.  Servilium  Geminum,  qui  superiore  anno  fuerat  consul. 


He  is  victorious  in  many  battles. 

5.  Hac  pugna  pugnata  Eomam  profectus  est  niillo  resistente. 
In  propmquTs  urbl  montibus  moratus  est.  Cum  aliquot  ibi  dies 
castra  habuisset  et  Capuam  reverteretur,  Q.  Tabius  Maximus, 
dictator  Eomanus,  in  agro  Falerno  ei  se  obiecit.  HTc  clausus 
locorum  angustiis  noctu  sine  tillo  detrlmento  exercitus  se  expedi- 
vit  Fabioque,  callidissimo  imperatori,  dedit  verba.  Namque 
obducta  nocte  sarmenta  in  cornibus  iuvencorum  deligata  incendit 
eiusque  generis  multitudinem  magnam  dispalatam  immisit.  Quo 
repentmo  obiecto  visu  tantum  terrorem  iniecit  exercitu!  Eoma- 
norum  ut  egredi  extra  vallum  nemo  sit  ausus.  Hanc  post  rem 
gestam  non  ita  multis  diebus  M.  Minucium  Eufum,  magistrum 
equitum  pari  ac  dictatorem  imperio/  dolo  productum  in  proelium 
fugavit.  Tiberium  Sempronium  Gracchum,  iterum  consulem,  in 
Lucanis  absens  in  Tnsidias  inductum  sustulit.  M.  Claudium  Mar- 
cellum,  quinquies  consulem,  apud  Venusiam  pari  modo  interfecit. 
Longum  est  omnia  enumerare  proelia.  Quare  hoc  unum  satis  erit 
dictum,  ex  quo  intellegl  possit  quantus  ille  fuerit :  quamditi  in 
Italia  fuit,  nemo  ei  in  acie  restitit,  nemo  adversus  eum  post  Can- 
nensem  pugnam  in  campo  castra  posuit. 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  and  genitive  of  quality. 


1  H   473,  2  (419,  II)  M  246  A  251  G  400  B  224 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


He  is  defeated  at  Zama. 

6.  Hinc  invictus  patriam  defensum  ^  revocatns  bellum  gessit 
adversus  P.  Scipionem,  fllium  eius  Sclpionis,  quern  ipse  primo 
apud  Ehodanum^  iterum  apud  Padum,  tertio  apud  Trebiam  fuga- 
rat.  Cum  hoc  exhaustis  iain  patriae  facultatibus  cupivit  imprae- 
sentiarum  bellum  componere,  quo  valentior  postea  congrederetur. 
In  conloquium  convenit:  condiciouas  non  convenerunt.  Post  id 
factum  paucis  diebus  apud  Zamam  cum  eodem  confllxit:  pulsus 
(incredibile  dictu)  biduo  et  duabus  noctibus  Hadrumetuin  per- 
"venit,  quod  abest  ab  Zama  circiter  milia  passuum  trecenta.  In 
hac  fuga  IsTumidae,  qui  simul  cum  eo  ex  acie  excesserant,  msidiati 
sunt  ei:  quos  non  solum  effugit,  sed  etiam  ipsos  oppressit. 
Hadrumeti  reliquos  e  fuga  conlegit :  novls  dilectibus  paucis  diebus 
multos  contraxit. 


He  is  made  chief  magistrate. 

7.  Cum  in  apparando  acerrime  esset  occupatus,  Carthaginienses 
bellum  cum  PomanTs  composuerunt.  Ille  nihilo  setius  exercitui 
postea  praefuit  resque  in  Africa  gessit  itemque  Mago  frater  eius 
nsque  ad  P.  Sulpicium  C.  Aurelium  consules.  His  enim  magi- 
stratibus  legati  Carthaginienses  Romam  venerunt,  qui  senatui 
populoque  Romano  gratias  agerent,  quod  cum  iis  pacem  fecis- 
sent,^  ob  eamque  rem  corona  aurea  eos  donarent  ^  simulque  pete- 
rent  ut  obsides  eorum  Fregellls  *  essent  captmque  redderentur. 
His  ex  senatiis  consulto  responsum  est :  mUnus  eorum  gratum 
acceptumque  esse;  obsides,  quo  loco  rogdrent,  futHros,  captivos  non 
remissuros,  quod  Hannibalem,  cUius  opera  susceptum  helium  for et,^ 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  former  supine. 


H  M      A  G  B 

1  633  (546)  801  302  435  340, 1 

3  588,  II  (516,  II)  357  321  541  286, 1 

3  426,  6  (384,  II,  2)  203  225,  d  348  187, 1,  a 


H  MA  G  B 

4  483  (425,  II)   242, 1  258,  c,  2  386  228, 1 

5  205, 2  (204, 2)  93,  n.  119,  n.    116,  n,  1,  o  100,  n.  2 


HANNIBAL. 


63 


inimldssimum  nominl  Romano,  etiam  nunc  aim  impend  apud 
exercitum  haberent  itemque  frdtrem  eius  Magonem.  Hoc  responso 
Carthaginienses  cognito  Hannibalem  domum  et  Magonem  revoca- 
runt.  Hue  ut  rediit,  rex  factus  est,  postquam  imperator  fuerat, 
anno  secundo  et  vicesimo :  ut  enim  Eomae  consules,  sic  Cartha- 
gine  quotannis  annul  bini  reges  creabantur.  In  eo  magistratti 
pari  dlligentia  se  Hannibal  praebuit  ac  fuerat  in  bello.  JSTamque 
effecit  ex  novTs  vectigalibus  non  solum  ut  esset  peciinia  quae 
EomanTs  ex  foedere  penderetur,  sed  etiam  superesset  quae  in 
aerario  reponeretur.  Deinde,  M.  Claudio  L.  Furio  consulibus, 
Eoma  legati  Carthaginem  venerunt.  Hos  Hannibal  ratus  sui^ 
exposcendi  gratia  missos,  priusquam  iis  senatus  daretur,  navem 
ascendit  clam  atque  in  Syriam  ad  Antiochum  profugit.  Hac  re 
palam  facta  Poeni  naves  duas,  quae  eum  comprehenderent,  si 
possent  ^  consequi,  miserunt :  bona  eius  publicarunt,  domum  a 
fundamentis  disiecerunt,  ipsum  exsulem  iudicarunt. 


Antiochus  is  defeated  at  Thermopylae, 

8.  At  Hannibal  anno  tertio,  postquam  domo  profugerat,  L. 
Cornelio  Q.  Minucio  consulibus,  cum  quTnque  navibus  Africam 
accessit  in  finibus  Cyrenaeorum,  si  forte  Carthaginienses  ad  bel- 
lum  Antiochi  spe  fidilciaque  inducerentur,^  cui  iam  persuaserat 
ut  cum  exercitibus  in  Italiam  proficlscereturo  Hue  Magonem 
fratrem  excivit.  Id  ubi  Poeni  resciverunt,  Magonem  eadem,  qua 
fratrem,  absentem  adfecerunt  poena.  111!  desperatis  rebus  cum  b  c. 
solvissent  naves  ac  vela  ventis  dedissent,  Hannibal  ad  Antioclmm 
pervenit.  De  Magonis  interitu  duplex  memoria  prodita  est :  nam- 
que  alii  naufragio,  alii  a  servulls  ipsius  interfectum  eum  scri- 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  questions  with  si. 
H  MAGB  H  MAGE 

1  626, 3  (542, 1,  n.  1)  299  298,  a  428,  r.  1  339,  5    3  649,  II,  3  (529,  j       ^  gg^  /•  460  1  &  300  3  a 

2  652,1(529,11)       405  342     663,1     324  II,  1,  n.  1)      )      '    '  '-^ 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  5 


64 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


ptum^  reliquemnt.  Antiochus  autem^  si  tarn  in  gerendo  bello 
consiliis  eius  parere  voluisset,  quam  in  suscipiendo  mstituerat, 
propius  Tiber!  quam  Thermopylis  de  summa  imperii  dimicasset. 
Quem  etsT  multa  stulte  conari  videbat,  tamen  nulla  deseruit  in  re. 
Praefuit  panels  navibns,  quas  ex  Syria  itissus  erat  in  Asiam 
dticere,  iisque  adversus  Ehodiorum  classem  in  Pamphylio  Marl 
confiixit.  Quo  cum  multitudine  adversariorum  sul  superarentur, 
ipse,  quo  cornu  rem  gessit,  fuit  superior. 

Hannibal  deceives  the  Cretans. 

9.  Antiocho  fugato,  verens  ne  dederetur^  quod  sine  dubio  acci- 
disset  si  sui  fecisset  potestatem,  Cretani  ad  Gortynios  venit,  ut  ibi 
quo  se  conferret  ^  consideraret.  Vidit  autem  vir  omnium  callidis- 
simus  in  magno  se  fore  periculo.  nisi  quid  provldisset,  propter 
avaritiam  Cretensium :  magnam  enim  secum  pecuniam  portabat, 
de  qua  sciebat  exisse  famam.  Itaque  capit  tale  consilium.  Am- 
phoras  compltires  complet  plumbo,  summas^  operit  auro  et 
argento.  Has  praesentibus  principibus  deponit  in  templo  Dianae, 
simulans  se  suas  forttinas  illorum  fidei  credere.  His  in  errorem 
inductis,  statuas  aeneas,  quas  secum  portabat,  omnI  sua  pectinia 
complet  easque  in  propatulo  domi  abicit.  Gortynii  templum 
magna  cura  custodiunt,  non  tam  a  ceteris  quam  ab  Hannibale,  ne 
ille  inscientibus  iis  tolleret  secumque  dticeret. 


His  device  to  Mil  Eumenes. 

10.  Sic  conservatis  suls  rebus  Poenns,  inltisis  Cretensibus  omni- 
bus, ad  Prtisiam  in  Pontum  pervenit.  Apud  quem  eodem  animo 
fuit  erga  Italiam,  neque  aliud  quicquam  egit  quam  regem  arma- 


Special  Study.  —  Meaning  of  summus  and  like  superlatives. 

1  See  Notes. 

H  M         A      G  B 

2  642, 3  (523,  II,  N.)  324:394  334,  &  467  300,2 


H  M     A        G  B 

3  497, 4  (440,  2,  n.  1)   423   193   291,  r.  2   241, 1 


HANNIBAL. 


65 


vit  et  exercuit  adversus  Eomanos.  Quern  cum  videret  domesticis 
opibus  minus  esse  robustum,  conciliabat  ceteros  reges,  adiungebat 
bellicosas  nationes.  Dissidebat  ab  eo  Pergamenus  rex  Eumenes, 
Eomanis  amicissimus,  bellumque  inter  eos  gerebatur  et  mari  et 
terra  :  quo  magis  cupiebat  eum  Hannibal  opprimi.  Sed  utrobique 
Eumenes  plus  valebat  propter  Eomanorum  societatem  :  quem  si 
removisset,  faciliora  sibi  cetera  fore  arbitrabatur.  Ad  tiunc  inter- 
ficiendum  talem  iniit  rationem.  Classe  panels  diebus  erant  decre- 
turl.i  Superabatur  navium  multitudine :  dolo  erat  pugnandum, 
cum  par  non  esset  armis.  Imperavit  quam  plurimas  venenatas 
serpentes  vivas  conligi  easque  in  vasa  fictilia  conici.  Harum 
cum  elfecisset  magnam  multitudinem,  die  ipso  quo  facturus^erat 
navale  proelium  classiarios  convocat  ilsque  praecipit  omnes  ut 
in  unam  Eumenis  regis  coiicurrant  navem,  a  ceteris  tantum  satis 
habeant  se  defendere.  Id  illos  facile  serpentium  multitudine 
consecuturos.  Eex  autem  in  qua  nave  velieretur  ut  sclrent,  se 
facturum:  quem  si  aut  cepissent  aut  interfecissent  magno  ils 
pollicetur  praemio  fore. 

Success  of  his  stratagem. 

11.  Tali  cohortatione  mllitum  facta  classis  ab  utrlsque  in 
proelium  deducitur.  Quarum  acie  constituta,  priusquam  si- 
gnum  piignae  daretur,  Hannibal,  ut  palam  faceret  suls  quo 
loco  Eumenes  esset,  tabellarium  in  scapha  cum  caduceo  mittit. 
Qui  ubi  ad  naves  adversariorum  pervenit  epistulamque  osten- 
dens  se  regem  professus  est  qiiaerere,  statim  ad  Eumenem 
deductus  est,  quod  nemo  dubitabat  quin  aliquid  de  pace  esset 
scriptum.  Tabellarius,  ducis  nave  declarata  suls,  eodem  unde  erat 
egressus  se  recepit.  At  Eumenes  soluta  epistula  nihil  in  ea 
repperit,  nisi  quae  ad  inrldendum  eum  pertinerent.^    Cuius  etsi 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  quin  after  verbs  of  doubt  negatived. 
II  M  A  GBI  H  MAGB 

1  236  (233)      98,  1      113,  b,  n.      247      115  |  »  591,  1  (503,  I)    383,  2    320    631,  2    283, 1 


66 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


causam  mirabatur  neqne  reperiebat,  tamen  proelium  statim  com- 
mittere  non  dubitavit.  Horum  in  concursu  Bithynii  Haiinibalis 
praecepto  universi  nayem  Eumenis  adoriunturo  Quorum  vim  rex 
cum  sustinere  non  posset,  fuga  salutem  petit :  quam  consecutus 
non  esset,  nisi  intra  sua  praesidia  se  recepisset,  quae  in  proximo 
litore  erant  conlocata.  Reliquae  Pergamenae  naves  cum  adversa- 
ries premerent  acrius,  repente  in  eas  vasa  fictilia,  de  quibus  supra 
mentionem  fecimus,  conici  coepta  sunt.^  Quae  iacta  initio  risum 
pugnantibus  concitarunt,  neque  quare  id  fieret  poterat  intellegi. 
Postquam  autem  naves  suas  oppletas  conspexerunt  serpentibus, 
nova  re  perterriti,  cum  quid  potissimum  vitarent  non  viderent, 
puppes  verterunt  seque  ad  sua  castra  nautica  rettulerunt.  Sic 
Hannibal  consilio  arma  Pergamenorum  superavit,  neque  tum 
solum,  sed  saepe  alias  pedestribus  copiis  pari  prudentia  pepulit 
adversarios. 

His  refuge  betrayed  to  the  Romans.    He  commits  suicide. 

12.  Quae  dum  in  Asia  geruntur,  accidit  casti  ut  legati  Prtisiae 
Romae  apud  T.  Quintium  Flamininum  consularem  cenarent,  atque 
ibi  de  Hannibale  mentione  facta  ex  iis  unus  dice  ret  eum  in  Prti- 
siae regno  esse.  Id  postero  die  Flamininus  senatui  detulit. 
Patres  conscripti,  qui  Hannibale  vivo  numquam  se  sine  insidils 
futtiros  existimarent,^  legatos  in  Bithyniam  miserunt,  in  iis  Fla- 
mininum, qui  ab  rege  peterent  ne  inimicissimum  suum  secum 
haberet  sibique  dederet.  His  Prusia  negare  ausus  non  est :  illud  ^ 
recusavit  ^  ne  id  a  se  fieri  postularent  quod  adversus  iiis  hospitii 
esset:  ipsi,  si  possent,  comprehenderent :  locum,  ubi  esset,  facile 
inventtiros.    Hannibal  enim  tino  loco  se  tenebat  in  castello,  quod 


Special  Study.  —  Active  and  passive  of  coepi. 


H  M         A        G         B  H 

1  299, 1  (297, 1, 1 )  144,  6,  n.  143,  a  423,  n.  3  133, 1  3  564,  III 
3  592(517)         882,2      320,  e  633        283,3  (499,3) 


333, 


M 


3 


A 

Note  (3)  be- 
fore 331 


G  B 
j-  548  295,3 


CATO. 


67 


ei  a  rege  datum  erat  miineri,  idque  sTc  aedificarat,  ut  in  omnibus 
partibus  aediticil  exittis  haberet,  scilicet  verens  ne  usti  veniret, 
quod  accidit.  Hue  cum  legati  Eomanorum  venissent  ac  multitii- 
dine  domum  eius  circumdedissent,  puer  ab  ianua  prospiciens  Han- 
nibal! dixit  plures  praeter  consuetudinem  armatos  apparere.  Qui 
imperavit  ei  ut  omnes  fores  aedilicii  circumiret  ac  propere  sibi 
ntintiaret  num  eodem  modo  undique  obsideretur.  Puer  cum 
celeriter  quid  esset  renuntiasset  omnesque  exitus  occupatos 
ostendisset,  sensit  id  non  fortulto  factum,  sed  se  peti  neque  sibi  ^ 
diutius  vTtam  esse  retinendam.  Quam  ne  alieno  arbitrio  dimit- 
teret,  memor  pristinarum  virtutum,  venenum,  quod  semper  secum 
habere  consuerat,  sumpsit.    Sic  vir  fortissimus,  multis  variisque  b.c. 

183 

perfunctus  laboribus,^  anno  adquievit  septuagesimo. 

Cato. 
His  public  offices. 

1.  M.  Cato,  ortus  municipio  Tusculo,  adulescentulus,  priusquam  Bom 
honoribus  operam  daret,  versatus  est  in  Sablms,  quod  ibi  here- 
dium  a  patre  relictum  habebat.  Inde  hortatti  L.  Valerii  Flacci, 
quem  in  consulatu  censtiraque  habuit  conlegam,  ut  M.  Perpenna 
censorius  narrare  solitus  est,  Eomam  demigravit  in  foroque  esse 
coepit.  Primum  stipendiiim  meruit  annorum  decem  septemque. 
Q.  Fabio  M.  Claudio  consulibus  tribunus  militum  in  Sicilia  fuit. 
Inde  ut  rediit,  castra  secutus  est  C.  Claudii  Neronis,  magnlque^ 
opera  eius  exTstimata  est  in  proelio  apud  Senam,  quo  cecidit  Has- 
drubal,  frater  Hannibalis.  Quaestor  obtigit  P.  Africano  consul!, 
cum  quo  non  pro  sortis  necessitudine  vixit :  namque  ab  eo  per- 
petua  dissensit  v!ta.    Aedllis  pleb!  factus  est  cum  C.  Helvio. 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  ablative  of  price  and  value. 

H  MAGBI  HMA  G  B 

1  431  (388)  20T      232      355      189, 1    3  448  (404)      224      252,  a      380,  1     203, 3 

2  477,1(421,1)      253      249      407  218,11 


68 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


Praetor  provinciam  obtinuit  Sardiiiiam,  ex  qua  quaestor  supe- 
riore  tempore  ex  Africa  decedens  Q.  Ennium  poetam  deduxerat, 
quod  non  minoris^  aestimamus  quam  quemlibet  amplissimum 
Sardiniensem  triumphum. 

His  uprightness  and  reforms, 

B.C.  2.  Consulatum  gessit  cum  L.  Valerio  Flacco ;  sorte  provinciam 
nactus  Hispaniam  citeriorem,  exque  ea  triumphum  deportavit. 
Ibi  cum  dititius  moraretur,  P.  Scipio  Africanus  consul  iterum, 
cuius  in  priori  consulatu  quaestor  fuerat,  voluit  eum  de  provincia 
depellere  et  ipse  el  succedere,  neque  hoc  per  senatum  efficere 
potuit,  cum  quidem  ScTpio  prmcipatum  in  civitate  obtineret,  quod 
tum  non  potentia,  sed  iure  res  publica  administrabatur.  Qua  ex 
re  Tratus  senatui,  consulatu  peracto  privatus  in  urbe  mansit.  At 
Cato,  censor  cum  eodem  Flacco  factus^  severe  praefuit  ei  pote- 
stati.  ^NTam  et  in  complures  nobiles  animadvertit  et  multas  res 
novas  in  edictum  addidit  qua  re  Itixuria  reprimeretur,^  quae  iam 
tum  incipiebat  pullulare.  Circiter  annos  octoginta,  usque  ad 
extremam  aetatem  ab  adulescentia,  rei  ptiblicae  causa  suscipere 
inimlcitias  non  destitit.  A  multis  temptatus  non  modo  nullum 
detrimentum  existimationis  fecit,  sed,  quoad  vixit,  virttitum  laude 
crevit. 

His  various  pursuits.    His  learning  and  writings, 

3.  In  omnibus  rebus  singularl  fuit  industria :  nam  et  agricola 
sellers  et  perltus  iuris  consultus  et  magnus  imperator  et  proba- 
bilis  orator  et  cupidissimus  litterarum  fuit.  Quarum  studium 
etsi  senior  adripuerat,  tamen  tantum  progressum  fecit,  ut  non 
facile  reperiri  possit  neque  de  Graecis  neque  de  Italicis  rebus, 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  of  value. 
H  MAG  Bi  H  MAGB 

1  448  (404)      224      252,  cu      380, 1      208, 3  I  3  590  (497,  I)     382,  3      317,  2     630     282,  2 


ATTICUS. 


69 


quod  el  fuerit  ^  incognitum.  Ab  adulescentia  confecit  orationes. 
Senex  historias  scrlbere  instituit.  Earum  sunt  libri  septem. 
Primus  continet  res  gestas  regum  populi  Romanl,  secundus  et 
tertius  unde  quaeque  civitas  orta  sit  Ttalica,  ob  quani  rem  omnes 
Ongines  videtur  appellasse.  In  quarto  autem  bellum  Poenicum 
est  primum,  in  quiiito  secundum:  atque  haec  omnia  capitulatim 
sunt  dicta.  Eeliqua  quoque  bella  pari  modo  persectitus  est  usque  B.a 
ad  praeturam  Servii  Galbae^  qui  diripuit  Lusitanos :  atque  horum 
bellorum  duces  non  nominavit,  sed  sine  nominibus  res  notavit. 
In  ilsdem  exposuit,  quae  in  Italia  Hispaniisque  aut  fierent  aut 
viderentur  admlranda:  in  qiiibus  multa  industria  et  diligentia 
comparet,  nulla  doctrlna. 

Huius  de  vita  et  moribiis  pliira  in  eo  libro  persecuti  sumus, 
quera  separatim  de  eo  fecimus  rogatu  T.  Pomponii  Atticl.  Quare 
studiosos  Catonis  ad  illud  volumen  delegamus. 


Atticus. 
His  love  of  learning. 

1,  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  ab  orTgine  ultima  stirpis  Romanae  e.g. 
generatus,  perpetuo  a  maioribus  acceptam  equestrem  obtinuit  ^^^* 
dignitatem.  Patre  usus  est  diligente  et,  ut  tum  erant  tempora, 
dltl  in  primlsque  studioso  litterarum.  Hic,  prout  ipse  amabat 
litteras,  omnibus  doctrlnis,  quibus  puerilis  aetas  impertirl  debet, 
filium  erudivit.  Erat  autem  in  puero  praeter  docilitatem  ingenii 
summa  suavitas  oris  atque  vocis,  ut  non  solum  celeriter  acciperet 
quae  tradebantur,  sed  etiam  excellenter  pronuntiaret.  Qua  ex  re 
in  pueritia  nobilis  inter  aequales  ferebatur  clariusque  exsplende- 
scebat,  quam  geiierosi  condiscipuli  animo  aequo  ferre  possent.^ 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  with  comparatives. 
H  MAGBl  H  MAGB 

1  591,  1  (503,  I)     383,  2     320     631,  2     283  |  3  5T1,  1  (502,  2)    339    332,  b    631,  3    284,  4 


70 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


Itaque  incitabat  omnes  studio  suo,  quo  in  numero  fuerunt  L. 
Torquatus^  C.  Marius  filius,  M.  Cicero:  quos  consuettidine  sua 
sic  devinxit,  ut  nemo  iis  perpetuo  f uerit  carior. 

He  becomes  the  heir  of  his  uncle, 

6.  Habebat  avunculum  Q.  Caecilium,  equitem  Eomanum,  famili- 
arem  L.  Luculli,  divitem,  difficillima  nattira:  cuius  sic  asperita- 
tem  veritus  est,  ut,  queni  nemo  ferre  posset,^  hiiius  sine  offensione 
ad  summam  senectutem  retinuerit  benevolentiam.  Quo  facto 
tulit  pietatis  fructum.  Caecilius  enim  moriens  testamento  adopta- 
vit  eum  heredemque  fecit  ex  dodrante :  ex  qua  liereditate  accepit 
circiter  centies  sestertium.  Erat  ntipta  soror  Attici  Q.  Tullio 
Ciceroni,  easque  nuptias  M.  Cicero  conciliarat,  cum  quo  a  con- 
discipulatu  vivebat  coniunctissime,  multo  etiam  familiarius  quam 
cum  Quinto,  ut  itidicari  possit  plus  in  amicitia  valere  similitudi- 
nem  morum  quam  adflnitatem.  Utebatur  autem  intime  Q.  Hor- 
tensio,  qui  iis  temporibus  prmcipatum  eloquentiae  tenebat,  ut 
intellegl  non  posset  uter  eum  plus  diligeret,  Cicero  an  Horten- 
sius:  et  id,  quod  erat  difficillimum,  efficiebat,  ut,  inter  quos 
tantae  laudis  esset  aemulatio,  nulla  intercederet  obtrectatio  esset- 
que  talium  virorum  copula. 

His  dignity  and  indifference  to  public  honors, 

6.  In  re  publica  ita  est  versatus,  ut  semper  optimarum  par- 
tium^  et  esset  et  existimaretur,  neque  tamen  se  civllibus  fluctibus 
committeret,  quod  non  magis  eos  in  sua  potestate  existimabat 
esse,  qui  se  his  dedissent,  quam  qui  maritimis  iactarentur.  Hono- 
res  non  petiit,  cum  el  paterent  propter  vel  gratiam  vel  dignita- 

Special  Study.  —  Force  of  subjunctive  of  characteristic. 

H  MAGB.H  M  AGB 

1  652,1  (529,11)      405     342      663,1      324  13  447  (402)      217,2      214,  c      366  198,3 


ATTICUS. 


71 


tem:  quod  neque  peti  more  maiorum  neqne  cap!  possent^ 
conservatis  legibus  in  tain  eftusi  ambitus  largitionibus  neque  geri 
e  re  publica  sine  periculo  corruptis  civitatis  moribus.  Ad  hastam 
publicam  numquam  accessit.  NuUius  rei  neque  praes  neque 
manceps  f actus  est.  Neminem  neque  suo  nomine  neque  sub- 
scrlbens  accusavit :  in  ins  de  sua  re  numquam  iit :  indicium  nul- 
lum habuit.  Multorum  consulum  praetorumque  praefecturas  de- 
lates SIC  accepit,  ut  neminem  in  provmciam  sit  secutus,  honore 
fuerit  contentus,  rei  familiaris  despexerit  fructum:  qui  ne  cum 
Qulnto  quidem  Cicerone  voluerit  Ire  in  Asiam,  cum  apud  eum  b.o. 
legati  locum  obtinere  posset.  Non  enim  decere  se  arbitrabatur, 
cum  praeturam  gerere  noluisset,  adseclam  esse  praetoris.  Qua  in 
re  non  solum  dignitati  serviebat,  sed  etiam  tranquillitati,  cum 
suspiciones  quoque  vltaret  criminum.  Quo  fiebat  ut  eius  obser- 
vantia  omnibus  esset  carior,  cum  eam  officio^  non  timorl  neque 
spel  tribui  viderent. 

Tlie  simplicity  and  refiyiement  of  his  private  life. 

13.  ISTeque  vero  ille  minus  bonus  pater  familias^  habitus  est 
quam  civis.  Nam  cum  esset  pecuniosus,  nemo  illo  minus  fuit 
emax,  minus  aedificator.  Neque  tamen  non  in  primis  bene  habi- 
tavit  omnibusque  optimis  rebus  usus  est.  Nam  domum  habuit 
in  coUe  Quirlnall  Tamphilianam,  ab  avunculo  hereditate  rellctam, 
cuius  amoenitas  non  aedificio,^  sed  silva  constabat :  ipsum  enim 
tectum  antiquitus  constittitum  plus  salis  quam  sumptus  habebat : 
in  quo  nihil  commutavit,  nisi  si  quid  vetustate  coactus  est.  Usus 
est  familia,  si  utilitate  iadicandum  est,  optima,  si  forma,  vix 
mediocrl.    Namque  in  ea  erant  puerl  litteratissimi,  anagnostae 

Special  Studyo  —  Idiomatic  use  of  utor. 


H  M       A        G  B 

1  588,  II  (516,  II)  857  321  541  286, 1 
3  79,2(49,1)        33,N»i  36,  &  29,k.1  21,  a) 


H  M      A         G  B 

3  478, 1  (422,  n.  1)  251   244,  c  396,  N.  1  218,4 


72 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


optimi  et  pliirimi  librarii,  ut  ne  pedisequus  quidem  qiiisquam 
esset,  qui  non  utrumque  liorum  pulchre  facere  posset/  pari  modo 
artifices  ceteri,  quos  cultus  domiesticus  desiderata  apprlme  bonl. 
!N"eque  tamen  horiim  quemquam  nisi  doml  iiatum  domlque  fac- 
tum habuit :  quod  est  signum  non  solum  continentiae,  sed  etiam 
dlligentiae.  Nam  et  non  intemperanter  concuplscere,  quod  a 
plurimis  videas,^  continentis^  debet  duel,  et  potius  diligentia 
quam  pretio  parare  non  mediocris  est  industriae.  Elegans,  non 
magnificus,  splendidus,  non  sumptuosus :  omnisque  diligentia 
munditiam,  non  adfluentiam  adfectabat.  Supellex  modica,  non 
multa,  ut  in  neutram  partem  conspici  posset.  Nec  praeteribo, 
quamquam  nonnullls  leve  visum  Irl  ^  putem/  cum  in  primis  lautus 
esset  eques  Eomanus  et  non  parum  llberaliter  domum  suam 
omnium  ordinum  homines  invitaret,  non  amplius  quam  terna 
milia  peraeque  in  singulos  menses  ex  epbemeride  eum  expensum 
stimptul  ferre  solitum.  Atque  hoc  non  audltum,  sed  cognitum 
praedicamus  :  saepe  enim  propter  familiaritatem  domesticis  rebus 
interfuimus. 


His  moderate  use  of  wealth. 

14.  Nemo  in  convlvio  eius  aliud  acroama  audivit  quam  ana- 
gnosten,  quod  nos  quidem  iucundissimum  arbitramur :  neque  um- 
quam  sine  aliqua  lection e  apud  eum  cenatum  est,  ut  non  minus 
animo  quam  ventre  convlvae  delectarentur  :  nam  que  eos  vocabat, 
quorum  mores  a  suls  non  abhorrerent.  Cum  tanta  pecuniae 
facta  esset  accessio,  nihil  de  cotldiano  cultii  mutavit,  nihil  de 
vitae  consuettidine,  tantlque  usus  est  moderatione,  ut  neque  in 


Special  Study.  —  Future  passive  infinitive. 


H  M  A       GT  B 

1  591,  1  (503,  I)  383,  2  320  631,2  283 

2  556  (486)  327  311,  a  257  280,  1 

3  447  (402)  217,  n.  2  214,  d  366  198,  3 


H  M        A         G  B 

4  235,  2  (222,  III,  1)  94        147,  c,  1  435,  n.  4  102 

5  586, 1, 1  (515,  N.  1)  378,  5  313,  g    605,  k.  1  309, 5 


ATTICUS. 


73 


sestertio  vicies,  quod  a  patre  acceperat^  parum  se  splendide  ges- 
serit  neque  in  sestertio  centies  adfluentius  vixerit,  quam  insti- 
tuerat,  parique  fastigio  steterit  in  utraque  fortuna.  Ntillos  habuit 
hortos,  nnllam  subnrbanam  aut  maritimam  sumptuosani  villam^ 
neque  in  Italia  praeter  Aretlnum  et  Nomentanum  rusticum  prae- 
dium,  omnisque  eius  pecuniae  reditu^  constabat  in  Epiroticis  et 
urbanis  possessionibus.  Ex  quo  cognosci  potest  usum  eum  pecu- 
niae non  magnittidine,  sed  ratione  metirl  solitum. 

His  moral  qualities. 

15.  Mendacium  neque  dicebat  neque  pati  poterat.  Itaque  eius 
comitas  non  sine  severitate  erat  neque  gravitas  sine  facilitate,  ut 
difficile  esset  intellectu  ^  utruni  eum  amicl  magis  vererentur  an 
amarent.  Quidquid  rogabatur,  religiose  promittebat,  quod  non 
liberalis  ^  sed  levis  arbitrabatur  pollicerl  quod  praestare  non  pos- 
set. Idem  in  tuendo  quod  semel  adnuisset  ^  tanta  erat  cura,  ut 
non  mandatam  sed  suam  rem  videretur  agere.  Numquam  suscepti 
negotii  ^  eum  pertaesum  est :  suam  enim  existimationem  in  ea  re 
agi  putabat,  qua  nihil  habebat  carius.  *  Quo  liebat  ut  omnia  Cice- 
ronum,  M.  Catonis,  Q.  Hortensii,  A.  Torquati,  multorum  praeterea 
equitum  Romanorum  negotia  procuraret.  Ex  quo  iudicari  poterat 
non  inertia,  sed  iudicio  fugisse  rel  publicae  procurationem. 

His  long  life  and  last  illness, 

21.  Tall  modo  cum  septem  et  septuaginta  annos  complesset 
atque  ad  extremam  senecttitem  non  minus  dignitate  quam  gratia 
fortunaque  crevisset  (multas  enim  hereditates  nulla  alia  re  quam 

Special  Study. — Descriptive  genitive. 


H  M         A         G  B 

1  635  (547)  302,  1  303  436  340,  2 
8  447  (402)     217,  2     214,  d    366    198,  3 


H  MA  G  B 

3  593,1(507,111,2)  382  316,  ^&2  625,  r.  (4)  312, 2 

4  457  &  5  (409,  III)    229  221,  &       377  209,1 


74 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


bonitate  consectitus  est)  tantaque  prosperitate  tisus  esset  valetti- 
dinis^  ut  annis  triginta  mediclna  non  iiidiguisset,  nactus  est  mor- 
bum,  quern  initio  et  ipse  et  medic!  contempserunt:  nam  putarunt 
esse  tenesmon,  cui  remedia  celeria  faciliaque  proponebantur.  In 
boc  cum  tres  menses  sine  ullis  doloribus,  praeterquam  quos  ex 
curatione  capiebat^  constimpsisset,  subito  tanta  vis  morbi  in  imum 
intestlnum  prorupit,  ut  extremo  tempore  per  lumbos  fistulae  ptiris 
eruperint.  Atque  hoc  priusquam  ei  accideret,  postquam  in  dies 
dolores  accrescere  febresque  accessisse  sensit,  Agrippam  generum 
ad  se  arcessi  iussit  et  cum  eo  L.  Cornelium  Balbum  Sextumque 
Pedticaeum.  Hos  ut  venisse  vidit,  in  cubitum  innixus  ^^quantam/^ 
in  quit,  "  ctiram  dlligentiamque  in  valettidine  mea  tuenda  hoc  tem- 
pore adhibuerim/  cum  vos  testes  habeam,  nihil  necesse  est  pltiri- 
bus  verbis  commemorare.  Quibus  quoniam,  ut  spero,  satisfeci 
me  nihil  reliqui  fecisse  quod  ad  sanandum  me  pertineret,  reli- 
quum  est  ut  egomet  mihi  consulam.  Id  vos  Ignorare  nolui ;  nam 
mihi  stat  alere  morbum  desinere.  Namque  his  diebus  quidquid 
cibi  sumpsi,  ita  produxi  vitam,  nt  auxerim  dolores  sine  spe  salti- 
tis.  Quare  a  vobis  peto  primum,  ut  consilium  probetis  meum, 
deinde,  ne  frtistra  dehortando  impedire  coneminl.'^ 


He  refuses  to  prolong  his  life. 

22.  Hac  oratione  habita  tanta  constantia  vocis  atque  vultus,  ut 
non  ex  vita,  sed  ex  domo  in  domum  videretur  migrare,  cum  qui- 
dem  Agrippa  eum  flens  atque  osculans  oraret  atque  obsecraret,  ne 
id  quod  natura  cogeret  ipse  quoque  sibi  acceleraret,  et  quoniam 
tum  quoque  posset  temporibus  superesse,  se  sibi  sulsque  reserva- 
ret,  preces  eius  taciturna  sua  obstinatione  depressit.  Sic  cum 
biduum  cibo  se  abstinuisset,  subito  febris  decessit  leviorque  mor- 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  question. 
1  H  649,  II  (529,  1)  M  394  A  334  Q  46T  B  300 


ATTICUS. 


76 


APPIAN  WAY.  (restoration.) 


bus  esse  coepit.  Tarn  en  propositum  nihilo  setius  peregit.  Itaque 
die  qumto  postquam  id  consilium  inierat,  pridie  Kalendas  Apriles 
Cn.  Domitio  C.  Sosio  consulibus  decessit.  Elatus  est  in  lecticula, 
ut  ipse  praescrTpserat,  sine  tilla  pompa  funeris,  comitantibus 
omnibus  bonis,  maxima  vulgi  frequentia.  Sepultus  est  iuxta 
viam  Appiam  ad  quintum  lapidem  in  monumento  Q.  Caecilil, 
avunculi  sui. 


GAIUS  lULIUS  CAESAR, 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO. 

Book  II. 

A  description  of  the  NerviL 

15.  Eorum  fines  Nervii  attingebant; 
quorum  de  natura  moribusque  Caesar 
cum  quaereret,  sic  reperiebat :  Nullum 
aditum  esse  ad  eos  mercatoribus ;  nihil 
pati  vinl  reliquarumque  reium  inferri^ 
quod  ils  rebus  relanguescere  animos 
et  remitti  virtutem  existimarent :  ^  esse 
homines  feros  magnaeque  virttitis  ;  in- 
crepitare  atque  incusare  reliquos  Belgas, 
qui  se  populo  Romano  dedidissent  patri- 
amque  virtiitem  proiecissent;  confirmare 
sese  neque  legatos  missuros/  neque  tillam 
condicionem  pacis  accepttiros. 

They  prepare  to  attack  Caesar. 

16.  Cum  per  eorum  fines  triduum  iter  fecisset,  inveniebat  ex 
captivis  Sabim  fltimen  ab  castrTs  suTs  non  amplius  milia  passuum 
decern  abesse:  trans  id  fiumen  omnes  Nervios  consedisse,^  ad- 
Special  Study.  —  Tenses  in  indirect  discourse. 

H  MA  GBIH  M  A  GB 

1  644(525)       898       336,  B        654       318  I  2  644  (525)        260       336,- A        653  317 

76 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  11. 


ventumque  ibi  Eomanorum  exspectare,  una  cum  Atrebatis  et 
Viromanduls,  flnitiniTs  suls  (nam  his  utrlsque  persuaserant  uti 
eandem  belli  fortunaiii  experirentur)  ;  exspectari  etiam  ab  his 
Aduatucorum  copias  at  que  esse  in  itinere ;  mulieres  quique  per 
aetatem  ad  ptignam  intitiles  viderentur  in  eum  locum  coniecisse, 
quo  propter  paltides  exercitui  aditus  non  esset.^ 

17.  His  rebus  cognitis,  exploratores  centurionesque  praemittit, 
qui  locum  idoneum  castrls  deligant.  Cum  ex  deditlcils  Belgis 
reliqulsque  Gallls  complures  Caesarem  seciitl  una 
iter  facerent,  quidam  ex  his,  ut  postea  ex  captivls 
cognitum  est,  eorum  dierum  consuetudine  itineris 
nostrl  exercitus  perspecta,  nocte  ad  Nervios  per- 
venerunt ;  atque  his  demonstrarunt  inter  singulas 
legiones  impedlmentorum  magnum  nuinerum  in- 
tercedere,  neque  esse  quicquam  negotil,^  cum 
prima  legio  in  castra  venisset,  reliquaeque  legio- 
nes magnum  spatium  abessent,  hanc  sub  sarcinis 
adoriri ;   qua   ]  ulsa   impedlmentisque  direptis, 

S  ARCIN  A  • 

futurum  ^  ut  reliquae  contra  consistere  non  aude- 
rent.^  Adiuvabat  etiam  eoruiu  consilium,  qui  rem  deferebant, 
quod  Nervil  antiquitus,  cum  equitatu  nihil  possent  (neque  enim 
ad  hoc  tempus  ei  rel  student,  serl,  quicquid  possunt,  pedestribus 
valent  copils),  quo'*  facilius  finitimorum  eqiiitatum,  si  praedandi 
causa  ad  eos  venissent,  impedlrent,"*  tenerls  arboribus  incisis  atque 
inflexis  crebrlsque  in  latitudinem  ramis  enatis  et  rubis  sentibus- 
que  interiectis  effecerant  ut  instar  murl^  hae  sepes  munlmenta 
praeberent,  quo  non  modo  non  intrari,  sed  ne  perspici  quidem 
posset.^  His  rebus  cum  iter  agminis  nostri  impediretur,  non 
omittendum  sibi  consilium  Nervii  exlstimaverunt. 

Special  Study.  —  Future  passive  infinitive,  periphrastic  form. 
H  MAGB  H  MAGB 

1  591,1.(503,1)   383,2  320         631,2   283       4  508(497,11,2)   331      317,  &   545,2   282,  ^» 

2  442(397,3)      225,4   216,  a,  3  369      201,1    5  446,4(398,4)     218,2   223,6   373    ,  198,2 

3  619,2(537,3)   260,4  288,/     248  270,3 


78 


CAESAR. 


Position  of  the  camp.    A  surprise, 

18.  Loci  nattira  erat  haec^  quern  locum  nostri  castris  delege- 
rant.  Collis  ab  summo  aequaliter  declivis  ad  flumen  Sabim,  quod 
supra  nominavimus,  vergebat.  Ab  eo  flumine  pari  acclivitate 
collis  nascebatur  adversus  huic  et  contrarius,  passtis  circiter 
ducentos  infimus  apertus,  ab  superiore  parte  silvestris,  ut  non 
facile  introrsus  perspici  posset.  Intra  eas  silvas  hostes  in  oc- 
culta sese  continebant ;  in  aperto  loco  secundum  flumen  paucae 
stationes  equitum  videbantur.  Flilminis  erat  altitudo  pedum  ^ 
circiter  trium. 

19.  Caesar  equitatti  praemisso  subsequebatur  omnibus  copiis;^ 
sed  ratio  ordoque  agminis  aliter  se  habebat  ac  Belgae  ad  Nervios 
detulerant.  Nam  quod  hostibus  approplnquabat,  consuettidine 
sua^  Caesar  sex  legiones  expeditas  ducebat;  post  eas  totius  exer- 
cittis  impedimenta  conlocarat ;  inde  duae  legiones,  quae  proximo 
conscriptae  erant,  totum  agmen  claudebant  praesidioque  impedi- 
mentis  erant.  Equites  nostri  cum  funditoribus  sagittariisque 
flumen  transgress!  cum  hostium  equitatti  proeliura  commlserunt. 
Cum  se  illl  identidem  in  silvas  ad  suos  reciperent  ac  rtirsus  ex 
silva  in  nostros  impetum  facerent,  neque  nostri  longius,  quam 
quem  ad  finem  porrecta  ac  loca  aperta  pertinebant,  cedentes 
insequi  auderent,  interim  legiones  sex,  quae  primae  venerant, 
opere  dimenso  castra  munire  coeperunt.  Ubi  prima  impedi- 
menta nostri  exercitus  ab  iis,  qui  in  silvis  abditi  latebant,  visa 
sunt^  quod  terapus  inter  eos  committendl  proelii  convenerat,  ut 
intra  silvas  aciem  ordinesque  constituerant  atque  ipsi  sese  con- 
firmaverant,  subito  omnibus  copiis  provolaverunt  impetumque  in 
nostros  equites  fecerunt.    His  facile  pulsis  ac  proturbatis  incredi- 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  accompaniment  without  cum. 


H  M       A  G  B 

1  440, 8  (396,  V)  223  215,  ?>      865  208,2 

3  474, 2,  N.  1(419, 1X1,1))  244  248,  a,  n.  392,  r.  1  222,1 


H  M      A       G  B 

3  473, 8  (419,  III)  245  253,  n.  899  220 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  11. 


79 


bill  celeritate  ad  flumen  decucurrerunt,  ut  paene  too  tempore  et 
ad  silvas  et  in  flumine  et  iam  in  manibus  nostris  hostes  viderentur. 
Eadem  autem  celeritate  adverse  colle  ^  ad  nostra  castra  atque  eos, 
qui  in  opere  occupati  erant,  contenderunt. 


The  good  training  of  the  soldiers, 

20.  Caesarl^  omnia  too  tempore  erant  agenda:  vexillum  pro- 
ponendum,  quod  erat  insigne,  cum  ad  arma  concurri  oporteret, 

signum  tuba  dandum,  ab  opere  revocandi 
mllites,  qui  paulo  longius  aggeris  petendl 
causa  processerant  arcessendl,  acies  Instru- 
enda^  mllites  cohortandi,  signum  dandum. 
Quarum  rerum  magnam  partem  temporis 
brevitas  et  successus  hostium  impediebat. 
His  difficultatibus  ^  duae  res  erant  subsi- 
dio,^  scientia  atque  usus  mllitum,  quod 
superioribus  proelils  exercitati,  quid  fieri 
oporteret  non  minus  commode  ipsi  sibi 
praescrlbere  quam  ab  alils  doceri  pote- 
rant,  et  quod  ab  opere  singullsque  legioni- 
bus  singulos  legatos  Caesar  discedere  nisi 
munltis  castris^  vetuerat.  Hi  propter 
proplnquitatem  et  celeritatem  hostium 
nihil  iam  Caesaris  imperium  exspectabant,  sed  per  se  quae 
videbantur  administrabant. 

21.  Caesar,  necessarils  rebus  imperatis,  ad  cohortandos  mllites, 
quam  in  partem  fors  obtulit,  decucurrit  et  ad  legionem  decimam 
devenit.    Mllites  non  longiore  oratione  cohortatus  quam  uti 


VEXILLUM. 


Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute  in  conditional  sentence. 


H 

1  489  (431) 
3  431  (388) 


M  A 

255  255 

207  232 

L.  &  W.  LAT.  R, 


G 

409 

855 


B 

227 
189,1 


H  MAG  B 

3  483  (390)        206     233      356         191, 2 

4  489,2(431,3)  255,6  310,  a  591,  b.  2  227, 2,  & 


80 


CAESAR. 


suae  pristinae  virttitis  memoriam  retinerent  ^  neu  perturbarentur 
animo,  hostiumque  impetum  fortiter  sustinerent^ 
quod  nou  longius  hostes  aberant,  quam  quo 
telum  adigi  posset,^  proelii  committendi  signum 
dedit.   Atque  in  alteram  partem  item  cohortandi 
causa  profectus  ptignantibus  occur rit.  Temporis 
tanta  fuit  exiguitas,  bostiumque  tam  paratus  ad 
dimicandum  animus,  ut  non  modo  ad  Insignia 
acconimodanda,  sed  etiam  ad  galeas  induendas 
sctitisque   tegumenta   detrtidenda  tempus  de- 
scuTUM.         fuerit.    Quam  quisque  ab  opere  in  partem  casu 
devenit,  quaeque  prima  sTgna  conspexit,  ad  haec  constitit,  ne  in- 
quaerendls  suls  pugnandi  tempus  dimitteret. 


Doubtful  issue  of  the  fight, 

22.  Instrticto  exercitti,  magis  ut  loci  nattira  deiectusque  collis 
et  necessitas  temporis,  quam  ut  rei  militaris  ratio  atque  ordo 
postulabat,  cum  diversis  legionibus  aliae^  alia  in  parte  hostibus 
resisterent,  sepibusque  densissimis^  ut  ante  demonstravimus, 
interiectis  prospectus  impediretur,  neque  certa  subsidia  conlocari, 
neque  quid  in  quaque  parte  opus  esset  provider!,  neque  ab  uno 
omnia  imperia  administrarl  poterant.  Itaque,  in  tanta  rerum 
inlquitate,  fortunae  quoque  eventtis  varii  sequebantur. 

23.  Legionis  nonae  et  decimae  milites,  ut  in  sinistra  parte  acie 
constiterant,  pills  emissTs,  cursu  ac  lassittidine  exanimatos  vul- 
neribusque  confectos  Atrebates  —  nam  his  ea  pars  obvenerat  — 
ceieriter  ex  loco  superiore  in  flumen  compulerunt,  et  transire 
conantes  Insecuti    gladiis  magnam  partem  eorum  impeditam 

Special  Study.  —  Participle  for  coordinate  verb. 


H  M       A        G  B 

1  565  (498,  D  833  331,  d  546  295,  4 
a  570,  2  (502,  2)    339    332,  b    631,  3    284,  4 


H  M       A  G  B 

3  516,  1  (459, 1)  440    203,  c   221,  b.  1   253,  2 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  11. 


81 


inteifecerunt.  Ipsi  translre^  flumen  non  dubitaverunt,  et  in 
locum  iniquum  progress!,  rursus  resistentes  hostes  redintegrato 
proelio  in  fugam  coniecerunt.  Item  alia  in  parte  diversae  duae 
legiones,  undecima  et  octava,  profligatis  Viromanduls,  quibus- 
cum  erant  congressi,  ex  loco  superiore  in  ipsis  fluminis  ripis 
proeliabantur.  At  totis  fere  a  fronte  et  ab  sinistra  parte  nudatis 
castris,  cum  in  dextro  cornu  legio  duodecima  et  non  magno  ab  ea 
intervallo^  septima  constitisset,  omnes  Nervii  confertissimo  ag- 
mine,  duce  Boduognato,  qui  summam  imperii  tenebat,  ad  eum 
locum  contenderunt ;  quorum  pars  aperto  latere  legiones  circum- 
venlre,  pars  summum  castrorum  locum  petere  coepit. 

24.  Eodem  tempore  equites  nostri  levisque  armaturae  pedites, 
qui  cum  iis  una  fuerant,  quos  primo  hostium  impetti  pulsos  dixe- 
ram,^  cum  se  in  castra  reciperent,  adversis  ho- 
stibus  occurrebant  ac  rursus  aliam  in  partem 
fugam  petebant,  et  calones,  qui  ab  decumana 
porta  ac  summo  iugo  coUis  nostros  victores 
flumen  transisse  conspexerant,  praedandi  causa 
egressi,  cum  respexissent  et  hostes  in  nostrls 
castrls  versarl  vidissent,  praecipites  fugae  sese 
mandabant.  Simul  eorum^  qui  cum  impedimen- 
tls  veniebant,  clamor  fremitusque  oriebatur, 
aliique  aliam  in  partem  perterriti  ferebantur. 
Quibus  omnibus  rebus  permoti  equites  TreverT, 
quorum  inter  Gallos  virtutis  opinio  est  singu- 
laris,  qui  auxilii  causa  ab  civitate  ad  Caesarem 
missi  venerant,  cum  multitudine  hostium  castra 
compleri  nostra,  legiones  premi  et  paene  cir- 
cumventas  tenerl,  calones,  equites,  funditores,  ISTumidas  di versos 

Special  Study.  —  Distinction  between  imperfect  and  perfect. 

H  MA  G  B 

1  607, 1  (505, 1, 4)  S41,  n.   882,  g,  n.  2  555,  2,  r.  3  298,  5     3  See  Notes 
3  479,3(379,2)      248       257,  &         336,8.2  223 


MILES  LEVIS  ARMA 
TURAE. 


82 


CAESAR. 


dissipatosque  in  omnes  partes  fugere  vidissent,  desperatis  nostris 
rebus  domum  contenderunt ;  Eomanos  pulsos  superatosqae,  castris 
impediinentisque  eorum  hostes  potitos  civitati  renuntiaverunt. 

The  Romans  gain  the  advantage, 

25.  Caesar  ab  decimae  legionis  coliortatione  ad  dextrum  cornu 
profectus,  ubi  suos  urgeri  slgnlsque  in  tinuni  locum  conlatis  duo- 
decimae  legionis  confertos  milites  sibi^  ipsos  ad  pugnam  esse 
impedimento  ^  vldit^  quartae  cohortis  omnibus  centurionibus  occl- 
sis  signiferoque  interfecto  signo  amisso,  reliquarum  cohortium 
omnibus  fere  centurionibus  aut  vulneratis  aut  occlsis^  in  his 
primipilo  P.  Sextio  Baculo,  fortissimo  viro,  multis  gravibusque 
vulneribus  confecto,  ut  iam  se  sustinere  non  posset,  reliquos  esse 
tardiores  et  nonntillos  ab  novissimis  deserto  proelio  excedere  ac 
tela  vitare,  hostes  neque  a  f route  ex  Inf eriore  loco  subeuntes  inter- 
mittere  et  ab  utroque  latere  instare  et  rem  esse  in  angusto  vidit, 
neque  tillum  esse  subsidium,  quod  submitti  posset :  sctito  ab 
novissimis  unl  militl^  detracto,  quod  ipse  eo  sine  scuto  venerat, 
in  primam  aciem  processit;  centurionibusque  nominatim  appel- 
latis  reliquos  cohortatus,  mTlites  signa  inferre  et  manipulos  laxare 
iussit,  quo  facilius  gladiTs  titl  possent.  Cuius  adventu  spe  inlata 
militibus,  ac  redintegrato  animo,  cum  pro  se  quisque  in  conspectu 
imperatoris  etiam  in  extremis  suTs  rebus  operam  navare  cuperet, 
paulum  hostium  impetus  tardatus  est. 

26.  Caesar  cum  septimam  legionem,  quae  iuxta  constiterat, 
item  urgeri  ab  hoste  vidisset,  tribtinos  militum  monuit  ut  paula- 
tim  sese  legiones  coniungerent  et  conversa  signa  in  hostes  infer- 
rent.    Quo  facto,  cum  alius  alii  subsidium  ferret  neque  timerent 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  separation. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAG  B 

1  433  (390)       206       233,  a      356      191,  2  \  2  427  (385,  II,  2)   211   229   345,  r.  1    188,  2,  d 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  11. 


83 


ne  avers!  ab  hoste  circnmYenirentur,  audacius  resistere  ac  fortius 
plignare  coeperunt.  Interim  milites  legionum  duarum,  quae  in 
novissimo  agniine  praesidio  impedlmentis  fuerant,  proelio  ntin- 
tiato,  cursu  incitato,  in  summo  colle  ab  hostibus  con- 
spiciebantur ;  et  T.  Labienus,  castrls  hostium  potltus, 
et  ex  loco  superiore  quae  res  in  nostris  castris  gererentur 
conspicatus,  decimam  legionem  subsidio  nostris  misit. 
Qui  cum  ex  equitum  et  calonum  fuga  quo  in  loco  res 
esset  quantoque  in  periculo  et  castra  et  legiones  et 
imperator  versaretur  cognovissent,  nihil  ad  celeritatem 
sibi  reliqul^  fecerunt. 


i 


Desperation  of  the  Nervii.    Their  defeat, 

27.  Horum  adventu  tanta  rerum  commtitatio  est 
facta  ut  nostri,  etiam  qui  vulneribus  confecti  procu- 
buissent,^  scutis^  innixl  proelium  redintegrarent ;  turn 
calones,  perterritos  hostes  conspicati,  etiam  inermes 
armatls  occurrerent  ;  equites  vero,  ut  turpittidinem 
fugae  virtute  delerent,  omnibus  in  locis  ptignarent,  quo 
se  legionariis  militibus  praeferrent.*  At  hostes  etiam 
in  extrema  spe  saltitis  tantam  virttitem  praestiterunt, 
ut,  cum  prTml  eorum  cecidissent,  proximl  iacentibus 
insisterent,  atque  ex  eorum  corporibus  ptignarent;  his  deiectis, 
et  coacervatis  cadaveribus,  qui  superessent  ut  ex  tumulo  tela  in 
nostros  conicerent,  et  pila  intercepta  reraitterent:  ut  non  nequl- 
quam  tantae  virtutis  homines  iudicari  deberet  ausos  esse  transire 
latissimum  flumen,  ascendere  altissimas  ripas,  subire  imquissimum 
locum ;  quae  facilia  ex  difficillimis  animi  magnitudo  redegerat. 


SIGNUM. 


Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  characteristic. 


H  MAG  B 

1  447, 1  (401,  N.  4)  225,2  216,3  369,2  201,  2,  a 

2  591,1(503,1)     383,2  320     631,2  283  > 


H  M  A         G  B 

3  476, 3  (425,1,  N.)  247,  n.1   254,  &  401,  n.  6  218,3 

4  568,7(497,2)       331         317,  &   545,2      282,  a 


84 


CAESAR. 


28.  Hoc  proelio  facto^  et  prope  ad  internecionem  gente  ac 
nomine  Nerviorum  redacto,  maiores  natti,  quos  una  cum  pueris 
mulieribusque  in  aestuaria  ac  paludes  coniectos  dixeramus,  hac 
pugna  nuntiata,  cum  victoribus  nihil  impeditum,  victis  nihil 
tutum  arbitrarentur,  omnium  qui  supererant  consensu,  legatos  ad 
Caesarern  miserunt,  seque  ei  dediderunt;  et  in  commemoranda 
civitatis  calamitate,  ex  sexcentTs  ad  tres  senatores,  ex  hominum 
milibus  sexaginta  vix  ad  quTngentos,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  sese 
redactos  esse  dixerunt.  Quos  Caesar,  ut  in  miseros  ac  supplices 
tisus  misericordia  videretur,  diligentissime  conservavit,  sulsque 
finibus  atque  oppidis  titi  iussit,  et  finitimis  imperavit  ut  ab 
iniuria  et  maleficio  se  suosque  prohiberent. 


Book  III. 

The  Veneti  conspire  against  Caesar. 

8.  Htiius  est  civitatis  longe  amplissima  auctoritas  omnis  orae 
maritimae  regionum  earum,  quod  et  naves  habent  Veneti  pluri- 
mas,  quibus  in  Britanniam  navigare  consuerunt,  et  scientia 
atque  usti  nauticarum  rerum  reliquos  antecedunt  et  in  magno 
impetu  maris  atque  aperto,  panels  portibus  interiectis,  quos 
tenent  ipsT,  omnes  fere,  qui  eo  mari  titi  consuerunt,  habent  vecti- 
B.c.  giles.  Ab  his  fit  initium  retinendi^  Silii  atque  Velanii,  quod  per 
eos  suos  se  obsides,  quos  Crasso  dedissent,  reciperaturos  existima- 
bant.  Horum  auctoritate  fmitimi  adducti,  ut  sunt  Gallorum 
subita  et  repentlna  consilia,  eadem  de  causa  Trebium  Terra- 
sidiumque  retinent,  et  celeriter  missis  legatis  per  suos  prmcipes 
inter  se  3oniurant  nihil  nisi  commtini  consilio  acttiros  eundemque 
omnis  fortunae  exitum  esse  laturos,  reliquasque  civitates  sollici- 

Special  Study.  —  Future  infinitive  with  verbs  of  swearing. 

1    H  626  (544)  M   296  A   298  G   428  B   338,  1,  a 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  III. 


85 


tant  lit  in  ea  libertate,  quam  a  maioribus  acceperant,  permanerB 
quam  Eomaiiorum  servitutem  perferre^  mallent.  Omni  ora  mari- 
tima  celeriter  ad  suam  sententiam  perducta  communem  lega- 
tionem  ad  Piiblium  Crassum  mittunt,  si  velit^  suos  recipere, 
obsides  sibi  remittat.^ 

Both  sides  prepare  for  the  struggle, 

9.  Quibus  de  rebus  Caesar  ab  Crasso  certior  f actus,  quod  ipse 
aberat  longius,  naves  interim  longas  aedificari  in  flumine  Ligere, 
quod  influit  in  Oceanum,  remiges  ex  provincia  mstitui,  nautas 
gubernatoresque  comparari  iubet.  His  rebus  celeriter  admini- 
stratis, ipse,  cum  primum  per  anni  tempus  potuit,  ad  exercitum 
contendit.  Venetl  reliquaeque  item  civitates  cognito  Caesaris 
adventti,  simul  quod  quantum  in  se  facinus  admisissent  in- 
tellegebant,  legatos/  quod  nomen  ad  omnes  nationes  sanctum 
inviolatumque  semper  fuisset,  retentos^  ab  se  et  in  vincula  con- 
iectos,^  pro  magnitudine  perlcull  bellum  parare  et  maxime  ea 
quae  ad  visum  navium  pertinent  providere  instituunt,  hoc^  maiore 
spe,  quod  multum  natura^  loci  confldebant.  Pedestria  esse  itinera 
conclsa  aestuariis,  navigationem  impedltam  propter  Inscientiam 
locorum  paucitatemque  portuum  sciebant,  neque  nostros  exercitus 
propter  frumentl  inopiam  diutius  apud  se  morarl  posse  conflde- 
bant :  ac  iam  ut  omnia  contra  oplnionem  acciderent/  tamen  se 
plurimum  navibus  posse,  Romanos  neque  iiUam  facultatem  habere 
navium,  neque  eorum  locorum  ubi  bellum  gesturl  essent  vada, 
portus,  insulas  novisse;  ac  longe  aliam  esse  navigationem  in  con- 
cluso  marl  atque^  in  vastissimo  atque  apertissimo  Oceano  per- 

Special  Study.  —  Conditions  in  indirect  discourse. 


H  M         A  G  B 

1  643, 2  (524, 1, 2)  268, 1  336,  c,  n.  2  644, 3  (6)  314,  4 

2  646  (527, 1)  402     337, 1        657  319,  B 

3  642,4(523,111)  393     339  652  316 

4  616,2(539,11)  179     270, 3,  n.  1  320  169 


H              M         A          G  B 

5  475  (416)            254        245  408  219 

6  476,  1  (425, 1,  n.)  247,  n.  1  254,  h  401, 6  219, 1 

7  586,11(515,111)  378,2     313,  a  608  308 

8  516,  3  (459, 2)      429,  2     247,  d  643  341,  c 


86 


CAESAR. 


spiciebant.  His  initis  consililSj  oppida  munimit^  frumenta  ex 
agris  in  oppida  comportant^  naves  in  Venetiam,  ubi  Caesarem 
primum  esse  bellum  gesturum  constabat,  quam  plurimas  possunt, 
cogunt.  Socios  sibi  ad  id  bellum  Osismos,  Lexovios,  i^amnetes, 
Ambiliatos,  Morinos,  Diablintres,  Menapios  asclscunt;  auxilia 
ex  Britannia,  quae  contra  eas  regiones  posita  est,  areessunt. 

Caesar^s  motives. 

10.  Erant  hae  difficultates  belli  gerendi,  quas  supra  ostendimus, 
sed  multa  Caesarem  tamen  ad  id  bellum  incitabant :  iniuriae 
retentorum  equitum  Romanorum,  rebellio  facta  post  deditionem, 
defectio  datis  obsidibus,  tot  civitatum  coniuratio;  in  primis  ne, 
hac  parte  neglecta,  reliquae  nationes  sibi  idem  licere  arbitra- 
rentur.  Itaque  cum  intellegeret  omnes  fere  Gallos  no  vis  rebus 
studere,  et  ad  bellum  mobiliter  celeriterque  excitari^  omnes  autem 
homines  natura  libertati  studere  et  condicionem  servitutis  odisse, 
priusquam  plures  clvitates  conspirarent/  partiendum  sibi  ac  latins 
distribuendum  exercitum  putavit. 

11.  Itaque  T.  Labienum  legatum  in  Treveros,  qui  proximi 
flumini  Eheno  sunt,  cum  equitatu  mittit.  Huic  mandat  Remos 
reliquosque  Belgas  adeat,^  atque  in  officio  contmeat;  Germanos- 
que,  qui  auxilio  a  Belgis  arcessiti  dlcebantur^  si  per  vim  navibus 
fltimen  transire  conentur,  prohibeat.  P.  Crassum,  cum  cohortibus 
legionariis  duodecim  et  magno  numero  equitatus,  in  Aquitaniam 
proficlsci  iubet  ne  ex  his  nationibus  auxilia  in  Galliam  mittantur, 
ac  tantae  nationes  coniungantur.  Q.  Tittirium  Sablnum  legatum 
cum  legionibus  tribus  in  Unellos,  Curiosolites  Lexoviosque  mittit, 
qui  eam  manum  distinendam  ^  curet.    Decimum  Brtitum  adule- 

Special  Study.  —  Accusative  of  gerundive  denoting  purpose. 


H  M  A 

1  605(520,1,2)  351  827 
»  565  (499,  2)     333, 2  331,/,  r. 


G  B 
577  292 
546,  R.  2  295,8 


H  M        A       G  B 

3  622  (544, 2,  n.  2)  295,  2   294,  d  430  337, 7, 2) 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  III. 


87 


scentem  class!  Gallicisque  navibus^  quas  ex  Pictonibus  et  Santonis 
reliquisque  pacatis  regionibus  convemre  iusserat,  praeficit^  et, 
cum  primum  posset,  in  Venetos  proficisci  iubet.  Ipse  eo  pedestri- 
bus  copils  contendit. 

Description  of  the  towns. 

12.  Erant  eiusmodi  fere  situs  oppidorum,  ut,  posita  in  extremis 
lingulis  promunturilsque,  neque  pedibus  aditum  haberent,  cum 

ex  alto  se  aestus  inci- 
tavisset,  quod  bis  ac- 
cidit  semper  horarum 
duodecim  spatio,  neque 
navibus,  quod  rursus 
minuente  aestu  naves 
in  vadis  adfilctarentur.^ 
Ita  utraque  re  oppido- 
rum  oppugnatio  impe- 
diebatur;  ac  si  quando 
magnittidine  operis  for- 
te superati  —  extrtiso 
marl  aggere  ac  molibus 
suis  forttinTs  desperare 
coeperant,  magno  numero  navium  appulso,  cuius  rel  summam 
facultatem  habebant,  sua  deportabant  omnia,  seque  in  proxima 
oppida  recipiebant:  ibi  se  rursus  isdem  opportunitatibus  loci 
defendebant.  Haec  eo  facilius  magnam  partem  aestatis  faciebant, 
quod  nostrae  naves  tempestatibus  detinebantur,  summaque  erat 
vasto  at  que  aperto  marl,^  magnis  aestibus,  raris  ac  prope  ntillls 
portibus,  difficultas  navigandi. 

Special  Study. — Ablative  absolute. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  588,  II  (516,  II)     357     821     541     286,  1  |  3  489  (431, 4)      255      255,  a      409      227, 1 


TOWN  OF  VENETI. 


atque  his  oppidi  moenibus  adaequatis  — 


88 


CAESAR. 


Their  ships.    Difficulties  of  the  campaign, 

13.  Namque  ipsorum  naves  ad  hunc  modum  factae  armataeque 
erant :  carlnae  aliquanto  planiores  quam  nostrarum  navium,  quo 
facilius  vada  ac  decessum  aestus  excipere  possent ;  prorae  admo- 
dum  erectae,  atque  item  puppes  ad  magnitudinem  fluctuum  tem- 
pestatumque  accommodatae ;  naves  totae  factae  ex  robore  ad 
quamyis  vim  et  contumeliam  perferendam  ;  transtra  pedalibus  in 
altitudinem  trabibus  conflxa  clavis  ferreis  digit!  pollicis  crassitu- 
dine ;  ancorae  pro  ftinibus  ferreis  catenis  revinctae ;  pelles  pro 
veils  alutaeque  tenuiter  confectae^  hae  sive  propter  lini  inopiam 
atque  eius  tisus  mscientiam,  sive  eo^  quod  est  magis  verl  simile, 
quod  tantas  tempestates  Ocean!  tantosque  impetus  ventorum  su- 
stineri  ac  tanta  onera  navium  reg!  vel!s  non  satis  commode  posse 
arbitrabantur.  Cum  li!s  navibus  nostrae  class!  ^  eiusmodi  con- 
gressus  erat,  ut  una  celeritate  et  pulsu  remorum  praestaret, 
reliqua  pro  loc!  natura,  pro  v!  tempestatum  ill!s  essent  aptiora 
et  accommodatiora.  Neque  enim  his  nostrae  rostro  nocere  pote- 
rant  (tanta  in  iis  erat  f!rmitudo),  neque  propter  altitudinem  facile 
telum  adigebatur^  et  eadem  de  causa  minus  commode  copulis  con- 
tinebantur.  Accedebat  ut,  cum  saevire  ventus  coepisset  et  se 
vento  dedissent,  et  tempestatem  ferrent^  facilius  et  in  vadis 
consisterent  ^  tutius  et  ab  aestu  rel!ctae  nihil  saxa  et  cautes 
timerent;^  quarum  rerum  omnium  nostr!s  navibus  casus  erat 
extimescendus. 

Meeting  of  the  fleets, 

14.  Compluribus  exptignatis  oppid!s  Caesar,  ubi  intellexit 
frustra  tantum  laborem  sum!,  neque  hostium  fugam  capt!s  oppi- 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  result  after  impersonal  verbs. 
H  MAGBl  H  MAGB 

1  430  (387)        212        231        349        190  |  3  571, 1  (501,  1, 1)  341,  2  832,  a,  2  553,  4  297,  2 


BE  BELLO  GALLICO,  III. 


89 


dls  reprimi  neque  iis  ^  noceri  posse,  statuit  exspectandam  classem. 
Quae  ubi  convenit  ac  primum  ab  hostibus  visa  est,  circiter  ccxx. 

naves  eorum  paratis- 
simae  atque  onml 
genere  armorum  orna- 
tissimae  profectae  ex 
portti  nostris  adversae 
constiterunt ;  neque 
satis  Brtito,  qui  class! 
praeerat,  vel  tribtinls 
militum  centurioni- 
busque,  quibus  sin- 
gulae  naves  erant  at- 
tribtitae,  constabat  quid  agerent  aut  quam  rationem  pugnae 
Tnsisterent.  Rostro  enim  noceri  non  posse  cognoverant;  tur- 
ribus  autem  excitatis,  tamen  has  altitudo  puppium  ex  barbaris 
navibus  superabat,  ut  neque  ex  inferiore  loco  satis  commode 
tela  adigi  possent  et  missa  ab  Gallis  gravius  acciderent. 


NAVIS  LONGA. 


Tactics  and  victory  of  the  Bomans. 

Una  erat  magno  usuT  res  praeparata  a  nostris,  —  falces  praeacti- 
tae  Tnsertae  adfixaeque  longuriis,  non  absimili  forma  muralium 
falcium.^  His  cum  funes,  qui  antemnas  ad  malos  destinabant, 
comprehensl  adductlque  erant,  navigio  remis  incitato  prae- 
rumpebantur.  Quibus  abscTsis  antemnae  necessario  concidebant; 
ut,  cum  omnis  Gallicis  navibus^  spes  in  veils  armamentisque 
consisteret,  his  ereptis,  omnis  tisus  navium  tino  tempore  eripe- 
retur.    Eeliquum  erat  certamen  positum  in  virtute,  qua  nostri 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  dative  with  similis. 

H  MAG  B 

1  302,  6  (301, 1)      145, 4  230     217        187,  II,  B 
»  435,4(391, 1[,4)  226,3  234, 359, R.l  204,3 


H 

3  425, 4,  N.  j 
(384.  II.  4.  N.  2)  i 


M 


A  G  B 
235,  a  350,1  188,1 


90 


CAESAR. 


milites  facile  snperabant,  atque  eo  magis,  qnod  in  conspectti 
Caesaris  atque  omnis  exercittis  res  gerebatur,  ut  nullum  paulo 
fortius  factum  latere  posset;  omnes  enim  colles  ac  loca  supe- 
riora,  unde  erat  propmquus  despectus  in  mare,  ab  exercitti 
tenebantur. 

15.  DisiectlS;  ut  diximus,  antemnis,  cum  singulas  blnae  ac 
ternae  naves  circumsteterant,  milites  summa  vi  transcendere  in 
hostium  naves  contendebant.  Quod  postquam  barbarl  fieri  ani- 
madverterunt,  expugnatis  compluribus  navibus,  cum  el  rei  nullum 
reperlretur  auxilium,  fuga  salutem  petere  contenderunt.  Ac  iam, 
conversis  in  eam  partem  navibus  quo  ventus  ferebat,  tanta  subito 
nialacia  ac  tranquillitas  exstitit,  ut  se  ex  loco  commovere  non 
possent.  Quae  quidem  res  ad  negotium  conliciendum  maxime 
fuit  opporttina:  nam  singulas  nostri  consectati  expugnaverunt, 
ut  perpaucae  ex  omnI  numero  noctis  interventu  ad  terram  per- 
venerint,  cum  ab  hora  fere  quarta  usque  ad  solis  occasum  pugna- 
retur. 

The  Veneti  are  enslaved, 

16.  Quo  proelio  bellum  Venetorum  totiusque  orae  maritimae 
confectum  est.  Nam  cum  ^  omnis  inventus,  omnes  etiam  gravioris 
aetatis,  in  quibus  aliquid  consilii  aut  dignitatis  fuit,  eo  convene- 
rant,  tum  ^  navium  quod  ubique  f uerat  unum  in  locum  coegerant ; 
quibus  amissis,  reliqui  neque  quo  se  reciperent,^  neque  quem  ad 
modum  oppida  defenderent^  habebant.  Itaque  se  suaque  omnia 
Caesari  dediderunt.  In  quos  eo  gravius  Caesar  vindicandum  sta- 
tuit,  quo  diligentius  in  reliquum  tempus  a  barbarls  ius  legatorum 
conservaretur.  Itaque  omni  senatu  necato  reliquos  sub  corona 
vendidit. 

Special  Study. — Use  of  cum  —  tum, 

H  MAGBl  H  MAGB 

1  657,  4,  N.  1  (554,  I,  5)  465,  2  155,  a  588  841,  3  |  2  591,  1.(503,  I)     383,  2     320     631,  2  283 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  IVe 


91 


Book  IV. 

Caesar  makes  preparations  to  invade  Britain, 

20.  Exigua  parte  aestatis  reliqua  Caesar,  etsi  in  his  locTs,  quod 
omnis  Gallia  ad  septentriones  vergit,  maturae  sunt  hiemes,  tanien 
in  Britanniam  proficisci  conteadit,  quod  omnibus  fere  Gallicis 
bellis  hostibus  nostrls  inde  submini strata  auxilia  intellegebat  et^ 
si  tempus  annl  ad  bellum  gerendum  deficeret,  tamen  magno  sibi 
USUI  fore  arbitrabatur,  si  modo  insulam  adisset,^  genus  hominum 
perspexisset,  loca^  porttis,  aditus  cognovisset;  quae  omnia  fere 
Gallis  erant  incognita.  Neque  enim  temere  praeter  mercatores 
illo  adiit  quisquam,  neque  ils  ipsis  quicquam  praeter  oram  mari- 
timam  atque  eas  regiones  quae  sunt  contra  Gallias  notum  est. 
Itaque  vocatis  ad  se  undique  mercatoribus,  neque  quanta  esset 
msulae  magnitudo,  neque  quae  aut  quantae  nationes  incolerent, 
neque  quern  usum  belli  haberent  aut  quibus  instittitis  uterentur, 
neque  qui  essent  ad  maiorum  navium  multitudinem  idonei  porttis 
reperire  poterat. 

He  sends  Volusenus  ahead  to  report. 

21.  Ad  haec  cognoscendaj  priusquam  periculum  faceret,  ido- 
neum  esse  arbitratus  Gaium  Volusenum  cum  navi  longa  prae- 
mittit.  Huic  mandat  ut  exploratis  omnibus  rebus  ad  se  quam 
primum  revertatur.  Ipse  cum  omnibus  copiis  in  Morinos  pro- 
ficTscitur,  quod  inde  erat  brevissimus  in  Britanniam  traiectus. 
Hue  naves  undique  ex  finitimis  regionibus  et  quam  superiore 
aestate  ad  Veneticum  bellum  effecerat  classem  iubet  convenire. 
Interim  consilio  eius  cognito  et  per  mercatores  perlato  ad  Britan- 

Bpecial  Study.  —  Euture  conditions  after  past  tenses. 

1  H  576  :  545,  II;  2  (509,  N.  3)  M  403  A  30T,/  G  596,2  B  320,5 


92 


CAESAR. 


nos,  a  compluribus  insulae  civitatibus  ad  eum  legati  veniunt,  qui 
poUiceantur  obsides  dare  ^  atque  imperio  populi  Eomanl  obtem- 
perare.  Quibus  auditis,  liberaliter  pollicitus  hortatusque  ut  in 
ea  sententia  permanerent,  eos  domum  remittit,  et  cum  iis  una 
Commium,  quern  ipse  Atrebatibus  superatis  regem  ibi  constitu- 
erat,  cuius  et  virtutem  et  consilium  probabat,  et  quem  sibi  Melem 
esse  arbitrabatur,  ctiiusque  auct^ritas  in  his  regionibus  magni 
habebatur,  mittit.  Huic  imperat  quas  possit  adeat  civitates, 
horteturque  ut  populi  Eomanl  fidem  sequantur,  seque  celeriter  eo 
venttirum  nuntiet.  Volusenus,  perspectis  regionibus  omnibus, 
quantum  ei  facultatis  darl  potuit,  qui  navi  egredi  ac  se  barbaris 
committere  non  auderet,  quinto  die  ad  Caesarem  revertitur,  quae- 
que  ibi  perspexisset  rentintiat. 


Submission  of  the  MorinL    Bringing  together  and  assignment  of 

the  ships. 

22,  Dum  in  his  locis  Caesar  navium  parandarum  causa  moratur, 
ex  magna  parte  Morinorum  ad  eum  legati  venerunt,  qui  se  de 
superioris  temporis  consilio  excusarent,  quod  homines  barbari  et 
nostrae  consuettidinis  imperiti  bellum  populo  Eomano  fecissent,^ 
seque  ea  quae  imperasset  facttiros^  pollicerentur.  Hoc  sibi 
Caesar  satis  opportune  accidisse  arbitratus,  quod  neque  post 
tergum  hostem  relinquere  volebat,  neque  belli  gerendi  propter 
anni  tempus  facultatem  habebat,  neque  has  tantularum  rerum 
occupationes  Britanniae  anteponendas  itidicabat,  magnum  iis 
numerum  obsidum  imperat.  Quibus  adductis,  eos  in  fidem  rece- 
pit.  Navibus  circiter  octoginta  onerariis  coactis  contractisque, 
quot  satis  esse  ad  duas  transportandas  legiones  existimabat,  quod 

Special  Study.  —  Tense  of  infinitive  with  verbs  of  promising. 


H  M       A  G  B 

1  619, 1  (537,  N.  1)  272  330,/,  n.  531,  n.  4  328, 1 
a  448  (404)  224  252,  a     380,  1     203, 3 


H  M       A       G  B 

3  588,  II  (516,  II)     357     321     541     286,  1 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  IV. 


93 


praeterea  navium  longarum  habebat  quaestor!,  legatis  praefectis- 
que  distribuit.  Hue  accedebant  oetodecim  onerariae  naves,  quae 
ex  eo  loco  ab  milibus  passuum  octo  vento  tenebantur,  quominus 
in  eundem  portum  venire  possent :  ^  has  equitibus  distribuit. 
Keliquum  exercitum  Q.  Tittirio  Sabino  et  L.  Aurunculeio  Cottae 
legatis  in  Menapios,  atque  in  eos  pagos  Morinorum  ab  quibus  ad 
eum  legati  non  venerant  ducendum  dedit;  P.  Sulpicium  Eufum 
legatum,  cum  eo  praesidio  quod  satis  esse  arbitrabatur,  portum 
tenere  iussit. 

Caesar  sets  sail 

23.  His  constittitTs  rebus,  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigandum  tem- 
pestatem,  tertia  fere  vigilia  solvit,  equitesque  in  ulteriorem 
portum  progredi  et  naves  conscendere  et  se  sequi  iussit.  A  qui- 
bus cum  paulo  tardius  esset  adininistratum,  ipse  hora  circiter  die! 
quarta  cum  primls  navibus  Britanniam  attigit,  atque  ibi  in  omni- 
bus collibus  expositas  liostium  copias  armatas  conspexit.  Cuius 
loci  haec  erat  natura,  atque  ita  montibus  augustis  mare  contine- 
batur,  uti  ex  locis  superioribus  in  litus  telum  adig!  posset.  Hunc 
ad  egrediendum  nequaquam  idoneum  locum  arbitratus,  dum 
reliquae  naves  eo  convenTrent,^  ad  horam  nonam  in  ancorls  exspec- 
tavit.  Interim,  legltTs  tribunTsque  militum  convocatTs,  et  quae 
ex  Voluseno  cognosset  et  quae  fieri  vellet  ostendit,  monuitque,  ut 
rei  militaris  ratio,  maxime  ut  maritimae  res  postularent  (ut  quae 
celerem  atque  Tnstabilem  motum  haberent'^),  ad  nutum  et  ad 
tempus  omnes  res  ab  iis  administrarentur.  His  dlmissis,  et  ven- 
tum  et  aestum  uno  tempore  nactus  secundum,  dato  sTgno  et  sub- 
latTs  ancoris,  circiter  milia  passuum  septem  ab  eo  loco  progressus, 
aperto  ac  piano  litore  naves  constituit. 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  with  dum. 

H  M  A        G  B 


H  M       A       G  B 

1  596, 2  (505,  II,  1)      341 , 3  881 ,  e,  2  549  295, 3 

2  603,  II,  2  (519,  II,  2)  354     328       572  293,  III,  2 


3  592, 1        )  332, 2,  n.  320,  e,  n.  1  633  283, 3,  a 
(517,3,1))) 


94 


CAESAR. 


Tlie  Britons  oppose  Ms  landing,  hut  are  defeated, 

24.  At  barbarl,  consilio  Eomanorum  cognito,  praemisso  equi- 
tatu  et  essedariis,  quo  plerumque  genere  in  proeliis  titl  consuenint, 
reliquTs  copiis  subsecuti,  nostros  navibus  egredl  prohibebant. 
Erat  ob  has  causas  summa  difficultas,  quod  naves  propter  magni- 
tudinem  nisi  in  alto  constitui  non  poterant ;  militibus  ^  autem, 
ignotls  locTs,  impedltis  manibus,  magno  et  gravl  onere  armorum 
oppressis,  simul  et  de  navibus  desiliendum  et  in  fluctibus  consi- 
stendum  et  cum  hostibus  erat  ptignandum ;  cum  illi  aut  ex  arido, 
aut  paulum  in  aquam  progress!,  omnibus  membris  expeditis,  no- 
tissimis  locis,  audacter  tela  conicerent,  et  equos  msuefactos  inci- 


tarent.  Quibus  rebus  nostrl  perterriti,  atque 
htiius  omnino  generis  ^  pugnae  imperItT,  non 
eadem  alacritate  ac  studio  quo  in  pedestribus 
uti  proeliis  consuerant  titebantur. 

A  standard-hearer'' s  hravery.    The  Britons  routed, 

25.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  animadvertit,  naves 
longas,  quarum  et  species  erat  barbaris  inusi- 
tatior  et  motus  ad  usum  expeditior,  paulum 
remover!  ab  onerari!s  navibus  et  remis  incitari 
et  ad  latus  apertum  hostium  constitui  atque 
inde  fund!s,  sagittis,  tormentis  bostes  propelli 
ac  submoveri  iussit;  quae  res  magno  tisui  no- 
stris  fuit.  Nam  et  navium  figtira  et  remorum 
motti  et  intisitato  genere  tormentorum  permoti 
barbari  constiterunt  ac  paulum  modo  pedem 


AQuiLiFER.       rettulerunt.    Atque  nostris  militibus  cunctanti- 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  with  adjectives. 

H  MAGBI  H  MA  GB 

1  431(388)        207        232        355        189,118  451,1  (399,1,2)    226,1    218,  a    374  204,1 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  lY. 


95 


bus,  maxime  propter  altitudineni  maris,  qui  decimae  legionis 
aquilam  ferebat,  contestatus  deos  lit  ea  res  legion!  felTciter 
evenlret,  '^Desilite/'  inquit,  ^^milites,  nisi  Yultis  aquilam  hostibus 
prodere :  ego  certe  meum  rel  publicae  at  que  imperatori  officium 
praestitero.''  ^  Hoc  cum  voce  magna  dixisset,  se  ex  navi  proiecit 
atque  in  hostes  aquilam  ferre  coepit.  Tum  nostrl  cohortati 
inter  se,  ne  tantum  dedecus  admitteretur,  universi  ex  navi 
desiluerunt.  Hos  item  ex  proximis  navibus  cum  conspexissent, 
subsectitl  hostibus  appropmquarimt. 

26.  Pugnatum  est  ab  utrisque  acriter.  Nostri  tamen,  quod 
neque  ordines  servare  neque  firmiter  insistere  neque  sTgna  sub- 
sequl  poterant,  atque  alius  alia  ex  navi,  quibuscumque  sigms 
occurrerat,  se  aggregabat,  magno  opere  perturbabantur ;  hostes 
vero,  notis  omnibus  vadls,  ubi  ex  iTtore  aliquos  singulares  ex 
navi  egredientes  conspexerant,  incitatls  equis  impeditos  adorie- 
bantur,  plures  paucos  circumsistebant,  alii  ab  latere  aperto  in 
universos  tela  coniciebant.  Quod  cum  animadvertisset  Caesar, 
scaphas  longarum  navium,  item  speculatoria  navigia  militibus^ 
compleri  iussit  et,  quos  laborantes  conspexerat,  his  subsidia  sub- 
mittebat.  ]S"ostri,  simul  in  arido  constiterunt,  suis  omnibus  con- 
secutTs  in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt  atque  eos  in  fugam  dederunt, 
neque  longius  prosequi  potuerunt,  quod  equites  cursum  ten  ere 
atque  Tnsulam  capere  non  potuerant.  Hoc  unum  ad  pristinam 
fortunam  Caesari  defuit. 

Truce  with  the  Britons, 

27.  Hostes  proelio  superati,  simul  atque  se  ex  fuga  receperunt, 
statim  ad  Caesarem  legatos  de  pace  mlserunt;  obsides  daturos 
quaeque  imperasset  facttiros  esse  polliciti  sunt.    Una  cum  his 

Special  Study.  — Use  of  the  future  perfect  tense. 
H           MAG  Bl  H  MAGB 

1  540,1(473,1)   311   281,  R.    244,  n.  1    2fi4,  r/J  »  477,  II  (421,  II)    250    248,  c,  2    405  218,8 
A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  7 


96 


CAESAR. 


legatis  Commius  Atrebas  venit,  quern  supra  demon straveram  a 
Caesare  in  Britanniam  praemissum.  Hunc  illi  e  navi  egressum, 
cum  ad  eos  oratoris  modo  Oaesaris  mandata  deferret,  compre- 
henderant  atque  in  vincula  coniecerant :  tum,  proelio  facto,  re- 
miserunt;  et  in  petenda  pace  eius  rei  culpam  in  multitudinera 
contulerunt,  et  propter  imprudentiam  ut  ignosceretur  ^  petlverunt. 
Caesar  questus  quod,  cum  ultro  in  continentem  legatis  missis 
pacem  ab  se  petlssent,  bellum  sine  causa  intulissent,  Ignoscere 
imprudentiae  dixit,  obsidesque  imperavit;  quorum  ill!  partem 
statim  dederunt,  partem  ex  longinquioribus  locis  arcessitam  pan- 
els diebus  sese  dattiros  dixerunt.  Interea  suos  remigrare  in  agros 
iusserant,  prmcipesque  undique  convenire,  et  se  civitatesque  suas 
Caesar!  commendare  coeperunt. 

Destruction  of  part  of  the  fleet.  ' 

28.  His  rebus  pace  confirmata,  post  diem  quartum  quam  est  in 
Britanniam  ventum,  naves  duodecim,  de  quibus  supra  demonstra- 
tum  est,  quae  equites  sustulerant,  ex  superior e  portu  leni  vento 
solverunt.  Quae  cum  appropinquarent  Britanniae  et  ex  castrls 
viderentur,  tanta  tempestas  subito  coorta  est,  ut  nulla  earum  cur- 
sum  tenere  posset ;  sed  aliae  eodem  unde  erant  profectae  refer- 
rentur,  aliae  ad  inferiorem  partem  insulae,  quae  est  propius  solis 
occasum,  magno  sui^  cum  perlculo  deicerentur;  quae  tamen, 
ancorls  iactis,  cum  fluctibus  complerentur,  necessario  adversa 
nocte  in  altum  provectae  continentem  petierunt. 

29.  Eadem  nocte  accidit  ut  esset  Itina  plena,  qui  dies  maritimos 
aesttis  maximos  in  Oeeano  efficere  consuevit,  nostrisque  id  erat 
incognitum.    Ita  tino  tempore  et  longas  naves,  quibus  Caesar 
exercitum  transportandum  curaverat,  quasque  in  aridum  sub- 
Special  Study.  —  The  objective  genitive. 

H  MAG  ^1  ^  MAGB 

1  802,  6  (301,  1)   145,  4   230   208,  2    187,  2,  6  |  3  440,  2  (396,  III)     216     217     363,  2  200 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  lY. 


97 


dtixerat,  aestus  compleverat ;  et  onerarias,  quae  ad  ancoras  erant 
deligatae,  tempestas  adflictabat,  neque  lilla  nostrls  facultas  aut 
administrandi  aut  auxiliandi  dabatur.  Compluribus  navibus  frac- 
tis  reliquae  cum  essent  funibus,  ancoris  reliqulsque  armamentls 
amissis  ad  iiavigandum  inutiles,  magna^  id  quod^  necesse  erat 
accidere,  totlus  exercittis  perturbatio  facta  est.  Neque  enim  naves 
erant  aliae,  quibus  reportan  possent,  et  omnia  deerant,  quae  ad 
reficiendas  naves  erant  tisui,  et,  quod  omnibus  constabat  hiemarl 
in  Gallia  oportere,  frumentum  his  in  locis  in  hiemem  provisum 
non  erat. 

The  Britons  conspire.    Caesar  makes  preparations, 

30.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  principes  Britanniae,  qui  post  proe- 
lium  ad  Caesarem  convenerant,  inter  se  conloctiti,  cum  equites  et 
naves  et  frumentum  Eomanis  deesse  intellegerent  et  paucitatem 
militum  ex  castrorum  exiguitate  cognoscerent,  quae  hoc  erant 
etiam  angustiora,  quod  sine  impedimentis  Caesar  legiones  trans- 
portaverat,  optimum  factu  esse  dtixerunt  rebellione  facta  frumento 
commeatuque  nostros  prohibere  et  rem  in  hiemem  prodticere, 
quod  his  superatis  aut  reditu  intercltisis  neminem  postea  belli 
mferendi  causa  in  Britanniam  transiturum  confldebant.  Itaque 
rtirsus  coniuratione  facta  paulatim  ex  castris  discedere  ac  suos 
clam  ex  agris  dedticere  coeperunt. 

31.  At  Caesar,  etsT  nondum  eorum  consilia  cognoverat,  tamen 
et  ex  eventti  navium  suarum  et  ex  eo,  quod  obsides  dare  inter- 
miserant,  fore  id,  quod  accidit,  suspicabatur.  Itaque  ad  omnes 
casus  subsidia  comparabat.  Nam  et  frumentum  ex  agris  cotidie 
in  castra  conferebat  et,  quae  gravis sime  adflictae  erant  naves, 
earum  materia  atque  acre  ad  reliquas  reficiendas  utebatur  et 

Special  Study.  —  Quod  with  indicative  in  causal  clauses. 
1.  H   399,  6  (445,  7)  M   182,  2  A  200,  e  G  614,  r.  2  B  247, 1,  b 


98 


CAESAR. 


quae  ad  eas  res  erant  usui/  ex  continenti  comportari  iubebato 
Itaque,  cum  summo  studio  a  militibus  administraretur,  duodecim 
navibus  amissiS;  reliquis  ut  navigari  commode  posset  effecit 

A  legion  engaged  in  reaping  is  surprised. 

32.  Dum  ea  geruntur,  legione  ex  consuetudine  una  frumenta- 
turn  missa,  quae  appellabatur  septima,  neque  ulla  ad  id  tempus 
belli  susplcione  interposita^  —  cum  pars  liominum  in  agrls  rema- 
neretj  pars  etiam  in  castra  ventitaret^  —  ii  qui  pro  portis  castrorum 
in  statione  erant  Caesarl  nuntiaverunt  pulverem  maiorem  quam 
consuetudo  ferret  in  ea  parte  viderl^  quam  in  partem  legio  iter 
fecisset.  Caesar,  id  quod  erat  suspicatus,  aliquid  novi  a  barbarls 
initum  consilii,  cohortes  quae  in  stationibus  erant  secum  in  eam 
partem  proficIscT,  ex  reliquis  duas  in  stationem  cohortes  succe- 
dere,  reliquas  armari  et  confestim  sese  subsequi  iussit.  Cum 
paulo  longius  a  castris  processisset,  suos  ab  hostibus  premT,  atque 
aegre  sustinere,  et  conferta  legione  ex  omnibus  partibus  tela 
conic!  animadvertit.  Nam  quod,  omnI  ex  reliquis  partibus  de- 
messo  frtimento,  pars  una  erat  reliqua,  suspicati  hostes  hue  no- 
stros  esse  venttiros,  noctti  in  silvas  delituerant;  tum  disperses, 
depositis  armis,  in  metendo  occupdtos,  subito  adorti,  panels  inter- 
fectls,  reliquos  incertis  ordinibus  perturbaverant,  simul  equitatti 
atque  essedls  circumdederant. 

The  British  methods  in  warfare.    Further  engagements. 

33.  Genus  hoc  est  ex  essedls  ptignae.  Primo  per  omnes  partes 
perequitant,  et  tela  coniciunt,  atque  ipso  terrore  equorum  et 
strepitu  rotarum  ordines  plerumque  perturbant ;  et  cum  se  inter 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  or  accusative  and  ad  after  usui. 

1  H   433,  3  (390,  II,  n.  2)  M   206  A   233,  a  G  356  B   191,  1 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  IV. 


99 


equitum  turmas  Insiimaverunt,  ex  essedis  desiliunt,  et  pedibus 
proeliantur.  Aurigae  interim  paulatim  ex  proelio  excedunt^  at- 
que  ita  currtis  conlocant,  uti  si  ill!  a  multitudine  hostium  pre- 
mantur,  expedltum  ad  suos  receptum  habeant.  Ita  mobilitatem 
equitum^  stabilitatem  peditum  in  proeliis  praestant;  ac  tantum 
usu  cotidiano  et  exercitatione  efficiunt,  utI  in  declivi  ac  praecipiti 
loco  incitatos  equos  sustinere,  et  brevi  moderari  ac  fiectere,  et 
per  temonem  percurrere,  et  in  iugo  msistere,  et  se  inde  in  currtis 
citissime  recipere  consnerint. 

34.  Quibus  rebus  perturbatis  nostris  novitate  ptignae,  tempore 
opportunissimo  Caesar  auxilium  tulit :  namque  eius  adventu 
hostes  constiterunt^  nostri  se  ex  timore  receperunt.  Quo  facto  ad 
iacessenduin  et  ad  committendum  proelium  alienum  esse  tempus 
arbitratus  suo  se  loco  continuit  et  brevI  tempore  intermisso  in 
castra  legiones  reduxit.  Dum  haec  geruntur,  nostris  omnibus 
occupatis,  qui  erant  in  agris  reliquT,  discesserunt.  Secutae  sunt 
continues  complures  dies  tempestates^  quae  et  nostros  in  castrls 
continerent^  et  hostem  a  pugna  prohiberent.  Interim  barbari 
nuntios  in  omnes  partes  dimlserunt  paucitatemque  nostrorum 
mllitum  suis  praedicaverunt  et  quanta  praedae  faciendae  atque 
in  perpetuum  sui^  liberandi  facultas  daretur,  si  Romanos  castrls 
expulissent,  demonstraverunt.  His  rebus  celeriter  magna  multi- 
tudine peditatus  equitatusque  coacta  ad  castra  venerunt. 

35.  Caesar  etsi  idem  quod  superioribus  diebus  acciderat  fore 
videbat,  ut,  si  essent  hostes  pulsl,  celeritate  perlculum  effugerent,^ 
tamen  nactus  equites  circiter  triginta,  quos  Commius  Atrebas,  de 
quo  ante  dictum  est^  secum  transportaverat,  legiones  in  acie  pro 
castrls  constituit.  Commisso  proelio  dititius  nostrorum  mllitum 
impetum  hostes  ferre  non  potuerunt  ac  terga  verterunt.  Quos 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  of  gerund  with  suic 


H  M        A        G  B 

1  591,2(500,1)  382,4  819,2  681,1  284,2 
3  626, 3  C544)      299      298,  a  428,  r.  1   339, 5 


H  M         A       G  B 

3  619,2(537,3)     260,4    288,/    248  270,3 


100 


CAESAR. 


tanto  spatio  ^  secuti,  quantum  cursti  et  viribus  efficere  potuerunt, 
compltires  ex  iis  occlderunt,  deinde  omnibus  longe  lateque  aedi- 
ficiis  incensis  se  in  castra  receperunt. 

Peace  is  made,  and  Caesar  returns  to  Gaid. 

36.  Eodem  die  legati  ab  hostibus  miss!  ad  Caesarem  de  pace 
venerunt.  His  Caesar  numerum  obsidum^  quern  ante  impera- 
verat,  duplicavit  eosque  in  continentem  adduci  iussit,  quod 
propinqua  die  aequinoctil  infirmis  navibus  hiemi  navigationem 
subiciendam  non  exTstimabat.  Ipse  idoneam  tempestatem  nactus 
paulo  post  mediam  noctem  naves  solvit ;  quae  omnes  incolumes 
ad  continentem  pervenerunt ;  sed  ex  ils  onerariae  duae  eosdem, 
quos  reliqui,  portus  capere  non  potuerunt  et  paulo  mfra  delatae 
sunt. 

37.  Quibus  ex  navibus  cum  essent  expositi  mllites  circiter 
trecenti,  atque  in  castra  contenderent,  Morinl,  quos  Caesar  in 
Britanniam  proficlscens  pacatos  reliquerat,  spe  praedae  adducti, 
prTmo  non  ita  magno  suorum  numero  circumsteterunt,  ac^  si 
sese^  interfici  nollent,  arma  ponere  iusserunt.  Cum  illT,  orbe 
facto,  sese  defenderent,  celeriter  ad  clamorem  hominum  circiter 
milia  sex  convenerunt.  Qua  re  nuntiata,  Caesar  omnem  ex  castris 
equitatum  suTs  auxilio  misit.  Interim  nostri  milites  impetum 
hostium  sustinuerunt,  atque  amplius  horis  quattuor  fortissimo 
ptignaverunt,  et  panels  vulneribus  acceptTs  compltires  ex  his 
occiderunt.  Postea  vero  quam  equitatus  noster  in  conspectum 
venit,  hostes  abiectis  armis  terga  verterunt,  magnusque  eorum 
numerus  est  occisus. 

38.  Caesar  postero  die  T.  Labienum  legatum,  cum  iis  legioni- 
bus  quas  ex  Britannia  redtixerat,  in  Morinos,  qui  rebellionem 

Special  Study.  —  Direct  and  indirect  reflexives. 

H  MA  G:B|H  M  a  GB 

1  479,  3  (379,  2)      248      2§7,  b      406     221  |  3  504  (449)      437      196,  a,  1      520     244,  1 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V. 


101 


fecerant,  misit.  Qui  cum,  propter  siccitates  paludum,  quo  se 
reciperent^  non  haberent  (quo  superiore  anno  perfugio  fuerant 
usl),  omnes  fere  in  potestatem  LabienI  pervenerunt.  At  Q. 
Tittirius  et  L.  Cotta  legati,  qui  in  Menapiorum  fines  legi- 
ones  dtixerant,  omnibus  eorum  agris  vastatis,  frtimentls  sue- 
cisis,  aediiiciis  incensis,  quod  MenapiT  se  omnes  in  densissi- 
mas  silvas  abdiderant,  se  ad  Caesarem  receperunt.  Caesar  in 
Belgis  omnium  legionum  hiberna  constituit.  Eo  duae  omnino 
civitates  ex  Britannia  obsides  miserunt,  reliquae  neglexerunt. 
His  rebus  gestis,  ex  litteris  Caesaris  dierum  viginti  sup- 
plicatio  a  senatu  decreta  est. 


Book  V. 

Caesafs  second  expedition  to  Britain, 

8.  His  rebus  gestis,  Labieno  in  continente  cum  tribus  legioni- 
bus  et  equitum  milibus  duobus  relicto,  ut  portus  tueretur  et  rem 
frumentariam  provideret,  quaeque  in  Gallia  gererentur  cognosce- 
ret,  consiliumque  pro  tempore  et  pro  re  caperet,  ipse  cum  quinque 
legionibus  et  pari  numero  equitum,  quem  in  continent!  reliquerat, 
ad  solis  occasum  naves  solvit;  et  lenl  Africo  provectus,  media 
circiter  nocte  vento  intermisso,  cursum  non  tenuit ;  et  longius 
delatus  aestu  orta  luce  sub  sinistra  Britanniam  rellctam  con- 
spexit.  Tum  rursus  aestus  commutationem  sectitus,  remis  con- 
tendit  ut  eam  partem  insulae  caperet,  qua  optimum  esse  egressum 
superiore  aestate  cognoverat.  Qua  in  re  admodum  fuit  militum 
virtus  laudanda,  qui  vectoriis  gravibusque  navigiis,^  non  inter- 
misso  remigandl  labore,  longarum  navium  cursum  adaequarunt. 
Accessum  est  ad  Britanniam  omnibus  navibus  merldiano  fere 

Special  Study.  — Use  of  gerundive  as  predicate  adjective. 
H  MAGBIH  M  A  GB 

X  591, 1  (,503, 1)    383,  2     320,  a     631,  2    283  |  3  476  (420)      247,  1      248,  c,  1     401  218 


102 


CAESAR. 


tempore,  neque  in  eo  loco  hostis  est  visus ;  sed,  ut  postea  Caesar 
ex  captivis  cognovit,  cum  magnae  mantis  eo  convenissent,  multi- 
tudine  navium  perterritae,  quae  cum  annotinis  privatlsque,  quas 
sui  quisque  commodi^  fecerat,  amplius  octingentae  imo  erant 
visae  tempore,  a  lltore  discesserant  ac  se  in  superiora  loca  ab- 
diderant. 

He  defeats  the  Britons,    Injury  to  the  fleet, 

9.  Caesar  exposito  exercitu  et  loco  castrTs  idoneo  capto,  ubi  ex 
captivTs  cognovit  quo  in  loco  hostium  copiae  consedissent,  cohor- 
tibus  decern  ad  mare  rellctls  et  equitibus  trecentis,  qui  praesidio 
navibiis  essent,^  de  tertia  vigilia  ad  hostes  contendit,  eo  minus 
veritus  navibus,  quod  in  litore  molli  atque  aperto  deligatas  ad 
ancoram  relinquebat,  et  praesidio  navibus  QuTntiim  Atrium  prae- 
fecit.  Ipse  noctu  progressus  milia  passuum  circiter  duodecim 
hostium  copias  conspicatus  est.    Illl  equitatu  atque  essedis  ad 

flumen  progress!  ex  loco 
superiore  nostros  prohi- 
bere  et  proelium  com- 
mittere  coeperunt.  Ee- 
pulsi  ab  equitatu  se  in 
silvas  abdiderunt,  locum 
nacti  egregie  et  natura 
et  opere  mumtum,  quem 
domestic!  belli,  ut  videba- 
tur,  causa  iam  ante  prae- 
paraverant :  nam  crebris 
arboribus  succTsTs  omnes  introittis  erant  praeclus!.    Ipsi  ex  silvis 
ran  proptignabant  nostrosque   intra  mtimtiones   ingredi  pro- 
Special  Study.  —  The  testudo. 


TESTUDO. 


1  sc.  cama 


3  H  590  (497,  I)       M  382,  3      A   317,  2      G  630      B   282,  2 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V. 


103 


hibebant.  At  milites  legionis  septimae  testudine  facta  et  aggere 
ad  munitiones  adiecto  locum  ceperunt  eosque  ex  silvis  expu- 
lerunt  paucis  vulneribus  acceptls.  Sed  eos  fapientes  longius 
Caesar  prosequi  vetuit,  et  quod  loci  naturam  ignorabat^  et  quod 
magna  parte  diei  consumpta  munition!  castrorum  tempus  relinqui 
volebat. 

10.  Postridie  eius  diei,  mane,  tripartito  milites  equitesque  in 
expedltionem  misit,  ut  eos  qui  fugerant  persequerentur.  His 
aliquantum  itineris^  progressis,  cum  iam  extremi  essent  in  pro- 
spectU;,  equites  a  Q.  Atrio  ad  Caesarem  venerunt,  qui  nuntiarent 
superiore  nocte,  maxima  coorta  tempestate,  prope  omnes  naves 
adflictas  atque  in  lltore  eiectas  esse ;  quod  neque  ancorae  ftines- 
que  subsisterent,  neque  nautae  gubernatoresque  vim  tempesta- 
tis  pati  possent.  Itaque  ex  eo  concursu  navium  magnum  esse 
incommodum  acceptum. 

Rapid  repairing  of  the  ships. 

11.  His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  legiones  equitatumque  revocari 
atque  in  itinere  desistere  iubet ;  ipse  ad  naves  revertitur :  eadem 
fere  quae  ex  nuntils  litterlsque  cognoverat  coram  perspicit,  sic 
ut  amissis  circiter  quadraginta  navibus  reliquae  tamen  refici 
posse  magno  negotio  viderentur.  Itaque  ex  legionibus  fabros 
deligit,  et  ex  continenti  alios  arcessi  iubet;  Labieno  scribit  ut 
quam  plurimas  posset,  ils  legionibus^  quae  sunt  apud  eum,  naves 
instituat.  Ipse,  etsi  res  erat  multae  operae  ac  laboris,  tamen 
commodissimum  esse  statuit  omnes  naves  subduci  et  cum  castris 
una  munltione  coniungi.  In  his  rebus  circiter  dies  decem  con- 
sumit,  ne  nocturnis  quidem  temporibus  ad  laborem  mllitum  inter- 
missis.    Subductis  navibus  castrisque  egregie  mtinitis,  easdem 

Special  Study.  —  Persons  considered  as  means. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAGE 

1  442(39T,  3)     225     216,3     369     201,2  13  468,2(415,1,1)  247,1  248,  c,l  401,  E.l  218,10 


104 


CAESAR. 


copias  quas  ante  praesidio  navibus  reliquit;  ipse  eodem  unde 
redierat  proJ&ciscitur.  Eo  cum  venisset,  maiores  iam  undique  in 
eum  locum  copiae  Britannorum  convenerant;  summa  imperii 
bellique  administrandi  communi  consilio,  permissa  Cassivel- 
launo.  cuius  fines  a  maritimis  civitatibus  flumen  dividit,  quod 
appellatur  Tamesis,  a  marl  circiter  milia  passuura  octoginta. 
Huic  superiore  tempore  cum  reliquis  civitatibus  continentia 
bella  intercesserant ;  sed  nostro  adventu  permoti  Britanni  hunc 
toti  bello^  imperioque  praefecerant. 

Description  of  Britain  and  the  Britons, 

12.  Britanniae  pars  interior  ab  iis  incolitur,  quos  natos  in 
Insula  ipsi  memoria  proditum  dicunt;  maritima  pars  ab  iis  qui 
praedae  ac  belli  mferendi  causa  ex  Belgio  transierunt  (qui  omnes 
fere  iis  nominibus  civitatum  appellantur,  quibus  orti  ex  civi- 
tatibus eo  pervenerunt)  et  bello  inlato  ibi  permanserant  atque 
agros  colere  coeperunt.  Hominum  est  mflnlta  multitudo  creber- 
rimaque  aedificia  fere  Gallicis  consimilia,  peeorum  magnus 
numerus.  Utuntur  aut  aere  aut  nummo  aureo  aut  taleis  ferreis 
ad  certum  pondus  examinatis  pro  nummo.  ISTascitur  ibi  plumbum 
album  in  mediterraneis  regionibus,  in  maritimis  ferrum^  sed  eius 
exigua  est  copiaj  aere  utuntur  importato.  Materia  ctiiiisque 
generis,  ut  in  Gallia,  est  praeter  fagum  atque  abietem.  Leporem 
et  galllnam  et  anserem  gustare  fas  non  putant ;  haec  tamen  alunt 
animi  voluptatisque  causa.  Loca  sunt  temperatiora  quam  in 
Gallia,  remissioribus  frlgoribus. 

13.  Insula  natura  triquetra,  cuius  tinum   latus   est  contra 
Galliam.    Huius  lateris  alter  angulus,  qui  est  ad  Cantium,  quo 
fere  omnes  ex  Gallia  naves  appelluntur,  ad  orientem  solem,  in- 
Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  compound  verbs. 

1  H  429  (386)  M  202  A  228  G  347  B  18T,  III 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V. 


106 


ferior  ad  meridiem  spectat.  Hoc  pertinet  circiter  milia  passuum 
quingenta.  Alteram  vergit  ad  Hispaniam  atque  occidentem 
solem ;  qua  ex  parte  est  Hibernia,  dimidio  minor,  ut  existimatur, 
quam  Britannia,  sed  pari  spatio^  transmissus  atque  ex  Gallia 
est  in  Britanniam.  In  hoc  medio  cursu  est  Insula,  quae  appel- 
latur  Mona;  complures  praeterea  minores  subiectae  insulae 
existimantur ;  de  quibus  insulis  nonnuUi  scrlpserunt  dies  con- 
tinues triginta  sub  bruma  esse  noctem.  Nos  nihil  de  eo  per- 
contationibus  reperiebamus,  nisi  certis  ex  aqua  menstiris  breviores 
esse  quam  in  continent!  noctes  videbamus.  Htiius  est  longi- 
ttido  lateris,  ut  fert  illorum  opinio,  septingentorum  milium.  Ter- 
tium  est  contra  septentriones ;  cui  parti  nulla  est  obiecta  terra, 
sed  eius  angulus  lateris  maxime  ad  Germaniam  spectat.  Hoc 
mIlia  passuum  octingenta  in  longitudinem  esse  existimatur.  Ita 
omnis  Insula  est  in  circuitti  vicies  centenum  milium  passuum. 

Their  customs. 

14.  Ex  his  omnibus  longe  sunt  htimanissiml  qui  Cantium 
incolunt,  quae  regio  est  maritima  omnis,  neque  multum  a  Gallica 
differunt  consuettidine.  Interiores  plerlque  frumenta  non  serunt, 
sed  lacte  et  carne  vivunt  pellibusque  sunt  vestltl.  Omnes  vero 
se  BritannI  vitro  Inficiunt,  quod  caeruleum  efficit  colore m,  atque 
hoc  horridiores  sunt  in  pugna  aspectti ;  capilloque^sunt  promisso 
atque  omnI  parte  corporis  rasa  praeter  caput  et  labrum  superius. 

Skirmishing  with  the  Britons, 

15.  Equites  hostium  essedariique  acriter  proelio  cum  equitatu 
nostro  in  itinere  confllxerunt,  tamen  ut  nostrl  omnibus  partibus 
superiores  fuerint  atque  eos  in  silvas  collesque  compulerint; 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  ablative  of  quality. 

1  H   473,  2  (419,  II)  M   246  A   251  G   400  B  224 


106 


CAESAR. 


sed  compluribus   interfectis    cupidius   Insectiti   nonntillos  ex 

tsuis  amiserunt.  At  ill!  intermisso  spatio,  imprti- 
dentibus  nostris  atqiie  occupatis  in  mtinltione  ca- 
strorum,  subito  se  ex  silvis  eiecerunt  impettique  in 
eos  factOj  qui  erant  in  statione  pro  castris  conlocati^ 
acriter  ptignaverunt,  duabusque  missis  subsidio  co- 
hortibns  a  Caesare,  atqne  his  primis  legionum 
diiarum,  cum  bae  perexiguo  intermisso  loci  spatio 
inter  se  constitissent,  novo  genere  pugnae  perter- 
ritis  nostris  per  medios  audacissime  perrtiperunt 
seque  inde  incolumes  receperunt.  Eo  die  Quintus 
Laberius  Durus  tribtinus  militum  interficitur.  Illl 
pltiribus  submissis  cohortibus  repellunturo 
™  16.  Toto  hoc  in  genere  pugnae,  cum  sub  oculis 

GLADius.  omnium  ac  pro  castris  dimicaretur,  intellectum  est 
nostros  propter  gravitatem  armorum,  quod  neque  insequi  cedentes 
possent  neque  ab  signis  discedere  auderent,  minus  aptos  esse  ad 
huius  generis  hostem ;  equites  autem  magno  cum  periculo  dimi- 
care,  propterea  quod  ill!  etiam  consulto  plerumque  cederent,  et 
cum  paulum  ab  legionibus  nostros  removissent,  ex  essedis  desili- 
rent  et  pedibus  disparl  proelio  contenderent.  Equestris  autem 
proelii  ratio  et  cedentibus  et  msequentibus  par  atque  idem  pe- 
rlculum  mferebat.  Accedebat  hue  ut  numquam  conferti  sed  rari 
magnisque  intervallis  proeliarentur/  stationesque  dispositas  habe- 
rent,  atque  alios  alii  deinceps  exciperent,  integrique  et  recentes 
defatigatis  succederent. 

The  enemy  routed. 

17.  Postero  die  procul  a  castris  hostes  in  collibus  cons^iterunt, 
rarlque  se  ostendere,  et  lenius  quam  pridie  nostros  equites  proelio 

Special  Study.  ■ —  8e  used  for  reciprocal  pronoun. 


1  H   571,  1  (501,  I,  1)         M  341,  2         A   332,  a,  2         G   553,  3         B   297,  3 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V. 


107 


lacessere  coeperunt.  Sed  meridie,  cum  Caesar  pabulandl  causa 
tres  legiones  atque  omnem  equitatum  cum  C.  Trebonio  legato 
misisset,  repente  ex  omnibus  partibus  ad  pabulatores  advolave- 
runt,  sic  uti  ab  signis  legionibusque  non  absisterent.  ISTostri, 
acriter  in  eos  impetu  facto,  repulerunt,  neque  finem  sequendi 
fecerunt,  quoad  subsidio  confisi  equites,  cum  post  se  legiones 
viderent,  praecipites  hostes  egerunt;  magnoque  eorum  mimero 
interfecto,  neque  sul  conligendi  neque  consistendi  aut  ex  essedis 
desiliendi  facultatem  dederunt.  Ex  hac  fuga  protinus  quae  undi- 
que  convenerant  auxilia  discesserunt ;  neque  post  id  tempus 
umquam  summis  noblscum  copiis  hostes  contender unt. 

Caesar  marches  to  the  Thames  against  Cassivellaunus,  who  declines 

battle. 

18.  Caesar,  cognito  consilio  eorum,  ad  fltimen  Tamesim  in  fines 
Cassivellauni  exercitum  dtixit;  quod  fltimen  uno  omnino  loco 
pedibus,  atque  hoc  aegre,  transirl  potest.  Eo  cum  venisset,  ani- 
mum  advertit  ad  alteram  flilminis  ripam  magnas  esse  copias  ho- 
stium  mstructas ;  ripa  autem  erat  actitis  sudibus  praef Ixis  miinita, 
eiusdemque  generis  sub  aqua  defixae  sudes  flumine  tegebantur. 
His  rebus  cognitis  a  captivis  perfugisque,  Caesar,  praemisso  equi- 
tatti,  confestim  legiones  subsequi  iussit.  Sed  ea  celeritate  atque 
60  impetu  milites  ierunt,  cum  capite^  solo  ex  aqua  exstarent,  ut 
hostes  impetum  legionum  atque  equitum  sustinere  non  possent, 
ripasque  dimitterent  ac  se  fugae  mandarent. 

19.  Cassivellaunus,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  omni  deposita 
spe  contentionis,  dimissis  amplioribus  copiis,  mllibus  circiter 
quattuor  essedariorum  relictis,  itinera  nostra  servabat;  paulum- 
que  ex  via  excedebat,  locisque  impeditis  ac  silvestribus  sese 

Special  Study.  — Ablative  of  degree  of  difference. 
1  H  480  (424)  M  238, 1  A  253  G  397  B  226, 1 


108 


CAESAK. 


occultabat,  atque  ils  regionibns^  quibus  nos  iter  factiiros  cogno- 
verat^  pecora  atque  homines  ex  agris  in  silvas  compellebat  et, 
cum  equitatus  noster  llberius  praedandi  vastandlque  causa  se 
in  agros  eiecerat,  omnibus  viis  semitisque  essedarios  ex  silvis 
emittebat  et  magno  cum  perlculo  nostrorum  equitum  cum  iis 
confllgebat  atque  hoc  metu  latius  vagari  prohibebat.  Eelinque- 
batur  ut  neque  longius  ab  agmine  legionum  disced!  Caesar 
pateretur/  et  tantum  in  agris  vastandis  incendiisque  faciendis 
hostibus  noceretur/  quantum  labore  atque  itinere  legionarii  mili- 
tes  efficere  poterant. 

Several  tribes  surrender,     Caesar  captures  a  stronghold  of  the 

Britons. 

20.  Interim  Trinobantes,  prope  firmissima  earum  regionum 
cTvitas,  ex  qua  Mandubracius  adulescens  Caesaris  fidem  sectitus 
ad  eum  in  continentem  Galliam  venerat,  cuius  pater  in  ea  civitate 
regnum  obtinuerat  interfectusque  erat  a  Cassivellauno,  ipse  fuga 
mortem  vitaverat,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  pollicenturque, 
sese  el  dedittiros  atque  imperata  facturos ;  petunt  ut  Mandubra- 
cium  ab  initiria  CassivellaunI  defendat  atque  in  civitatem  mittat, 
qui  praesit^  imperiumque  obtineat.  His  Caesar  imperat  obsides 
quadraginta  frtimentumque  exercitui  Mandubraciumque  ad  eos 
mittit.  111!  imperata  celeriter  fecerunt^  obsides  ad  numerum 
frtimentumque  miserunt. 

21.  Trinobantibus  defensis  atque  ab  omni  mllitum  initiria  pro- 
hibitis,  CenimagnT,  SegontiacI^  Ancalites^  Bibroci,  CassI  legationi- 
bus  missis  sese  Caesar!  dedunt.  Ab  iis  cognoscit  non  longe  ex 
eo  loco  oppidum  Cassivellaun!  abesse  silvis  paludibusque  mtini- 

Special  Study.  — Use  of  correlatives  tantum  —  quantum. 

H  MAGBI  H  M  AGB 

1  571,1(501,1,1)  341,2  332,  a,  2  553,3  297,2  3  590(497,1)  382,3  317,2  630  232,2 
»  302,  6  (301, 1)    145, 4  230        217     187,  II,  h  | 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V. 


109 


tiim,  quo  satis  magniis  hominum  pecorisque  numerus  convenerit. 
Oppidum  autem  Britanni  vocant,  cum  silvas  impeditas  vallo  atque 
fossa  munierunt,  quo  incursionis  hostium  vitandae  causa  conve- 
nire  consuerunt.  Eo  proficiscitur  cum  legionihus  :  locum  reperit 
egregie  natura  atque  opere  mtinitum ;  tarn  en  hunc  duabus  ex 
partibus  oppugnare  contendit.  Hostes  paulisper  morati  mllitum 
nostrorum  impetum  non  tulerunt  seseque  alia  ex  parte  oppidi 
eiecerunt.  Magnus  ibi  numerus  pecoris  repertus ;  multique  in 
fuga  sunt  comprehensi  atque  interfecti. 

Attack  on  the  naval  camp.     The  Britons  submit  and  Caesar 
returns  to  Gaul. 

22.  Dum  haec  in  his  locis  geruntur,  Cassivellaunus  ad  Cantium, 
quod  esse  ad  mare  supra  demonstravimus,  quibus  regionibus 
quattuor  reges  praeerant,  Cingetorix,  Carvilius,  Taximagulus, 
Segovax,  nuntios  mittit,  atque  his  imperat  uti,  coactis  omnibus 
copiis,  cas;;ra  navalia  de  improviso  adoriantur  atque  oppugnent. 
Ii  cum  ad  castra  venissent,  nostri,  eruption e  facta,  multis  eorum 
interfectiSj  capto  etiam  nobill  duce  Lugotorige,  suos  incolumes 
redtixerunt.  Cassivellaunus,  hoc  proelio  nuntiato,  tot  detrlmentis 
acceptis,  vastatis  finibus,  maxim e  etiam  permotus  defectione  civi- 
tatum,  legatos  per  Atrebatem  Commium  de  deditione  ad  Caesarem 
mittit.  Caesar  cum  constituisset  hiemare  ^  in  continent!  propter 
repentinos  Galliae  mottis,  neque  multum  aestatis  superesset,  atque 
id  facile  extrahi  posse  intellegeret,  obsides  imperat;  et  quid  in 
annos  singulos  vectigalis  populo  Romano  Britannia  penderet  con- 
stituit.  Interdlcit  atque  imperat  Cassivellauno  ne  'Mandubracio 
neu  Trinobaiitibus  bellum  faciat. 

23.  Obsidibus  acceptis,  exercitum  reducit  ad  mare,  naves  inve- 

Special  Study.  —  Infinitive  with  verbs  of  resolving. 


1  H   565,  5  (498,  I,  n.)  M  264  A  831,  d  G  546,  N.  3  B  295,  n. 


110 


CAESAR. 


nit  refectas.  His  deductiSj  quod  et  captivorum  magnum  nume- 
rum  habebat,  et  nonntillae  tempestate  deperierant  naves,  duobus 
commeatibus  exercitum  reportare  mstituit.  Ac  sic  accidit  uti  ex 
tanto  navium  numero,  tot  navigationibus,  neque  hoc  neque  supe- 
riore  anno  tilla  qmnino  navis  quae  mllites  portaret  desideraretur : 
at  ex  ils  quae  inanes  ex  continenti  ad  eum  remitterentur,  et 
prioris  commeattis  expositis  militibus,  et  quas  postea  Labienus 
faciendas^  curaverat  numero  sexaginta,  perpaucae  locum  cape- 
rent;  reliquae  fere  omnes  reicerentur.  Quas  cum  aliquamdiu 
Caesar  frtistra  exspectasset,  ne  anni  tempore  a  navigatione 
excluderetur,  quod  aequinoctium  suberat,  necessario  angustius 
mllites  conlocavit  ac,  summa  tranquillitate  consectita,  secunda 
inita  cum  solvisset  vigilia,  prima  luce  terram  attigit  omnesque 
incolumes  naves  perdtixit. 

Two  brave  rivals. 

44.  Erant  in  ea  legione  fortissimi  virl,  centuriones,  qui  prTmIs 
ordinibus  appropinquarent,^  T.  Pulio  et  L.  Vorenus.  Hi  per- 
petuus inter  se  controversias  liabebant  quinam  anteferretur, 
omnibusque  annis  de  locis  summis  simultatibus  contendebant. 
Ex  his  Pulio,  cum  acerrime  ad  munitiones  pugnaretur,  "Quid 
dubitas/^  inquit,  "  Vorene  ?  aut  quem  locum  tuae  probandae 
virtutis  exspectas?  hic  dies  de  nostrls  controversiis  itidicabit.'^ 
Haec  cum  dixisset,  procedit  extra  munitiones,  quaque  pars 
hostium  confertissima  est  visa,  inrumpit.  Ne  Vorenus  quidem 
tum  sese  vallo  continet,  sed  omnium  veritus  existimationem 
subsequitur.  '  Mediocrl  spatio  rellcto,  Pulio  pilum  in  hostes 
immittit,  atque  unum  ex  multitudine  procurrentem  traicit;  quo 
percusso  et  exanimato,  hunc  scutis  protegunt,  in  hostem  tela 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  characteristic. 

H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  622  (&44, 2,  N  2)  295,2  294,     430  337,  t,  2)  1  ^  591,1  (503,  I)     383,  2     320     631,2  283 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  VL 


111 


UniversT  coniciunt,  neque  dant  regrediendi  facultatem.  Trans- 
figitur  scutum  PulionI,  et  verutum  in  balteo  defigitur.  Avertit 
hic  casus  vagTnam,  et  gladium  educere  conanti  dextrani  moratur 
manum^  impeditumque  hostes  circumsistunt.  Succurrit  inimlcus 
illi  Yorenus  et  laboranti  subvenit.  Ad  hunc  se  confestim  a 
Pulione  omnis  multitudo  convertit ;  ilium  veruto  arbitrantur 
occTsum.  Gladio  comminus  rem  gerit  Yorenus,  atque  tino  inter- 
fecto  reliquos  paulum  propellit ;  dum  cupidius  Tnstat,  in  locum 
deiectus  Tnferiorem  concidit.  Huic  rursus  circumvento  fert  sub- 
sidium  Pulio,  atque  ambo  incolumes,  compluribus  interfectis, 
summa  cum  laude  sese  intra  munitiones  recipiunt.  Sic  fortuna 
in  contentione  et  certamine  utrumque  versavit,  ut  alter  alterl 
inimlcus  auxilio  saltitique  esset^  neque  diiudicarl  posset  uter 
utri  virttite  anteferendus  videretar. 


Book  VI. 

Customs  of  the  Gauls.    The  classes  of  society:  commons^  priests, 

warriors. 

13.  In  omni  Gallia  eoram  hominum  qu!  aliquo  sunt  numero  ^ 
atque  honore  genera  sunt  duo.  Nam  plebes  paene  serv5rum 
habetur  loco  quae  nihil  audet  per  se,  et  nullo  adhibetur  consilio. 
Plerlque,  cum  aut  acre  alieno  aut  magnitudine  tributorum  aut 
iiiiuria  potentiorum  premuntur,  sese  in  servitutem  dicant  nobili- 
bus.  In  hos  eadem  omnia  sunt  iura  quae  dominis  in  servos. 
Sed  de  his  duobus  generibus  alterum  est  Druidum,  alteram 
Equitum.  Illi  rebus  divinls  intersunt,  sacrificia  ptiblica  ac  pri- 
vata  proctirant,  religiones  inter pretantur.  Ad  eos  magnus  adule- 
scentium  numerus  disciplmae  causa  concurrit,  magnoque  hi  sunt 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  characteristic. 
1  H   473,  2  (419,  II)  M   246  A   251  G  400  B  224 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  8 


112 


CAESAR. 


apud  eos  honore.  Nam  fere  de  omnibus  controversiTs  publicTs 
privatlsque  constituunt ;  et,  si  quod  est  admissum  facinus,  si 
caedes  facta,  si  de  hereditate,  de  finibus  controversia  est,  iidem 
decernunt ;  praemia  poenasque  constituunt :  si  qui,  aut  privatus 
aut  popalus,  eorum  decreto  non  stetit,  sacrificils  interdlcunt. 
Haec  poena  apud  eos  est  gravissima.  Quibus^  ita  est  interdictum,^ 
hi  numero  inipiorum  ac  sceleratorum  habentur ;  his  omnes  dece- 
dant,  aditum  sermonemque  defugiunt,  ne  quid  ex  contagione 
incommodi  accipiant:  neque  his  petentibus  itis  redditur,  neque 
honos  ullus  communicatur.  His  autem  omnibus  Druidibus 
praeest  unus,  qui  suramam  inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem.  Hoc 
mortuo,  si  qui  ex  reliquls  excellit  dignitate,  succedit ;  aut,  si 
sunt  plures  pares,  suffragio  Druidum,  nonnumquam  etiam  armis 
de  principatu  contendunt.  Hi  certo  anni  tempore  in  finibus  Car- 
nutum,  quae  regio  totius  Galliae  media  habetur,  consldunt  in 
loco  consecrato  :  hue  omnes  undique  qui  controversias  habent 
conveniunt,  eorumque  decretis  itidicilsque  parent.  Discipllna  in 
Britannia  reperta  atque  inde  in  Galliam  translata  esse  exlstima- 
tur ;  et  nunc,  qui  diligentius  earn  rem  cognoscere  volunt  plerum- 
que  ill  \  discendl  causa  proficlscuntur. 


The  Druids  and  their  teachings.    The  knights, 

14.  Druides  a  bello  abesse  consuerunt  neque  tribtita  una  cum 
reliquls  pendunt,  militiae  vacationem  omniumque  rerum  habent 
immunitatem.  Tantis  excitati  praemils  et  sua  sponte  multl  in 
discipllnam  conveniunt  et  a  parentibus  proplnqulsque  mittuntur. 
Magnum  ibi  numerum  versuum  ediscere  dicuntur.  Itaque  annos 
nonnulll  viginti  in  discipllna  permanent.  Neque  fas  esse  exlsti- 
mant  ea  litterls  mandare,  cum  in  reliquls  fere  rebus,  publicis 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  object. 

H  MAG  BIH  MAGB 

1  426,3(384,11,5)  205,  n.  225,  e  346&R.1  187,11,5  I  3  302,6(301,1)  145.4  146,     217  187,  IL& 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  VI. 


113 


privatisque  rationibus^  Graecis  litteris  utantur.^  Id  mihi  duabus 
de  causis  Instituisse  videntur,  quod  neque  in  vulgum  discipllnam 
efferri  velint^  neque  eos,  qui  discunt,  litteris  confisos  minus 
memoriae  studere ;  quod  fere  plerlsque  accidit  ut  praesidio  lit- 
terarum  dlligentiam  in  perdiscendo  ac  memoriam  remittant.  In 
primis  hoc  volunt  persuadere,  non  interire^  animas,  sed  ab  aliis 
post  mortem  transire  ad  alios,  atque  hoc  maxime  ad  virttitem 
excitari  putant,  metu  mortis  neglecto.  Multa  praeterea  de  side- 
ribus  atque  eorum  motu,  de  mundi  ac  terrarum  magnitudine,  de 
rerum  natura,  de  deorum  immortalium  vl  ac  potestate  disputant 
et  iuventuti  tradunt. 

15.  Alterum  genus  est  equitum.  Hi,  cum  est  usus  atque 
aliquod  bellum  incidit  (quod  fere  ante  Caesaris  adventum  quot- 
annls  accidere  solebat,  uti  aut  ipsi  iniurias  mferrent  aut  inlatas 
propulsarent),  omnes  in  bello  versantur,  atque  eorum  ut  quisque 
est  genere  copiisque  amplissimus,  ita  pltirimos  circum  se  ambactos 
clientesque  habet.    Hanc  unam  gratiam  potentiamque  noverunt. 


Their  superstitions  and  human  sacrifices. 

16.  Natio  est  omnium  Gallorum  admodum  dedita  religionibus, 
atque  ob  eam  causam  qui  sunt  adfecti  gravioribus  morbis  quique 
in  proelils  perlcullsque  versantur  aut  pro  victimis  homines  immo- 
lant  aut  se  immolaturos  vovent  administrlsque  ad  ea  sacrificia 
Druidibus  utuntur,  —  quod,  pro  vita  hominis  nisi  hominis  vita 
reddatur,  non  posse  deorum  immortalium  ntimen  placarl  arbi- 
trantur;  publiceque  eiusdem  generis  habent^  instituta  sacrificia. 
Alii  immani  magnitudine  simulacra  habent,  quorum  contexta 
viminibus  membra  vivis  hominibus  complent;  quibus  succensis, 

Special  Study.  —  Fersuadere  with  infinitive  or  subjunctive. 


H  M         A       G  B 

1  598  (515,  III)  378, 6  326  587  309,  3 
»  588,11(516,11)    357        321     541  286,1 


H  M        A  G  B 

3  616,  2  (539,  II)     179   270, 3,  n.  1   320  169 

4  431, 3  (388,1,  N.)  284  292,  c        238  337,6 


114 


CAESAR. 


circumventi  flamma  exanimantur  homines.  Supplicia  eorum  qui 
in  furto  aut  in  latrocinio  ant  aliqna  noxa  sint^  comprehensl 
gratiora  dils  immortalibus  esse  arbitrantnr ;  sed,  cnm  eins  generis 
copia  defecit,  etiam  ad  innocentinm  supplicia  descendunt. 

Their  gods.    Measurement  of  time. 

17,  Deum  maxime  Mercurium  colunt :  huius  sunt  plurima 
simulacra ;  hunc  omnium  inventorem  artium  ferunt,  hunc  viarum 
atque  itinerum  ducem,  hunc  ad  quaestiis  pecuniae  mercattirasque 
habere  vim  maximam  arbitrantnr.  Post  hunc,  Apollinem  et 
Martem  et  lovem  et  Minervam.  De  his  eandem  fere  quam 
reliquae  gentes  habent  opmionem  :  Apollinem  morbos  depellere ; 
Minervam  operum  atque  artificiorum  initia  tradere;  lovem  impe- 
rium  caelestium  tenere ;  Martem  bella  regere.  Huic,  cum  proelio 
dimicare  constituerunt,  ea  quae  bello  ceperint^  plerumque  devo- 
vent:  cum  superaverunt,  animalia  capta  immolant,  reliquasque 
res  in  unum  locum  conferunt.  Multis  in  civitatibus  harum  rerum 
exstructos  tumulos  locis  consecratls  conspicarl  licet.  Neque  saepe 
accidit  ut  neglecta  quispiam  religione  aut  capta  apud  se  occultare 
aut  posita  tollere  auderet;  gravissimumque  el  rei  supplicium  cum 
cruciatti  constitutum  est. 

18.  Galli  se  omnes  ab  Dite  patre  prognatos  praedicant,  idque 
ab  Druidibus  proditum  dicunt.  Ob  cam  causam  spatia  omnis 
temporis  non  numero  dierum  sed  noctium  finiunt ;  dies  natales 
et  mensium  et  annorum  initia  sic  observant,  ut  noctem  dies  subse- 
quatur.  In  reliquTs  vltae  institutis  hoc  fere  ab  reliquls  differunt, 
quod  suos  liberos,  nisi  cum  adoleverunt,  ut  mtinus  militiae  su- 
stinere  possint,  palam  ad  se  adire  non  patiuntur;  filiumque  puerili 
aetate  in  publico  in  conspectti  patris  adsistere  turpe  ducunt. 

Special  Study.  —  Nisi  and  si  non, 

IH   643  (524)  M  392  A  336,2  G  650  B  314,1 


BE  BELLO  GALLICO,  Yl. 


115 


Social  customs  of  the  Gauls, 

19.  VirT,  quantas  peciinias  ab  uxoribus  dotis  nomine  accepe- 
runt,  tantas  ex  suls  bonis  aestimatione  facta  cum  dotibus  com- 
municant. Huius  omnis  pecuniae  coniunctim  ratio  habetur 
fructtisque  servantur;  uter  eorum  vita^  superavit,  ad  eum  pars 
utriusque  cum  frtictibus  superiorum  temporum  pervenit.  Virl 
in  uxoreS;  sicuti  in  liberos,  Yitae  necisque  babent  potestatem; 


DYING  GAUL. 


et  cum  pater  familiae  inlustriore  loco  natus  decessit,  eius  pro- 
plnqui  conveniunt  et,  de  morte  si  res  in  suspicionem  venit,  de 
uxoribus  in  servilem  modum  quaestionem  habent  et,  si  comper- 
tum  est,  igni  atque  omnibus  tormentis  excruciatas  interficiunt. 
Funera  sunt  pro  cultu  Gallorum  magnifica  et  sumptuosa;  om- 
niaque,  quae  vivls  cordl^  fuisse  arbitrantur,  in  ignem  mferunt, 
etiam  animalia,  ac  paulo  supra  banc  memoriam  servi  et  clientes, 
quos  ab  iis  dilectos  esse  constabat,  iustis  funeribus  confectis 
una  cremabantur. 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  specification. 
H  M  AGBIH  MAGB 

1  480  (424)       238, 1       253       397       226  |  3  433  (390, 1)     206     233,  a     356     191,  2,  a 


116 


CAESAR. 


20.  Quae  civitates  commodius  suam  rem  publicam  administrare 
existimantur  habent  legibus  sanctum/  si  quis  quid  de  re  ptiblica 
a  fmitimis  rtimore  aut  fama  acceperit,  uti  ad  magistratum  deferat^ 
neve  cum  quo  alio  commtinicet,  quod  saepe  homines  temerarios 
atque  imperitos  falsis  rtimoribus  terreri  et  ad  facinus  impelli 
et  de  summis  rebus  consilium  cape  re  cognitum  est.  Magistratiis 
quae  visa  sunt,  occultant,  quaeque  esse  ex  usti  itidicaverunt 
multitudini  produnt.  De  re  ptiblica  nisi  per  concilium  loqui  non 
conceditur. 

The  customs  of  the  Germans, 

21.  German!  multum  ab  hac  consuetudine  differunt.  Nam 
neque  Druides  habent,  qui  rebus  divinls  praesint,  neque  sacrificils 
student.  Deorum  numero  eos  solos  dticunt,  quos  cernunt  et 
quorum  aperte  opibus  iuvantur,  Solem  et  Vulcanum  et  Lunam, 
reliquos  ne  fama  quidem  acceperunt.  Viia  omnis  in  venationibus 
atque  in  studils  rel  mllitaris  consistit;  ab  parvulis  labor!  ac 
duritiae  student. 

Their  habits  of  life, 

22.  Agriculttirae  non  student ;  maiorque  pars  eorum  v!ctus  in 
lacte,  caseo,  carne  consistit.  Neque  quisquam  agri  modum  cer- 
tum  aut  fines  habet  proprios;  sed  magistratiis  ac  principes  in 
annos  singulos  gentibiis  cognationibusque  hominum,  qu!  una  coie- 
runt,  quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est  agri  attribuunt,  atque  anno 
post  alio  transire  cogunt.  Eius  re!  multas  adferunt  causas :  ne, 
adsidua  consuetiidine  capti,  studium  bell!  gerendi  agricultural 
commtitent ;  ne  latos  fines  parare  studeant,  potentioresque  humi- 
liores  possessionibus  expellant ;  ne  acciiratius  ad  frigora  atque  ae- 
sttis  vitandos  aedificent ;  ne  qua  oriatur  pecuniae  cupiditas,  qua 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  with  muto  and  compounds. 


H  M       A         G  B 

1  431  (388,  1,  N.)  284  292,  c  238  837, 6 
»  565  (498,  I)         333    331,  d     546    295, 4 


II-  M     A         a  B 

3  478, 4  (422,  n.  2)  251  252,  c  404,  n.  1   218, 5 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  YI. 


117 


ex  re  factiones  dissensionesque  nascuntur;  ut  animi  aequitate 
plebem  contineant,  cum  suas  quisque  opes  cum  potentissimis 
aequari  videat. 

Their  customs  in  war  and  social  virtues, 

23.  Civitatibus  maxima  laus  est  quam  latissime  circum  se 
vastatis  finibus  solittidines  habere.  Hoc  proprium  virtutis  exl- 
stimant,  expulsos  agris  fmitimos  cedere,  neque  quemquam  prope 
audere  consistere :  simul  hoc  se  fore  tutiores  arbitrantur,  repenti- 
nae  iiicursionis  timore  sublato.  Cum  bellum  civitas  aut  inlatum 
defeiidit  aut  infert,  magistrates  qui  ei  bello  praesint,^  ut  vltae 
necisque  habeant  potestatem,  deliguntur.  In  pace  ntillus  est 
communis  magistratus^  sed  prmcipes  regionum  atque  pagorum 
inter  suos  ius  dicunt,  controversiasoue  minuunt.  Latrocinia  nul- 
1am  habent  infamiam  quae  extra  fines  cuiusque  civitatis  fiunt, 
atque  ea  iuvenfciitis  exercendae  ac  desidiae  minuendae  causa  fieri 
praedicant.  Atque  ubi  quis  ex  principibus  in  concilio  dixit  se 
ducem  fore,  qui  sequl  velint  profiteantur,'^  consurgunt  ii  qui  et 
causam  et  hominem  probant,  suumque  auxilium  pollicentur  atque 
ab  multitudine  conlaudantur ;  qui  ex  his  secuti  non  sunt  in  de- 
sertorum  ac  proditorum  numero  ducuntur,  omniumque  his^  rerum 
postea  fides  derogatur.  Hospitem  violare  fas  non  putant;  qui 
quaque  de  causa  ad  eos  venerunt  ab  iniuria  prohibent,  sanctos 
habent,  bisque  omnium  domus  patent  victusque  communicatur. 


Comparison  of  Gauls  and  Germans. 

24.  Ac  fuit  antea  tempus,  cum  Germanos  Galli  virtute  superar 
rent,  ultro  bella  inferrent,  propter  hominum  niultitudinem  agrlque 

Special  Study.  —  Conditional  relative  clauses. 


H  M         A        G  B 

1  590  (497, 1)  382,  3  317,  2  630  282,  2 
^  642,4(523,111)   393       339       052  316 


H  MAG  B  ^ 

3  427  (385,  II,  2)    211    239    345,  r.  1    188,  d 


118 


CAESAR. 


inopiam  trans  Ehenum  colonias  mitterent.  Itaque  ea,  quae  ferti 
lissima  Germaniae  sunt,  loca  circum  Hercyniam  silvam,  quam 
Eratosthenl  et  quibusdani  Graecis  fama  notam  esse  video,  quam 
ill!  Orcyniam  appellant,  Volcae  Tectosages  occupaverunt  atque 
ibi  consederunt ;  quae  gens  ad  hoc  tempus  his  sedibus  sese  con- 
tinet  summamque  habet  itistitiae  et  bellicae  laudis  opinion  em. 
Nunc,  quod  in  eadem  inopia,  egestate,  patientia,  qua  ante,  Ger- 
man! permanent,  eodem  victti  et  cultti  corporis  tituntur,  Gallis 
autem  provinciarum  propinquitas  et  transmarinarum  rerum  noti- 
tia  multa  ad  copiam  atque  ustis  largitur,  paulatim  adsuefacti 
superarl  multisque  victi  proelils  ne  se  quidem  ipsi  cum  illis  virtute 
comparant. 

The  Hercynian  forest;  the  wild  animals  inhabiting  it 

25.  Huius  Hercyniae  silvae,  quae  supra  demonstrata  est, 
latitudo  novem  dierum  iter  expedito^  patet;  non  enim  aliter 
finirl  potest,  neque  mensuras  itinerum  noverunt.  Oritur  ab  Hel- 
vetiorum  et  ISTemetum  et  Eauricorum  finibus  rectaque  fluminis 
Danuvii  regione  pertinet  ad  fines  Dacorum  et  Anartium ;  hinc  se 
flectit  sinistrorsus  diversis  ab  flumine  regionibus  multarumque 
gentium  fines  propter  magnittidinem  attingit;  neque  quisquam 
est  huius  Germaniae,  qui  se  aut  adisse  ad  initium  eius  silvae 
dlcat^  cum  dierum  iter  sexaginta  processerit,  aut  quo  ex  loco 
oriatur  acceperit.  Multaque  in  ea  genera  ferarum  nasci  c5n- 
stat,  quae  reliquTs  in  locTs  visa  non  sint:  ex  quibus  quae 
maxime  differant  ab  ceteris  et  memoriae  prodenda  videantur 
haec  sunt. 

26.  Est  bos,  cervi  figura,  cuius  a  media  fronte  inter  aures  tinum 
cornu  exsistit,  excelsius  magisque  directum  his  quae  nobis  nota 

Special  Study.  — Dative  of  reference. 
H  MAGBI  H  MAGB 

1  425,  4  (384,  4,  N.  3)    210    235,  h    353   188,  2  |  3  591, 1  (503, 1)     383,  2     320,  a    631,  2  283 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO  VL 


119 


sunt  cornibus.  Ab  eius  summo  sicut  palmae  ramique  late  diffun- 
duntur.  Eadem  est  feminae  marisque  natura,  eadem  forma 
magnitudoque  cornuum. 

Method  of  capturing  the  elk. 

27.  Sunt  item  quae  appellantur  alces.  Harum  est  consimilis 
caprls  figura  et  varietas  pellium ;  sed  magnitudine  paulo  ante- 
cedunt,  mutilaeque  sunt  cornibuSj  et  crura  sine  nodis  articulisque 
habent ;  neque  quietis  causa  procumbunt,  neque,  si  quo  adflictae 
casu  conciderunt,  erigere  sese  aut  sublevare  possunt.  His  sunt 
arbores  pro  cubilibus :  ad  eas  se  applicant,  atque  ita  paulum  modo 
reclinatae  quietem  capiunt.  Quarum  ex  vestigiis  cum  est  animad- 
versum  a  venatoribus  quo  se  recipere  consuerint,  omnes  eo  loco 
aut  ab  radicibus  subruunt,  aut  accidunt  arbores,  tantum  ut  summa 
species  earum  stantium  relinquatur.  Hue  cum  se  consuetudine 
recllnaverunt;  Infirmas  arbores  pondere  adfligunt  atque  una  ipsae 
concidunt. 

28.  Tertium  est  genus  eorum  qui  tirl  appellantur.  Hi  sunt 
magnitudine  paulo  infra  elephantos ;  specie  et  colore  et  figura 
tauri.  Magna  vis  eorum  est  et  magna  velocitas  ;  neque  liomini 
neque  ferae  quam  conspexerunt  parcunt.  Hos  studiose  fovels 
captos  interficiunt.  Hoc  se  labore  durant  adulescentes,  atque 
hoc  genere  venationis  exercent ;  et  qui  plurimos  ex  his  interfece- 
runt,  relatis  in  publicum  cornibus,  quae  sint  ^  testimonio,  magnam 
ferunt  laudem.  Sed  adsuescere  ad  homines  et  mansuefieri  ne 
parvuli  quidem  excepti  possunt.  Amplitudo  cornuum  et  figura 
et  species  multum  a  nostrorum  boum  cornibus  differt.  Haec 
studiose  conquisita  ab  labris  argento  circumcltidunt  atque  in 
amplissimis  epulis  pro  poculis  tituntur. 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  purpose. 

1  H   590  (497,  I)  M  382,  3  A   317,  2  G  630  B   282,  2 


120 


CAESAR. 


The  German  Manner  of  Fighting. 

(De  Bello  Gallico,  I,  48.) 

48.  .  .  .  Genus  hoc  erat  ptignae,  quo  se  German!  exercuerant. 
Equitum  milia  erant  sex,  totidem  numero  pedites  velocissimi  ac 
fortissimi,  quos  ex  omnI  copia  singuli  singulos  suae  salutis  causa 
delegerant :  cum  his  in  proelils  versabantur.  Ad  eos  se  equites 
recipiebant:  hi,  si  quid  erat  durius,  concurrebant,  si  qui  gra- 
viore  vulnere  accepto  equo  deciderat,  circumsistebant ;  si  quo 
erat  longius  prodeundum  aut  celerius  recipiendum,  tanta  erat 
horum  exercitatione  celeritas,  ut  iubis  equorum  sublevati  cursum 
adaequarent. 

The  Customs  of  the  Suebi. 

(De  BeHo  GaUico,  IV,  1-2.) 

1.  .  .  .  Sueborum  gens  est  longe  maxima  et  bellicosissima  Ger- 
manorum  omnium.  Hi  centum  pagos  habere  dicuntur,  ex  quibus 
quotanms  singula  milia  armatorum  bellandi  causa  ex  flnibus 
edticunt.  ReliquT,  qui  domi  manserunt,  se  atque  illos  alunt.  Hi 
rtirsus  in  vicem  anno  post  in  armis  sunt,  ill!  domi  remanent. 
Sic  neque  agriculttira  nec  ratio  atque  usus  belli  intermittitur. 
Sed  privati  ac  separati  agri  apud  eos  nihil  est,  neque  longius 
anno  remanere  tino  in  loco  incolendi  causa  licet.  Neque  multum 
f rtimento,  sed  maximam  partem  ^  lacte  atque  pecore  vivunt,  mul- 
tumque  sunt  in  venationibus ;  quae  res  et  cibi  genere  et  cotidiana 
exercitatione  et  libertate  vitae,  cum  a  pueris  nullo  officio  aut  di- 
sciplina  adsuefacti  nihil  omnino  contra  voluntatem  faciant,  et 
vires  alit,  et  immani  corporum  magnitudine  homines  efficit. 
Atque  in  eam  se  consuetudinem  addtixerunt,  ut  locis  frigidissi- 
mis  neque  vestitiis  praeter  pelles  haberent  quicquam,  quarum 

Special  Study.  —  Adverbial  accusative. 

1  H  416,  2  (378,  2)  M  198  A  240,  a  G  338,  2  B  185 


THE  GAULS'  LOVE  OF  GOSSIP. 


121 


propter  exiguitatem  magna  est  corporis  pars  aperta,  et  lavareiitur 
in  fluminibus. 

2.  Mercatoribus  est  aditus  magis  eo,  ut  quae  bello  ceperint 
quibus  vendant  habeant,  quam  quo^  ullam  rem  ad  se  importari 
desiderent.  Quin  etiam  itimentls,  quibus  maxime  Galli  delec- 
tantur,  quaeque  impenso  parant  pretio,  German!  importatis  non 
utuntur;  sed  quae  sunt  apud  eos  nata,  parva  atque  deformia, 
haec  cotidiana  exercitatione  summi  ut  sint  laboris  efficiunt. 
Equestribus  proeliis  saepe  ex  equis  desiliunt  ac  pedibus  proeli- 
antur,  equosque  eodem  remanere  vestTgio  adsuefecerunt^  ad  quos 
se  celeriter,  cum  tisus  est,  recipiunt;  neque  eorum  moribus  tur- 
pius  quicquam  aut  inertius  habetur  quam  ephippils  uti.  Itaque 
ad  quemvis  numerum  ephippiatorum  equitum  quamvis  pauci 
adire  audent.  Vinum  ad  se  omnino  importari  non  sinunt,  quod 
ea  re  ad  laborem  ferendum  remollescere  homines  atque  effeminari 
arbitrantur. 

The  Gauls'  Love  of  Gossip. 

(De  Bello  Gallico,  IV,  5.) 

5.  .  .  .  Est  autem  hoc  Gallicae  consuetudinis, 
uti  et  viatores  etiam  invitos  consistere  cogant 
et  quid  quisque  eorum  de  quaque  re  audierit 
aut  cognoverit  quaerant,  et  me  r  cat  ores  in 
oppidis  vulgus  circumsistat,  quibusque  ex 
regionibus  veniant  quasque  ibi  res  cognove- 
HEAD  OF  GAUL.  y^j^t  prouuntiare  cogant.  His  rebus  atque 
(Home.)  auditionibus  permoti  de  summis  saepe  rebus 

consilia  ineunt,  quorum  eos  in  vestigio  paenitere  necesse  est, 
cum  incertis  rumoribus  serviant  et  plerique  ad  voluntatem 
eorum  ficta  respondeant. 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  with  verbs. 

1  quo  =  eo  quod. 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


NOCTES  ATTIC AE. 
Book  I. 

Fabricius  and  the  Samnite  Gold. 

14.  lulius  Hyginus  in  libro  De  Vita  Eehusque  Inlustrium  Vird- 
rum  sexto  legates  dlcit  a  Samnltibus  ad  C.  Fabricium,  imperato- 
282!  rem  popull  Eomanl,  venisse  et  memoratis  multis  inagnisque  rebus, 
quae  bene  ac  benevole  post  redditam  pacem  Samnltibus  fecisset, 
obtulisse  dono^  grandem  pectiniam  orasseque  uti  acciperet  tite- 
returque,  atque  id  facere  Samnites  dixisse,  quod  viderent  multa 
ad  splendorem  domtis  atque  victus  defieri  neque  pro  amplitudine 
dlgnitateque  lautum  paratum  esse.  Tum  Eabricium  planas 
mantis  ab  auribus  ad  oculos  et  infra  deinceps  ad  nares  et  ad  os  et 
ad  gulam  atque  inde  porro  ad  ventrem  imum  dedtixisse  et  legatis 
ita  respondisse :  dum  illls  omnibus  membris,  quae  attigisset,  ob- 
sistere  atque  imperdre  posset,  numquam  quicquam  defuturum; 
proptered  se  pecuniam,  qud^  nihil  sibi  esset  usus,  ab  Ms,  quibus^ 
earn  sciret  usui^  esse,  non  accipere. 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  of  usus. 

H  MAGBl  H  MAGE 

1  433  (390,  II)     206     233,  a     356     191,  2  |  2  477,  III  (414,  lY)    252    243,  e    406   218,  2 

122 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  I. 


123 


Socrates  and  Xanthippe, 


SOCRATES.  {Rome.) 


17.  Xanthippe,  Socratis  philosophi 
uxor,  rnorosa  admodum  fuisse  fertur 
et  iurgiosa,  irarumque^  et  molesti- 
arum  muliebrium  per  diem  perque 
noctem  scatebat.  Has  eius  intem- 
[  eries  in  maritum  Alcibiades  denii- 
rltus,  interrogavit  Socraten  quaenam 
ratio  esset,  cur  mulierem  tarn  acer- 
bam  dorao  non  exigeret.  ^^Quon- 
iam."  inquit  Socrates,  "  cum  illam 
domi  talem  perpetior,  insuesco  et 
exerceor,  ut  ceterorum  quoque  foris 
petulantiam  et  iniuriam  facilius 
feram/' 


The  Sibylline  Books. 
19.  In  antlquTs  annalibus  memoria  super  libris  SibyllTnTs  haec  b.o. 

534- 

prodita  est.  Anus  hospita  atque  incognita  ad  Tarquinium  Super- ^^^^ 
bum  regem  adiit,  novem  libros  ferens,  quos  esse  dicebat  divina 
oracula;  eos  velle  venumdare.  Tarquinius  pretium  percontatus 
est.  Mulier  nimium  atque  immensum  poposcit ;  rex,  quasi  anus 
aetate  desiperet,^  derlsit.  Tum  ilia  foculum  coram  cum  Igm 
apponit,  tres  libros  ex  novem  deurit  et  ecquid  reliquos  sex 
eodem  pretio  emere  vellet  regem  interrogavit.  Sed  enim  Tar- 
quinius id  multo  risit  magis  dixitque  anum  iam  procul  dubio^ 
delirare.  Mulier  ibidem  statim  tres  alios  libros  exussit  atque  id 
ipsum  denuo  placide  rogat,  ut  tres  reliquos  eodem  illo  pretio  emat. 

Special  Study.  —  Poetical  use  of  genitive  with  adjectives. 


H  MAG  B 

1  458,  2  (410,  V,  1)  231  223  383, 1,  n.  2  212, 1 
JJ  584  (513,  II)        375  312  60?  307, 1 


H  M        A         G  B 

3  490, 4  (437,  2)    258, 3    261,  h    417, 11   144,  2 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


Tarquinius  ore  iam  serio  atque  attentiore  animo  fit,  earn  constan- 
tiam  confidentiamque  non  In  super  habendam  intellegit,  libros 
tres  reliquos  mercatur  nihilo  minore  pretio  quam  quod  erat 
petitum  pro  omnibus.  Sed  earn  mulierem  tunc  a  Tarquinio 
digressam  postea  nusquam  loci  visam^  constitit.  Libri  tres,  in 
sacrarium  conditi,  Sibyllmi  appellati ;  ad  eos  quasi  ad  oraculum 
qumdecimvirl  adeunt,  cum  dl  immortales  ptiblice  consulendl  sunt. 

Papirius  Praetextatus. 

23.  Historia  de  Papirio  Praetextato  dicta  scriptaque  est  a  M. 
Catone  in  oratione,  qua  tisus  est  ad  milites  contra  Galbam,  cum 
multa  quidem  venustate  atque  luce  atque  munditia  verborum. 
Ea  Catonis  verba  huic  prorsus  commentario  indidissem,  si  librI 
copia  fuisset  id  temporis,  cum  haec  dictavl.^  Quod  si  non  virttites 
dignitatesque  verborum,  sed  rem  ipsam  scire  quaeris,  res  ferme  ad 
hunc  modum  est :  Mos  antea  senatoribus  Eomae  fuit,  in  curiam 
cum  praetextatis  filiis  introire.  Tum,  cum  in  senatu  res  maior 
quaepiam  consultata  eaque  in  diem  posterum  prolata  est  placuit- 
que  ut  cam  rem,  super  qua  tractavissent,  ne  quis  enuntiaret 
priusquam  decreta  esset,  mater  Paplril  puerT,  qui  cum  parente 
suo  in  curia  fuerat,  percontata  est  fllium  quidnam  in  senatu 
patres  egissent.  Puer  respondit  tacendum  esse  neque  id  did 
licere.  Mulier  fit  audiendl  cupidior;  secretum  rei  et  silentium 
pueri  animum  eius  ad  inquirendum  everberat:  quaerit  igitur 
compressius  violentiusque.  Tum  puer  matre  urgente  lepidi  atque 
festlvi  mendacii  consilium  capit.  Actum  in  senatu  dixit  utrum 
videretur  utilius  exque  re  publica  esse,  unusne  ut  duas  uxores 
haberet,  an  ut  una  apud  duos  nupta  esset.  Hoc  ilia  ubi  audivit, 
animus  compavescit,  domo  trepidans  egreditur,  ad  ceteras  ma- 
tronas  adfert.    Pervenit  ad  senatum  postridie  matrum  familias 

Special  Study.  —  Tenses  in  letters. 

1  sc.  esse  »  H  539, 1  (472, 1)      M  313      A  282      G  252      B  265 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  III. 


125 


caterva.  Lacrimantes  atque  obsecrantes  orant  una  potius  ut 
duobus  nupta  fieret  quam  ut  unl  duae.  Senatores  ingredieutes  in 
curiam  quae  ilia  mulierum  intemperies  et  quid  sibi  postulatio 
istaec  vellet  mirabantur.  Puer  Papirius  in  medium  curiae  pro- 
gressus  quid  mater  audire  Institisset,  quid  ipse  matrl  dixisset, 
rem,  sicut  fuerat,  denarrat.  Senatus  iidem  atque  ingenium  pueri 
exosculatur,  consultum  facit  uti  posthac  pueri  cum  patribus  in 
curiam  ne  introeant,  praeter  ille  imus  Papirius,  atque  puero  postea 
cognomentum  honoris  gratia  inditum  ^  Praetextatus  ^  ob  tacendi 
loquendlque  in  aetate  praetextae  prudentiam. 

Book  11. 
The  Difference, 

5.  Favorlnus  de  Lysia  et  Platone  solitus  dlcere  est :  "  Si 
ex  Platonis/'  inquit,  "  oratione  verbum  aliquod  demas  mutesve 
atque  id  commodatissiiiie  facias,  de  elegantia  tamen  detraxeris; 
si  ex  Lysiae,  de  sententia.'^ 

Book  III. 
Tlie  Meaning  of  the  Palm, 

6.  Per  hercle  rem  luTrandam  Aristoteles  in  septimo  Problema- 
torum  et  Plutarchus  in  octavo  Symposiacdrum  dicit.  Si  super 
palmae,"  inquiunt,  "  arboris  lignum  magna  ponder  a  imponas  ^  ac 
tarn  graviter  urgeas  oneresque,  ut  magnitudo  oneris  sustineri  non 
queat,  non  deorsum  palma  cedit  nec  intra  flectitur,  sed  ad  versus 
pondus  resurgit  et  sursiim  nltitur  recurvaturque  " ;  propterea," 
inquit  Plutarchus,  ^' in  certaminibus  palmam  signum  esse  placuit 
victoriae,  quoniam  ingenium  llgnl  eiusmodi  est  ut  urgentibus 
opprimentibusque  non  cedat.^' 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  in  conditions  to  express  general  truths. 
1  H   578,  2  (508,  5,  2))         M   370         A   309,  a  G   595,  b.  3  B  302,  2 


126 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


Pyrrhus  and  the  Poisoner, 

8.  Cum  Pyrrhus  rex  in  terra  Italia  esset  et  iinain  atque  alte- 
ram pilgnas  prospere  ptignasset  satisque  agerent  Eomanl  et  ple- 
raque  Italia  ad  regem  descivisset,  turn  Ambracieiisis  quispiam 
Timochares,  regis  Pyrrhl  amicus,  ad  C.  Fabricium  consulem  ftirtim 
venit  ac  praemium  petivit  et,  si  de  praemio  convenlret,  promlsit 
regem  venenis  necare,^  idque  facile  esse  factti  dixit,  quoniam 
fllius  suus  pocula  in  convivio  regl  ministraret.  Eam  rem  Fabri- 
cius  ad  senatum  scrlpsit.  Senatus  ad  regem  legates  misit  manda- 
vitque  ut  de  Timochare  nihil  proderent,  sed  monerent,  uti  rex 
circumspectius  ageret  atque  a  proximorum  Insidils  saltitem  ttitare- 
tur.  Hoc  ita,  utI  diximus,  in  Valerii  Antiatis  historia  scriptum 
est.  Quadrigarius  autem  in  libro  tertio  non  Timocharem  sed 
Niciam  adisse  ad  consulem  scrlpsit,  neque  legatos  a  senatti  missos, 
sed  a  coDSulibus,  et  Pyrrhum  populo  Eomano  laudes  atque  gratias 
scrlpsisse  captlvosque  omnes,  quos  tum  habuit,  vestlvisse  et 
reddidisse. 

Consules  tum  fuerunt  C.  Fabricius  et  Q.  Aemilius.  Lit- 
teras,  quas  ad  regem  Pyrrhum  super  ea  causa  miserunt,  Claudius 
Quadrigarius  scrlpsit  fuisse  hoc  exemplo:  Consules  Eomani  salti- 
tem dicunt  Pyrrho  regi.  Nos  pro  tuls  iniuriis  continuis  animo 
tenus  commoti  inimlciter  tecum  bellare  studemus.  Sed  commu- 
nis exempli  et  fidei  ergo  visum  ^  ut  te  salvum  velimus,  ut  esset 
quem  armis  vincere  possemus.^  Ad  nos  venit  lN"Icias  familiaris 
tuus,  qui  sibi  praemium  a  nobis  peteret,  si  te  clam  interfecisset. 
Id  nos  negavimus  velle,  neve  ob  eam  rem  quicquam  commodi 
exspectaret,  et  simul  visum  est  ut  te  certiorem  faceremus, 
ne  quid  eiusmodi,  si  accidisset,  nostro  consilio  civitates  putarent 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  the  latter  supine. 


H  MA  G  B 

1  618,t(53T,N.l))  272  330,/ n.  531,  n  4  — 
2,  sc.  eat 


H  M        A        G  B 

3  591,  1  (503,  I)     383,  2     320     631,  2  283 


KOCTES  ATTICAE,  IV. 


127 


factum,  et  qnod  nobis  non  placet  pretio  aut  praemio  aut  dolls 
pugnare.    Tu,  nisi  caves,  iacebis/' 

Book  IV. 
Scipio^s  Haughty  Spirit 

18.  Scipio  Africanus  antiquior  quanta  virttitum  gloria  prae- 
stiterit  et  quam  fuerit  altus  animi^  atque  magnificus  et  qua  sui 
conscientia  subnixus,  plurimis  rebus,  quae  dixit  quaeque  fecit, 
declaratum  est.  Ex  quibus  sunt  haec  duo  exempla  eius  fiduciae 
atque  exsuperantiae  ingentis: 

Cum  M.  Naevius  tribunus  plebis  acctisaret  eum  ad  populum 
diceretque,  accepisse  a  rege  Antiocho  pecuniam,  ut  condicionibus 
gratiosis  et  moUibus  pax  cum  eo  popull  Eomani  nomine  fieret,  et 
quaedam  item  alia  crimini  ^  daret  indlgna  tall  viro,  turn  Scipio 
pauca  praefatus,  quae  dignitas  vitae  suae  atque  gloria  postulabat: 
"Memoria,''  inquit,  Quirites,  repeto,  diem  esse  hodiernum,  quoB.c. 
Hannibalem  Poenuin.  imperio  vestro  inimlcissimum  magno  proelio 
vicl  in  terra  Africa  ^:>acemque  et  victoriam  vobis  peperl  spec- 
tabilem.  ISTon  igitur  ;;Imus^'adversum  deos  ingrati  et,  censeo, 
relinquamus  nebulonem  hunc,  eamus  hinc  protinus  lovi  optimo 
maximo  gratiilatum."  Id  cum  dixisset,  avertit  et  ire  ad  Capito- 
lium  coepit.  Turn  contio  tiniversa,  quae  ad  sententiam  de  Scipione 
ferendam  convenerat,  relicto  tribuno  Sclpionem  in  Capitolium 
comitata  atque  inde  ad  aedes  eius  cum  laetitia  et  gratulatione 
sollemnl  prosectita  est.  Fertur  etiam  oratio,  quae  videtur  habita 
60  die  a  Scipione,  et  qui  dicunt  earn  non  veram,  non  eunt  infitias  * 
quin  haec  quidem  verba  fuerint,  quae  dixi,  Scipionis. 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  purpose. 

HMAGB  H  MAGB 

1  452(399,111,1)  226,4  218,  c,R.  874, N. 7  204,4  3  559, 1  (484,  II)      321       266         263,1  274 

2  433  (390,  II)     206     233,  a     356        191, 2  4  419, 3  (380,  II,  3))  199,  n.  6  258,  &,  r.  333, 2,  b.  182, 5 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  —  9 


128 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


Item  aliud  est  factum  eius  praeclarum.  Petilii  quidam  tri- 
•  bum  plebis  a  M.,  ut  aiunt,  Catone,  inimico  Sclpionis,  comparati 
in  eum  atque  immissi,  deslderabant  in  senatu  instantissime  ut 
pecuniae  Antiochinae  praedaeque  in  eo  bello  captae  rationem 
redderet :  fuerat  enim  L.  Scipiom  Asiatico,  fratrl  suo,  imperatori 
in  ea  provincia  legatus.  Ibi  Scipio  exsurgit  et,  prolate  e  sinu 
togae  libro,  rationes  in  eo  scriptas  esse  dixit  omnis  pecuniae 
omnisque  praedae ;  adlatum,  ut  palam  recitaretur  et  ad  aerarium 
deferretur.  ^^Sed  enim  id  iam  non  faciam/'  inquit,  ^^nec  me  ipse 
adficiam  contumelia/'  eumque  librum  statim  coram  discidit  suis 
manibus  et  concerpsit^  aegre  passus,  quod,  cui  salus  imperii  ac 
reipublicae  accepta  ferri  deberet,  rationem^  pecuniae  praedatae 
posceretur. 

Book  V. 
BiiceplialiLS. 

2.  Equus  Alexandrl  rggis  et  capite  et  nomine  ^Bticephalas' 
fuit.  Emptum  Chares  scrlpsit  talentis  tredecim  et  regi  Philippo 
donatum;  hoc  autem  aeris  nostri  summa  est  sestertia  trecenta 
duodecim.  Super  hoc  equo  dignum  memoria  visum,  quod,  ubi 
ornatus  erat  armatusque  ad  proelium,  hand  umquam  Inscendi 
sese  ab  alio,  nisi  ab  rege,  passus  sit.  Id  etiam  de  isto  equo  memo- 
ratum  est,  quod,  cum  insidens  in  eo  Alexander  bello  Indico  et 
facinora  faciens  fortia,  in  hostium  cuneum  non  satis  sibi  provi- 
dens  immlsisset  coniectlsque  undique  in  Alexandrum  tells,  vul- 
neribus  altis  in  cervice  atque  in  latere  equus  perfossus  esset, 
moribundus  tamen  ac  prope  iam  exsanguis  e  mediis  hostibus 
legem  vivacissimo  cursu  rettulit  atque,  ubi  eum  extra  tela  extule- 
rat,  ilico  concidit  et,  domini^  iam  superstitis  securus,  quasi  cum 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  of  posco. 
H  MA  G  BI  H  MAGB 

1  411,1(374,1)  193  239,c,N.2  339,  n.  4  178,2  |  3  452,2(399,111,2)  226,4  218,  c  374,6  204,4 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  V. 


129 


sensus  humanl  solacio  animam  exspiravit.  Turn  rex  Alexander, 
parta  eius  belli  victoria,  oppidum  in  isdem  locis  condidit  idque 
ob  equi  bonores  ^Bucepbalon^  appellavit. 


6.  In  librls  veterum  memoriarum  scriptum  est,  Hannibalem 
Carthaginiensem  apud  regem  Antiocbiim  facetissime  cavillatum 
esse.  La  cavillatio  biiiuscemodi  fuit :  Ostendebat  ei  Antiocbus 
in  campo  copias  ingentes,  quas  bellum  populo  Eomano  facturus^ 
comparaverat,  convertebatque  exercitum  insignibus  argentels  et 
aureis  florentem  ;  inducebat  etiam  currus  cum  falcibus  et  ele- 
phantos  cum  turribus  equitatumque  frenis,  ephippils,  monili- 
bus,  phaleris  praefulgentem.  Atque  ibi  rex,  contemplatioiie  tanti 
ac  tam  ornati  exercitus  gloriabundus,  Hannibalem  aspicit  et 
"  putasne,''  inquit,  "  conferri  posse  ac  satis  esse  Eomanis  haec 
omnia  ?  Tum  Poenus,  eludens  ignaviam  imbelliamque  mllitum 
eius  pretiose  armatorum :  "  Satis,  plane  satis  esse  credo  Eomanis 
haec  omnia,  etiarasi  avarissiml  sunt."  Nihil  prorsum  neque  tam 
lepide  neque  tam  acerbe  did  potest :  rex  de  numero  exercitus  suT 
ac  de  aestimanda  aequiperatione  quaeslverat,  respondit  Hannibal 
de  praeda. 


6.  Militares  coronae  multae,  variae  sunt.  Quarum  quae  nobilis- 
simae  sunt,  has  ferme  esse  accepimus :  triumphalem,  obsidionalem, 
cTvicam,  muralem,  castrensem,  navalem.  Est  ea  quoque  coroua, 
quae  '  ovalis '  dicitur,  est  item  postrema  '  oleaginea,'  qua  titi 
Solent,  qui  in  proelio  non  fuerunt,  sed  triumphum  procurant. 


Hannihal\ 


's  Witty  Answer. 


The  Roman  Crowns. 


Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  denoting  purpose. 


1  H  638,  3  (549, 3) 


M  283 


A  293,  &,  2 


G  670,3 


B  337,4 


130 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


TRIUMPHAL  CROWN. 


Triumphales  coronae  sunt  anreae,  quae  imperatoribus  ob  hono- 
rem  triumplii  mittuntnr.    Id  vulgo  dicitur  '  aurum  coronarmm.' 

Haec  antiquitus  e  laurti  erant,  post  fieri 
ex  auro  coeptae.^ 

Obsidionalis  est,  quam  ii,  qui  liberati 
obsidione  sunt,  dant  ei  duci,  qui  libe- 
ravit.  Ea  corona  graminea  est,  obser- 
varlque  solitum  ut  fieret  e  gramine 
quod  in  eo  loco  natum  esset  ^  intra 
quein  clausi  erant  qui  obsidebantur. 
Hanc  coronam  gramineam  senatus  po- 
pulusque  Eomanus  Q.  Fabio  Maximo 
dedit  bello  Poenorum  secundo,  quod 
urbem  Komam  obsidione  hostium  llberasset. 

Civica  corona  appellatur,  quam  civis  civi,  a  quo  in  proelio 
servatus  est,  testem  vitae  saltitisque  perce- 
ptae  dat.  Ea  fit  e  fronde  quernea,  quoniam 
cibus  victusque  antiquissimus  quercus  cap! 
solitus ;  fuit  etiam  ex  ilice,  quod  genus 
superior!  proximum  est,  sicuti  scrlptum  est 
in  quadam  comoedia  Caecilii :  "Advehun- 
tur/'  inquit,  ^^cum  iligriea  corona."  Masu- 
rius  autem  SabTnus  in  undecimo  librorum 
Memorialium  civicam  coronam  tum  darl 
solitam  dicit,  cum  is,  qui  civem  servaverat,  eodem  tempore  etiam 
hostem  occlderat  neque  locum  in  ea  pugna  reliquerat ;  aliter  itis 
civicae  coronae  negat  concessum.  Tiberium  tamen  Caesarem  con- 
sultum,  an  civicam  coronam  capere  posset  qui  civem  in  proelio 
servasset  et  hostes  ibidem  duos  interfecisset,  sed  locum,  in  quo 
pugnabat,  non  retinuisset  eoque  loco  hostes  potiti  essent,  rescri- 


CmC  CROWN. 


Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  integral  part. 

H  MAGBf  H  MAGB 

1  299, 1  (297, 1)  144,  6,  n.  143,  a  428,  n.  3  133,  l  \  ^  652, 1  (529,  II)     405      342     663, 1  324 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  V. 


131 


psisse  dicit,  eum  quoqiie  civica  dignum  videri^  quod  appareret  e 
tam  iniquo  loco  civem  ab  eo  servatinn  ut  etiam  a  fortiter  pii- 
gnantibus  retineri  non  quiverit.  Hac  corona^  civica  L.  Gellius,  vir 
ceiisorius,  in  senatu  Ciceronem  consulem  donari  a  republica  cen- 
suit,  quod  eius  opera  esset  atrocissima  ilia  Catilmae  coniuratio 
detecta  vindicataque. 

Mtiralis  est  corona,  qua  donatur  ab  imperatore  qui  primus 
mtirum  subiit  inque  oppidum  hostium  per  vim  ascendit ;  idcirco 


MURAL  CROWN.  NAVAL  CROWN. 


quasi  muri  pinnis  decorata  est.  Castrensis  est  corona,  qua  donat 
imperator  eum,  qui  primus  hostium  castra  pugnans  introivit ;  ea 
corona  insTgne  valll  habet.  Navalis  est,  qua  donari  solet  mari- 
timo  proelio  qui  j)rimus  in  hostium  navem  vl  armatus  transiluit ; 
ea  quasi  n avium  rostrls  insignlta  est.  Et  mtiralis  autem  et 
castrensis  et  n avails  fieri  ex  auro  «olent. 

Ovalis  corona  murtea  est ;  ea  titebantur  imperatores,  qui 
ovantes  urbem  introlbant. 

Ovandl  ac  non  triiimphandl  causa  est,  cum  aut  bella  non  rite 

indicta  neque  cum  iiisto  hoste  gesta  sunt,  aut  hostium  nomen 

humile  et  non  idoneum  est,  ut  servorum  piratarumque,  aut, 

deditione  repente  facta,  impulverea,  ut  dici  solet,  incruentaque 

victoria  obvenit.   Cui  facilitati  aptam  esse  Veneris  frondem  credi- 

derunt,  quod  non  Martins,  sed  quasi  Venerius  quidam  triumphus 

foret.    Ac  murteam  coronam  M.  Crassus,  cum  bello  fugitivorum  b.o. 

71. 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  of  dono. 


1  H   426,  6  (384,  II,  2)         M   203        A   225,  d        G   348,  r.  1        B   187,  I,  a 


132 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


confecto  ovans  rediret,  Insolenter  aspernatus  est  senatusque 
consultum  faciendum  per  gratiam  ctiravit  ut  lauro,  non  murto, 
coronaretur. 

Marcus  Cato  obicit  M.  Fulvio  ISTobiliori,  quod  milites  per 
ambitum  coronis  de  levissimis  causis  donas  set.  De  qua  re  verba 
ipsa  apposui  Catonis :  lam  prmcipio  quis  vidit  corona  donari 
quemquam,  cum  oppidum  captum  non  esset  aut  castra  hostium 
non  incensa  essent  ?  Fulvius  autem,  in  quem  hoc  a  Catone 
dictum  est^  coronis  donaverat  milites^  quia  vallum  curaverant, 
aut  qui  puteum  strenue  foderant. 

Praetereundum  non  est  quod  ad  ovationes  attinet,  super 
quo  dissensisse  veteres  scriptores  accipio.  Partim  enim  scri- 
pserunt  qui  ovaret  introire  solitum  equo  vehentem  ^ ;  sed  Sablnus 
Masurius  pedibus  ingredi  ovantes  dicit,  sequentibus  eos  non 
militibus,  sed  tiniverso  senatu. 


Book  VI. 

The  Sacredness  of  Roman  Oaths. 

18.  lusiiirandum  apud  Romanos  inviolate  sancteque  habitum 
servatumque  est.     Id  et  moribus  legibusque  multis  ostenditur, 

Special  Study.  —  Quasi  with  words  and  phrases. 

1  See  Vocabulary. 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  VL 


133 


et  hoc,  quod  dlcemus,  ei  rei  non  tenue  argumentum  esse  potest. 
Post  proelium  Cannense  Hannibal,  Garth aginiensium  imperator, » 
ex  captivis  nostris  electos  decern  Eomam  misit  mandavitque  els 
pactusque  est  ut,  si  populo  Eomano  videretur,  permtitatio  fieret 
captivorum  et  pro  his,  qnos  alter!  ^  pltires  acciperent,  darent 
argent!  pondo  l!bram  et  selibram.  Hoc  prmsquam  profic!sceren- 
tur  iusiurandum  eos  adegit,  redituros  esse  in  castra  Poenica,  si 
Roman!  captivos  non  permutarento 

Veniunt  Romani  decern  captivi.  Mandatum  Poeni  impera- 
toris  in  senatti  exponunt.  Permtitatio  senatu!  non  placita.  Pa- 
rentes,  cognati  adfinesque  captivorum  amplex!  eos  postl!minio 
in  patriam  redisse  dicebant  statumque  eoruni  integrum  incolu- 
memque  esse,  ac  ne  ad  hostes  redire  vellent  orabant.  Tum  octo 
ex  his  postliminium  itistum  non  esse  sibi  responderunt,  quoniam 
deitirio  vinct!  forent,  statimque,  ut!  itirati  erant,  ad  Hannibalem 
prefect!  sunt.  Duo  reliqu!  Romae  manserunt  soltitosque  esse  se 
ac  liberates  religione  dicebant,  quoniam,  cum  egress!  castra  ho- 
stium  fuissent,  commenticio  consilio  regress!  eodem,  tamquam  s! 
ob  aliquam  fortuitam  causam,  issent  atque  ita  itireiurando  satis- 
facto  rursum  iniurat!  abissent.  Haec  eorum  fraudulenta  calliditas 
tarn  esse  turpis  existimata  est,  ut  contempt!  vulgo  discerptique  sint 
censoresque  eos  postea  omnium  notarum  et  damnis  et  ignominiis 
adfecerint,  quoniam  quod  facturos  deieraverant  non  fecissent. 

Cornelius  autem  Nepos  in  libro  exemplorum  quinto  id  quoque 
litteris  mandavit  multis  in  senatu  placuisse  ut  hi,  qui  redire 
nollent,  datis  custodibus  ad  Hannibalem  deducerentur,  sed  cam 
sententiam  numero  plurium,  quibus  id  non  videretur,  superatam ; 
eos  tamen,  qui  ad  Hannibalem  non  redissent,  usque  adeo  inte- 
stabiles  invisosque  fuisse,  ut  taedium  vitae  ceperint  necemque 
sibi  consciverint. 

Special  Study.  —  Tenses  after  verbs  of  swearing, 

^  alterutri  =  either  one  of  the  two  parties. 


134 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


Book:  VII. 

A  Snake  Story. 

3.  Ttibero  in  historiis  scrl- 
ptum  reliquit,  bello  primo 
Poenico  Atilium  Eegulum 
consulem  in  Africa,  castrTs 
apud  Bagradam  fltimen  posi- 
tis,  proelium  grande  atque 
acre  fecisse  ad  versus  tinum 
serpentem  in  illis  locis  sta- 
bulantem  invlsitatae  immani- 
tatis,  eumque  magna  tot  Ins 
exercittis  conflictione  ballistis 
atque  catapultis  diu  opptigna- 
tum,  eiusque  interfecti  ^  ce- 
rium longum  pedes  centum  et 
vigintl  Eomam  misisse. 

Some  Early  Libraries. 

17.  Libros  Athenis  disciplinarum  liberalium  publice  ad  legen- 
dum  praebendos^  primus  posuisse  dicitur  Pisistratus  tyrannus. 
Deinceps  studiosius  acctiratiusque  ipsi  Athenienses  auxerunt;  sed 
omnem  illam  postea  librorum  copiam  Xerxes,  Athenarum^  potltus, 
urbe  ipsa  praeter  arcem  incensa,  abstulit  asportavitque  in  Persas. 
Eos  porro  libros  universos  multis  post  tempestatibus  Seleucus  rex, 
qui  Nicator  appellatus  est,  referendos^  Athenas  curavit. 

Special  Study.  —  Gerund  and  gerundive  denoting  purpose. 


BAliLlSTA. 


H  M      A         G  B 

1  689(549,5)        281,4  292,  r.  664,  r.1  337,2 

2  622(544, 2,  N.  2)  295,2  294,  d  430  337,7,2) 


H  MA  G  B 

3  458,  3  (410,  Y,  3)  231  223,  a  407,  n.  2,  d  212,  2 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  IX. 


135 


Ingens  postea  nuinems  librorum  in  Aegypto  ab  Ptolemaeis  « 

4 

regibus  vel  conquisltus  vel  confectus  est  ad  milia  ferme  voltimi- 
num  septingenta ;  sed  ea  omnia  bello  priore  Alexandrmo,  dum 
diripitur  ea  civitas,  non  sponte  neque  opera  consulta,  sed  a  mili- 
tibus  forte  auxiliariis  incensa  sunt. 

Book  IX. 

Some  Barbarous  Superstitions, 

4.  .  .  .  Erant  igitur  in  illis  libris  scripta  liuiuscemodi :  Scythas 
illos  penitissimoS;  qui  sub  ipsis  septentrionibus  aetatem  agunt, 
eorporibus^  hominum  vesci  eiusque  vlcttis  alimento  vitam  dticere 
et  arithropophagos  nominari ;  item  esse  homines  sub  eadem  regione 

caeli  linum  oculum  in  frontis 
medio  habentes,  qui  appellau- 
tur  Arimaspl^  qua  f uisse  facie 
Cyclopas  poetae  ferunt;  alios 
item  esse  homines  apud  ean- 
dem  caeli  plagam  singulariae 
velocitatis,  vestigia  pedum  ha- 
THE  CYCLOPS  BLINDED  BY  ULYSSES.      beutes  rctro  porrccta^  non  ut 

ceterorum  hominum ;  praeter- 
ea  traditum  esse  memoratumque  in  ultima  quadam  terra,  quae 
^Albania'  dlcitur,  gignl  homines,  qui  in  pueritia  canescant  et 
plus  cernant  oculls  per  noctem  quam  interdiu;  item  esse  com- 
pertum  et  creditum"  Sauromatas,  qui  ultra  Borysthenen  flu- 
vium  longe  colunt,  cibum  capere  semper  diebus  tertiis,  medio 
abstinere. 

Id  etiam  in  Isdem  libris  scriptum  offendimus,  quod  postea 
Special  Study.  —  Force  of  enclitic  ce. 

1  H   477,  I  (421,  I)  M   253  A   249  G  407  B   218, 1 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


in  libro  quoque  Plmii  Secundi  Naturalis  Historiae  septimo  legT, 
esse  quasdam  in  terra  Africa  hominum  familias  voce  atque  lingua 
effascinantium,  qui  si  impensius  forte  laudaverint  pulchras  arbo- 
res,  segetes  laetiores,  infantes  amoeniores,  egregios  equos,  pecu- 
des  pastti  atque  cultti  opimas,  emoriantur  repente  haec  omnia, 
nuUl  aliae  causae  obnoxia.  Oculls  quoque  exitialem  fascina- 
tionem  fieri  in  isdem  librls  scriptum  est,  traditurque  esse  homi- 
nes in  Illyriis,  qui  interim  ant  videndo  quos  diutius  iratl  viderint, 
eosque  ipsos  mares  feminasque,  qui  vlsti  ita  nocenti  sunt,  pupil- 
las  in  singulis  oculis  blnas  habere.  Item  esse  in  montibus  terrae 
Indiae  homines  caninis  capitibus  et  latrantibus  eosque  vesci  avium 
et  ferarum  venatibus ;  atque  esse  item  alia  apud  ultimas  orientis 
terras  miracula  homines,  qui  ^monocoli'  appellentur,  singulis 
cruribus  saltatim  currentes,  vivacissimae  pernicitatis ;  quosdam 
etiam  esse  nullis  cervTcibus,  oculos  in  humeris  habentes.  lam 
vero  hoc  egreditur  omnem  modum  admirationis,  quod  Idem  ill! 
scrlptores  gentem  esse  aiunt  apud  extrema  Indiae  corporibus 
hirtis  et  avium  ritti  pltimantibus,  nullo  cibatti  vescentem,  sed 
splritu  florum  naribus  hausto  vTctitantem ;  Pygmaeos  quoque 
hand  longe  ab  his  nasci,  quorum  qui  longissimi  sint,  non  longiores 
esse  quam  pedes  duo  et  quadrantem. 


How  CoTvinus  got  his  Name, 

11.  De  Maximo  Valerio,  qui  Corvlnus  appellatus  est  ob  auxi- 
lium  propugnationemque  corvi  alitis,  hand  quisquam  est  nobilium 
scrlptorum,  qui  secus  dlxerit.^    Ea  res  prorsus  miranda  sic  pro- 
.  fecto  est  in  librls  annalibus  memorata :  Adulescens  tali  genere 
■  editus,  L.  Purio,  Claudio  Appio  consulibus,  fit  tribunus  militaris. 
Atque  in  eo  tempore  copiae  Gallorum  ingentes  agrum  Pomptinum 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  ablative  of  quality. 

1  H  591, 1  (503, 1)  M  383, 2  A  320,  a         G  631,  2  B  283 


KOCTES  ATTICAE,  X. 


137 


insederant  mstruebanturque  acies  a  consuiibus  de  vi  ac  multi- 
tiidine  hostium  satis  agentibus.  Dux  iiiterea  Gallorum,  vasta  et 
ardua  proceritate  armTsque  auro  praef ulgentibus,  grandia  ^  ingre- 
diens  et  manii  telum  reciprocans  incedebat  perque  contemptum  et 
superbiam  circumspiciens  despiciensqne  omnia,  venire  iubet  et 
congredi,  si  quis  pugnare  secum  ex  ornni  Eomano  exercitti  aude- 
ret.  Turn  Valerius  tribunus,  ceteris  inter  metum  pudoremque  am- 
biguTs,  impetrato  ^  prius  a  consuiibus  ut  in  Galium  tam  inaniter 
adrogantem  pugnare  sese  permitterent,  progreditur  intrepide 
modesteque  obviam ;  et  congrediuntur  et  consistunt  et  consere- 
bantur  iam  manus.  Atque  ibi  vis  quaedam  divlna  fit :  corvus 
repente  improvTsus  advolat  et  super  galeam  tribuni  insistit  atque 
inde  in  adversarii  os  atque  oculos  pugnare  incipit ;  Insilibat,  obtur- 
babat  et  unguibus  manum  laiiiabat  et  prospectum  alls  arcebat 
atque,  ubi  satis  saevierat,  revolabat  in  galeam  tribuni.  Sic  tri- 
btinus,  spectante  utroque  exercitu,  et  sua  virtute  nixus  et  opera 
alitis  propugnatus,  ducem  hostium  ferocissimum  vicit  interfe- 
citque  atque  ob  banc  causam  cognomen  habuit  Corvlnus.  Id 
factum  est  annis  quadringentis  quinque  post  Eomam  con- 
ditam. 

Statuam  Corvlno  isti  divus  Augustus  in  foro  suo  statuendam 
ctiravit.  In  eius  statuae  capite  corvi  simulacrum  est,  rei  pu- 
gnaeque,  quam  diximus,  monumentum. 

Book  X. 

Claudia^s  Impudence. 

'6.  ]N"on  in  facta  modo,  sed  in  voces  etiam  petulantiores  publice 
vindicatum  est ;  ita  enim  debere  esse  visa  est  Romanae  disciplinae 

Special  Study.  —  Cognate  accusative. 

H  MAG  Ci  H  MAGB 

1  409  (371,  Ili^      190      238     333,1      1T6,  4  1  »  489,  6(431,  n.  1)  255  255,  &   410,  n.  4  227,3 


138 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


dignitas  inviolabilis.  Appii  nam  que  illTus  Caecl  filia^  a  ItidTs  quos 
spectaverat  exiens,  turba  undique  confluentis  fluctuantisque  populT 
iactata  est.  Atque  inde  egressa^  cum  se  male  habitam  diceret: 
"Quid  me ^  nunc  factum  esset/'  inquit,  "quantoque  artius  pres- 
siusque  conflictata  essem,  si  P.  Claudius,  f rater  mens,  navali 
proelio  classem  navium  cum  ingenti  civium  numero  non  per- 
didisset  ?  Certe  quidem  maiore  nunc  copia  popull  oppressa 
intercidissem.  Sed  utinam/'  inquit,  "  re vlvls cat  ^  f rater  aliam- 
que  classem  in  Sieiliam  ducat  atque  istam  multittidinem  per- 
ditum  ^  eat,  quae  me  nunc  male  miseram  convexavit ! Ob 
haec  mulieris  verba  tani  improba  ac  tam  incivilia  C.  Funda- 
nius  et  Ti.  Sempronius,  aedlles  plebei,  multam  dixerunt  ei 
aeris  gravis  viginti  qumque  mllia. 


The  Ring  Finger. 

10.  Veteres  Graecos  anulum  habuisse  in 
digito  accepimus  sinistrae  manus  qui  minimo 
est  proximus.  Romanos  quoque  homines  aiunt 
sic  plerumque  anulls  usitatos.  Causam  esse 
huius  rel  Apion  in  librls  Aegyptiacis  banc  dicit, 
quod  Insectls  apertlsque  humanis  corporibus,  ut 
mos  in  Aegypto  fuit,  quas^  Graeci  ^anatomas' 
appellant,  repertum  est  nervum  quendam  tenuis- 
simum  ab  eo  uno  digito,  de  quo  diximus,  ad  cor 
hominis  pergere  ac  pervenire ;  propter ea  non  In- 
scitum  visum  esse,  eum  potissimum  digitum  tali 
honore  decorandum,  qui  continens  et  quasi  co- 
nexus  esse  cum  principatu  cordis  videretur.  anulus. 

Special  Study.  —  Concord  of  relative  pronoun. 


H  M        A        G  B 

1  474,3  (415,  III,  N.l)  247,  N.  2  244,  401,  n.  7  218,6 
»  558,2(488,1)  825        267,5  261  279,2 


H  MAG  B 

3  683,  2  (546,  2)  801     802,  r.  435,  n.  1      840, 1 

4  896,2(445,4)  182,4  195,     614,r.3(&)  250,3 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  X. 


139 


War  or  Peace  ? 

27.  In  litterTs  veteribus  memoria  exstat,  quod  par  quondam 
fuit  vigor  et  acritudo  amplitudoque  populi  KomanT  atque  Poeni. 

Neque  immerito  aestimatum.  Cum  aliis  quidem 
populis  de  uniuscuiusque  re  ptiblica,  cum  Poenis 
autem  de  omnium  terrarum  imperio  decertatum. 

Eius  rei  specimen  est  in  illo  utriusque  populi 
verbo  factoque :  Q.  Fabius^  imperator  Romanus, 
dedit  ad  Carthaginienses  epistulam.  Ibi  scrl- 
ptum  fuit  populum  Eomanum  misisse  ad^  eos 
hastam  et  caduceum,  signa  duo  belli  aut  pacis, 
ex  quis  ^  utrum  vellent  eligerent ;  ^  quod  elegis- 
sent,  id  unum  ut  esse  missum  existimarent.^ 
Carthaginienses  responderunt  neutrum  sese  eli- 
gere,  sed  posse^  qui  attulissent,  utrum  mallent 
relinquere;  quod  reliquissent,  id  sibi  pro  electo  futurum. 

M.  autem  Varro  non  hastam  ipsam  neque  ipsum  cadticeum 
missa  dicit,  sed  duas  tesserulas,  in  quarum  altera  cadticeum,  in 
altera  hastae  simuJacra  fuerint  incisa. 


CADUCEUS. 


The  Ages  of  Man. 

28.  Tubero  in  Historiarum  primo  scripsit  Servium  Tullium  re- 
gem,  populi  Eomani  cum  illas  quinque  classes  seniorum  et  iunio- 
rum  census  f aciendi  gratia  mstitueret,  '  pueros  '  esse  existimasse, 
qui  minores  essent  annis  septem  decem,  atque  inde  ab  anno 
septimo  decimo,  quo  idoneos  iam  esse  rel  publicae  aBbitraretur, 
milites  scripsisse,  eosque  ad  annum  quadragesimum  sextum 
^unioreo'  supraque  eum  annum  ^seniores'  appellasse. 

Special  Study.  —  Kelative  clauses  of  purpose. 


1  =  qmbus 


»  H   642, 4  (523,  III)      M  393      A  339      G  652      B  310 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


Earn  rem  propterea  notavi,  ut  discrimina,  quae  fuerint 
iudicio  moribusque  maiorum  '  pueritiae/  '  iuventae/  '  senectae/ 
ex  ista  censione  Servil  Tullil,  prudentissimi  regis,  noscerentur. 

Book  XV. 

A  Strange  Death, 

16.  Milo  Crotoniensis,  athleta  inltistris,  quern  in  chronicls  scri- 
ptum  est  Olympiade  sexagesima  secunda  primum  coronatum  esse, 
exitum  habuit  e  vita  iniserandum  et  mlrandum.  Cum  iam  natti 
grandis  artem  athleticam  desisset  iterque  faceret  forte  solus  in 
locis  Ttaliae  silvestribus,  quercum  vTdit  proxime  viam  patulTs  in 
parte  media  rlmls  liiantem.  Tum  experirl,  credo,  etiam  tunc 
volens  an  ullae  sibi  reliquae  vires  adessent,  immissis  in  cavernas 
arboris  digitls,  diducere  et  rescindere  quercum  conatus  est.  Ac 
mediam  quidem  partem  discidit  divellitque;  quercus  autem  in 
duas  diducta  partes,  cum  ille,  quasi  perfecto  ^  quod  erat  conTxus, 
mantis  laxasset,  cessante  vi  rediit  in  naturam  manibusque  eius 
retentis  inclusisque  stricta  denuo  et  cohaesa,  dilacerandum  homi- 
nem  feris  praebuit. 

Second  Sight, 

18.  Quo  C.  Caesar  et  Cn.  Pompeius  die  per  civile  bellum  sTgnis 
conlatis  in  Thessalia  confiixerunt,  res  accidit  Patavil  in  Transpa- 
dana  Italia  memorari^  dlgna.  Cornelius  quidam  sacerdos,  et 
nobilis  et  sacerdotii  religionibus  venerandus  et  castitate  vltae 
sanctus,  repente  mota  mente  conspicere  se  procul  dixit  pugnam 
acerrimam  ptignarT,  ac  deinde  alios  cedere,  alios  urgere,  caedem, 
fugam,  tela  volantia,  Instaurationem  pugnae,  impressionem,  gemi- 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute  with  a  clause. 

H  MAGBl  H  MAGB 

1  489,  6(431,  N.l)  255  255,6  410,  n.  4  227,3  |  2  608,4(533,11,3)  277,2  320,/.  n.  552,  r.  2  333 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  XV. 


141 


tus,  vulnera,  proinde  ut  si  ipse  in  proelio  versaretur  coram  videre 
sese  vociferatus  est  ac  postea  subito  exclamavit  Caesarem  vicisse. 

Ea  Cornelii  sacerdotis  hariolatio  levis  turn  quidem  visa  est  et 
vecors.  Magnae  mox  admiration!  fuit,  quoniam  non  modo  pugnae 
dies,  quae  in  Thessalia  ptignata  est,  neque  proelii  exitus,  qui  erat 
praedictus,  idem  fuit,  sed  omnes  quoque  ptignandi  reciprocae 
vices  et  ipsa  exercituum  duorum  conflictatio  vaticinantis  motu 
atque  verbis  repraesentata  est. 

Tlie  White  Deer. 

22.  Sertorius,  vir  acer  egregiusque  dux,  et  utendT  regendlque 
exercittis  peritus  fuit.  Is  in  temporibus  difficillimis  et  mentie- 
batur  ad  mllites  si  mendacium  prodesset,  ^  et  litteras  compositas 
pro  veris  legebat  et  somniuin  simulabat  et  falsas  religiones  con- 
ferebat,  si  quid  istae  res  eum  apud  mllitum  animos  adiuvabant.  72. 
Illud  adeo  Sertoril  nobile  est :  Cerva  alba  eximiae  pulchrittidinis 
et  vivacissimae  celeritatis  a  Lusitano  el  quodam  dono  data  est. 
Hanc  sibi  oblatam  divlnitus  et  Instinctam  Dianae  ntimine  conloqui 
secum  monereque  et  docere  quae  titilia  factu  essent  persuadere 
omnibus  Institit  ac,  si  quid  durius  videbatur,  quod  imperandum 
mllitibus  foret,  a  cerva  sese  monitum  praedicabat.  Id  cum  dlxe- 
rat,  tiniversl,  tamquam  si  deo,  libentes  parebant.  Ea  cerva  quo- 
dam  die,  cum  incursio  esset  hostium  nuntiata,  festinatione  ac 
tumultu  consternata  in  fugam  se  prorupit  atque  in  paliide 
proxima  delituit  et  postea  requlsita  perlsse  credita  est.  Neque 
multis  diebus  post  inventam  esse  cervam  Sertorio  nuntiatur. 
Tum,  qui  nuntiaverat,  iussit  tacere  ac  ne  cui  palam  diceret 
interminatus  est  praecepitque  ut  cam  postero  die  repente  in  eum 
locum,  in  quo  ipse  cum  amicis  esset,  immitteret.  Admissis  de- 
Special  Study.  —  Force  of  imperfect  tense. 

1  H   649,  I  (528, 1)  M   357  A   341  G   663,  2  B  323 


142 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


inde  amicis  postridie,  visum  sibi  esse  ait  in  quiete  cervam,  quae 
perisset,  ad  se  reverti  et,  ut  prius  consuerat,  quod  opus  esset 
facto  praedicere;  turn  servo  quod  imperaverat  significat^  cerva 
emissa  in  cubiculum  Sertorii  introrupit,  clamor  factus  et  orta 
admlratio  est. 

Eaque  hominum  barbarorum  credulitas  Sertorio  in  magnis 
rebus  magno  tisui  fuit.  Memoria  prodita  est  ex  his  nationibus, 
quae  cum  Sertorio  faciebant,  cum  multis  proelils  superatus  esset, 
neminem  umquam  ab  eo  descivisse,  quamquam  id  genus  hominum 
esset  mobilissimum. 


REMAINS  OF  ROMAN  CAMP. 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO. 


DE  NATURA  DEORUM. 

Book  11. 

The  gods  appear  to  men, 

2.  Videmiis  ceteras  opi- 
niones  fictas  atque  vanas 
dititurnitate  extabuisse. 
Quis  enim  hippocentau- 
mm  f  uisse  aut  chimaeram 
put  at  ?  Quaeve  anus  tain 
excors  invenlri  potest, 
quae  ilia,  quae  quondam 
credebantur,  apud  inferos 
portenta  extimescat  ^  ? 
Opmionis  enim  commenta 
delet  dies,  naturae  indicia 
conflrmat.  Itaque  et  in 
nostro  populo  et  in  ceteris 
deorum    cultus  religio- 

(Eome.)  .  ° 

numque  sanctitates  exsi- 
stunt  in  dies  maiores  atque  meliores.  Idque  evenit  non  temere 
nee  casti,  sed  quod  et  praesentes  saepe  di  vim  suam  declarant,  ut 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clause  of  characteristic. 

1  H  591,  2  (500, 1)  M  382,  4         A  319,  2  G   631, 1  B  284,  2 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  — 10 


144 


CICERO. 


et  apud.  Kegillum  bello  Latmorum,  cum  A.  Postumius  dictator 
cum  Octavio  Mamilio  Tusculano  proelio  dimicaret,  in  nostra  acie 
Castor  et  Pollux  ex  equls  pugnare  visi  sunt ;  et  recentiore  memo- 
ria  idem  Tyndaridae  Persen  victum  nuntiaverunt.  P.  enim 
Vatinius,  cum  Eomam  venienti  noctu  duo  iuvenes  cum  equTs  albis 
dixissent  regem  Persen  illo  die  captum,  senatuique  ntintiavisset, 
primo  quasi  temere  de  re  ptiblica  loctitus  in  carcerem  coniectus 
est,  post  a  Paulo  litterls  adlatls,  cum  idem  dies  constitisset,  et 
agro  a  senatu  et  vacatione  donatus  est.  Atque  etiam  cum  ad 
fluvium  Sagram  Crotoniatas  Locri  maximo  proelio  devicissent,  eo 
ipso  die  audltam  esse  eam  ptignam  ludis  Olympiae  memoriae 
proditum  est. 

Other  proofs  of  divine  existences, 

Saepe  Faunorum  voces  exauditae,  saepe  vTsae  formae  deorum 
quemvis  non  aut  hebetem  aut  impium  deos  praesentes  esse  confi- 

teri  coegerunt.  3.  .  .  .  Praedictiones 
vero  et  praesensiones  rerum  futurarum 
quid  aliud  declarant  nisi  hominibus  ^  ea 
ostendl,  monstrarl,  portend!,  praedTcI  ? 
Ex  quo  ilia  ostenta,  monstra,  portenta, 
prodigia  dicuntur.  Quod  si  ea  ficta 
credimus  licentia  fabularum,  ne  do- 
mesticis  quidem  exemplis  doctl  numen 
deorum  comprobabimus  ?  Nihil  nos  P. 
Claudii  bello  Punico  primo  temeritas 
movebit,  qui  etiam  per  iocum  deos 
inridens,  cum  cavea  liberati  pulli  non 
pascerentur,  mergi  eos  in  aquam  iussit,  ut  biberent,  quoniam  esse 
nollent  ?  Qui  risus  classe  devicta  multas  ipsi  lacrimas,  magnam 


SACRED  CHICKENS. 


Special  Study.  —  Force  and  position  of  ne  —  quidem. 


1  sc.  divinitus. 


DE  NATURA  DEORUM,  11. 


145 


populo  Eomano  cladem  attnlit.  Quid  ?  conlega  eius  lunius  eodem 
bello  nonne  tempestate  classem  amisit,  cum  auspicils  non  paruis- 
set?  Itaque  Claudius  a  populo  condemnatus  est,  lunius  necem 
sibi  ipse  consciyit ;  C.  Flaminiuni  Caelius  religione  iieglecta  ceci- 
disse  apud  Trasumenum  scrlbit  cum  magno  rei  ptiblicae  vulnere : 
quorum  exitio  intellegi  potest,  eorum  imperils  rem  publicam 
amplificatam,  qui  religionibus  paruissent.  Et  si  conferre  volumus 
nostra  cum  externls,  ceteris  rebus  aut  pares  aut  etiam  inferiores 
reperiemur,  religione,  id  est  cultti  deorum,  multo  superiores. 

The  chief  deities, 

25.  Saturnum  eum  esse  voluerunt,  qui  cursum  et  conversionem 
spatiorum  ac  temporum  contineret :  Saturnus  autem  est  appella- 
tus,  quod  saturaretur  annis ;  ex  se  enim  natos  comes se  fingitur 
solitus,  quia  constimit  aetas  temporum  spatia  amiisque  praeteritis 
Insaturabiliter  expletur.  Vinctus  autem  a  love,  ne  immoderatos 
cursus  haberet  atque  ut  eum  siderum  vinculis  adligaret. 

Sed  ipse  luppiter,  id  est  luvdns  Pater,  a  poetis  '  pater  divtim- 
que  hominumque '  dicitur,  a  maioribus  autem  nostris  '  optimus 
maximus.'  Hunc  igitur  Ennius,  ut  supra  dixi,  ntincupat  ita 
dicens : 

^^Aspice  hoc  sublime  candens,  quern  invocant  omnes  lovem." 

Hunc  etiam  augures^  nostri,  cum  dicunt  ^love  fulgente,  tonante'; 
dicunt  enim  'caeld  fulgente,  tonante.' 

26.  Aer  autem  interiectus  inter  mare  et  caelum  Itinonis  no- 
mine consecratur,  quae  est  soror  et  coniunx  lovis.  Effeminarunt 
autem  eum  lunomque  tribuerunt,  quod  nihil  est  eo  moUius.  Sed 
lunonem  a  iuvando  credo  nominatam. 

Special  Study. — Etymology  of  Saturnus,  luppiter,  luno. 

1  sc.  nuncupant. 


146 


CICERO. 


Aqua  restabat  et  terra,  nt  essent  ex  f abulis  tria  regna  divisa : 
datum  est  igitur  Neptuno,  alter!  lovis  fratri,  maritimum  omne 
regnum,  nomenque  productunij  ut  Portunus  a  portu,  sic  Nepttinus 
a  nando,  paulum  prlmis  litterls  immutatis. 

Terrena  autem  vis  omnis  atque  natura  Diti  patri  dedicata 
est,  qui  Dives/  ut  apud  Graecos  '  Plutdn,'^  quia  et  recidunt 
omnia  in  terras  et  oriuntur  e  terris.  Cui  nuptam  dicunt  Pro- 
serpinam ;  ea  est  quam  friigum  semen  esse  volunt  abscon- 
ditamque  quaerl  a  matre  lingunt.  Mater  autem  est  a  gerendis 
frugibus  Ceres,  tamquam  '  Geres castique  prima  littera  itidem 
immutata. 

lam  qui  magna  verteret  Mavors;^  Minerva^  autem,  quae  vel 
minueret  vel  minaretur. 

27.  Cumque  in  omnibus  rebus  vim  haberent  maximam  prima 
et  extrema,  prlncipem  in  sacrificando  lanum  esse  voluerunt,  ex 
quo  fores  in  llminibus  profanarum  aedium  ianuae  nominantur. 
lam  Vestae  nomen  a  Graecis  est,  —  ea  est  enim,  quae  ab  illls 
^Hestia^  dicitur,  —  vis  autem  eius  ad  aras  et  focos  pertinet.  Nec 
longe  absunt  ab  hac  vl  di  Penates.  lam  Apollinis  nomen  est 
Graecum,  quem  Solem  esse  volunt ;  Dianam  autem  et  Ltinam 
eandem  esse  putant.  Quae  autem  dea  ad  res  omnes  veniret 
Venerem  nostrl  nominaverunt,  atque  ex  ea  potius  ^venustas' 
quam  ^  Venus  ^  ex  venustate. 

The  earth  a  witness. 

39.  Ac  principio  terra  universa  cernatur,  locata  in  media  sede 
mundl,  solida  et  globosa  et  undique  jpsa  in  sese  nutibus  suls 
conglobata,  vestita  floribus,  herbls,  arboribus,  frugibus,  quorum 
omnium  incredibilis  multitudo  insatiabili  varietate  distinguitur. 

Special  Study.  —  Etymology  of  Neptunus,  Ceres,  etc. 

1  sc.  appellatus  (a)  est. 


DE  NATURA  DEORUM,  IL 


147 


Adde  hue  fontium  gelidas  perennitates,  liquores  perlticidos  am- 
uium,  riparum  vestlttis  viridissimos,  speluncarum  concavas  ampli- 
ttidines,  saxomm  asperitates,  impendentium  montium  altitudines, 
immensitatesque  camporum;  adde  etiam  reconditas  auri  argen- 
tique  venas  mflnitamque  vim  marmoris.  Quae  vero  et  quam  varia 
genera  bestiarum  vel  cicurum  vel  ferarum  !  qui  volucrium  lapsus 
atque  cantus  !  qui  pecudum  pastus  !  quae  vita  silvestrium  !  Quid 
iam  de  hominum  genere  dicam  ?  ^  Qui  quasi  cultores  terrae  con- 
stituti  non  patiuntur  eam  nee  immanitate  beluarum  efferan  nec 
stirpium  asperitate  vastari,  quorumque  operibus  agri,  insulae 
litoraque  conlucent  distincta  tectis  et  urbibus.  Quae  si,  ut  ani- 
mis,  SIC  oculis  videre  possemus,  nemo  cunctam  intuens  terrain  de 
divina  ratione  dubitaret.  At  vero  quanta  maris  est  pulchrittido  ! 
quae  species  tiniversl !  ^  quae  multitudo  et  varietas  insularum ! 
quae  amoenitates  orarum  ac  lltorum  !  quot  genera  quamque  dispa- 
ria,  partim  submersarum,  partim  fluitantium  et  innantium  belua- 
rum, partim  ad  saxa  nativis  testis  inhaerentium ! 


Tlie  wonders  of  the  heavens, 

40.  Eestat  tiltimus  et  a  domiciliis  nostrls  altissimus  omnia 
cingens  et  coercens  caeli  complexus,  qui  Idem  aether  vocatur, 
extrema  ora  et  determinatio  mundi,  in  quo  cum  admirabilitate 
maxima  Tgneae  formae  cursus  ordinatos  deflniunt.  E  quibus  sol, 
cuius  magnittidine  multis  partibus  terra  superatur,  circum  eam 
ipsam  volvitur,  isque  oriens  et  occidens  diem  noctemque  conficit 
et  mode  accedens,  tum  autem  recedens,  binas  in  singulis  annis 
reversiones  ab  extremo  contrarias  facit,  quarum  in  intervallo  tum 
quasi  tristitia  quadam  contrahit  terram,  tum  vicissim  laetificat,  ut 
cum  caelo  hilarata  videatur.    Luna  autem,  quae  est,  ut  ostendunt 

Special  Study. — Deliberative  subjunctive. 

1  H   559,  4  (484,  V)  M   324  A   268  G  466  B  277 


148 


CICERO. 


mathematicT,  maior  quam  dimidia  pars  terrae,  isdem  spatiTs  va- 
gatur  quibus  sol,  sed  turn  congrediens  cum  sole,  turn  degrediens-, 
et  earn  lucem,  quam  a  sole  accepit,  mittit  in  terras  et  varias  ipsa 
lucis  miitationes  habet,  atque  etiam  tum  subiecta  atque  opposita 
soli  radios  eius  et  lumen  obsctirat,  tum  ipsa  incidens  in  umbram 
terrae,  cum  est  e  regione  solis,  interpositti  interiectiique  terrae 
repente  deficit.  Isdemque  spatiTs  eae  stellae,  quas  vagas  dicimus, 
circum  terrain  feruntur  eodemque  modo  oriuntur  et  occidunt, 
quarum  motus  tum  incitantur,  tum  retardantur,  saepe  etiam  in- 
sistunt ;  quo  spectaculo  nihil  potest  admirabilius  esse,  nihil 
pulchrius.  Sequitur  stellarum  inerrantium  maxima  multitudo, 
quarum  ita  descrlpta  distinctio  est,  ut  ex  notarum  figurarum 
similitudine  nomina  invenerint. 


Book  III. 

The  gods  do  not  always  punish  the  wicked^ 

34.  Diogenes  quidem  Cynicus  dicere  solebat  Harpalum,  qui 
temporibus  illis  praedo  felix  habebatur,  contra  deos  testimonium 
dicere,  quod  in  ilia  forttina  tam  diti  viveret. 
B.C.  Dionysius,  de  quo  ante  dixT,  cum  fanum  Proserpinae  expTla- 
g^^~  visset,  navigabat  Syracusas,  isque  cum  secundissimo  vento  cursum 
teneret,  ridens  ^videtisne,'  inquit,  ^  amici,  quam  bona  a  dis  immor- 
talibus  navigatio  sacrilegis  detur  ?  ^  Idque  homo  acutus  cum 
bene  planeque  percepisset,  in  eadem  sententia  perseverabat :  qui 
cum  in  fanum  venisset  lovis  Olympii,  aureum  ei^  detraxit  amicu- 
lum  grand!  pondere,  quo  lovem  ornarat  e  manubiis  Carthaginien- 
sium  tyrannus  Gelo,  atque  in  eo  etiam  cavillatus  est  aestate  grave 
esse  aureum  amiculum,  hieme  frigidum,  eique  laneum  pallium 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  quality. 

1  H   427  (385,  II,  2)         M   211         A   229         G  345,  R.  1        B   188,  2,  d 


DE  DIYINATIONE,  I. 


149 


iniecit,  cum  id  esse  ad  omne  anni  tempus  aptum  diceret.  Idem- 
que  Aesculapii  Epidaurl  barbam  auream  demi  iussit :  neque  enim 
con  venire  barbatum  esse  f  ilium,  cum  in  omnibus  fanis  pater  ^  im- 
berbis  esset.  Etiam  mensas  argenteas  de  omnibus  delubrls  iussit 
auferri,  in  quibus  cum  more  veteris  Graeciae  mscriptum  esset 
BONORVM  DEORVM,  uti  se  corum  bonitate  velle  dicebat.  Hunc 
igitur  nec  Olympius  luppiter  fulmiiie  percussit  nec  Aescula- 
pius misero  dititurnoque  morbo  tabescentem  interemit,  atque  in 
suo  lectulo  mortuus  in  rogum  inlatus  est,  eamque  potestatem, 
quam  ipse  per  scelus  erat  nactus,  quasi  iustam  et  legitimam. 
hereditatis  loco  filio  tradidit. 


DE  DIYllSrATIONE. 
Book  I. 

Natural  and  artificial  divination.  Thunderbolts. 

6.  Duo  sunt  enim  divinandi  genera,  quorum  alterum  artis^ 
est,  alterum  naturae.^  Quae  est  autem  gens  aut  quae  civitas,  quae 
non  aut  extispicum  aut  monstra  aut  fulgora  interpretantium  aut 
augurum  aut  astrologorum  aut  sortium  —  ea  enim  fere  artis  sunt 
—  aut  somniorum  aut  vaticinationum — haec  enim  duo  naturalia 
putantur  —  praedictione  moveatur  ? 

10.  Quid  ?  De  fulgurum  vi  dubitare  num  possumus  ?  Konne 
cum  multa  alia  mirabilia,  tum  illud  in  primis :  cum  Summanus  in 
fastigio  lovis  optimi  maximi,  qui  tum  erat  fictilis,  e  caelo  ictus 
esset  nec  usquam  eius  simulacrl  caput  invemretur,  hartispices  in 
Tiberim  id  depulsum  esse  dixerunt,  idque  inventum  est  eo  loco, 
qui  est  ab  haruspicibus  demonstratus. 

Special  Study.  —  Predicate  genitive. 

1  sc.  Apollo  »  H   447  (402)      M   217,  2       A   214,  c       G   366       B   198, 3 


150 


CICERO. 


13.  Casti,  inquis.  Itane  vero  ?  Quattuor  tali  iacti  casu  Vene- 
rium efficiunt:  num  etiam  centum  Venerios,  si  quadringentos 
talos  ieceris,  casu  futures  putas  ?  Aspersa  temere  pigmenta  in 
tabula  oris  llneamenta  efficere  possunt :  num  etiam  Veneris  Coae 
pulchrittidinem  effici  posse  aspersione  fortuita  putas?  Sus  rostro 
si  liumi  A  litteram  impresseritj  num  propterea  suspicari  poteris 
Andromacham  Ennii  ab  ea  posse  describi  ?  Fingebat  Carneades 
in  Chlorum  lapicldlnis  saxo  diffisso  caput  exstitisse  PaniscI: 
credo  aliquam  non  dissimilem  figuram,  sed  certe  non  talem,  ut 
eam  factam  a  Scopa  diceres.  Sic  enim  se  profecto  res  habet,  ut 
numquam  periecte  veritatem  casus  imitetur. 

Augury.    Attus  Navius, 

16.  Quis  veterum  scriptorum  non  loquitur  quae  sint  ab  Atto 
Kavio  per  lituum  facta?  Cum  viclnl  omnes  ad  eum  de  rebus 
suls  referrentj  erat  in  magno  nomine  et  gloria.  Ex  quo  factum 
est  ut  eum  ad  se  rex  Priscus  arcesseret ;  cuius  cum  temptaret 
scientiam  auguratus,  dixit  el  cogitare  se  quiddam ;  id  possetne 
fieri  consuluit:  ille,  augurio  acto,  posse  respondit.  Tarquinius 
autem  dixit  se  cogitasse  cotem  novacula  posse  praecidi;  tum 
Attum  iussisse^  experiri :  ita  cotem  in  comitium  adlatam  inspec- 
tante  et  rege  et  populo  novacula  esse  discissam.  Ex  eo  evenit  ut 
et  Tarquinius  augure  Atto  JSTavio  uteretur  et  populus  de  suls 
rebus  ad  eum  referret.  Cotem  autem  illam  et  novaculam  defos- 
sam  in  comitio  supraque  impositum  puteal  accepimus. 

Portents.  Dreams. 

18.  Ti.  Gracchus,  Publii  filius,  qui  bis  consul  et  censor  fuit 
itemque  et  summus  augur  et  vir  sapiens  civisque  praestans. 

Special  Study.  —  Future  perfect  in  protasis. 

1  sc.  scriptum  est. 


DE  DIYINATIONE,  I. 


161 


nonne,  ut  C.  Gracchus,  fllius  eius,  scrlptum  reliquit,  duobus 
anguibus  domi  comprehensis  haruspices  convocavit  ?  qui  cum 
respondissent  si  marem  emlsisset,  uxori^  brevi  tempore  esse  mori- 
endum,  si  feminam,  ipsT,  aequius  esse  censuit  se  maturum  oppe- 
tere  mortem  quam  P.  Africanl  filiam  adulescentem :  feminam 
emisit,  ipse  paucis  post  diebus  est  mortuus. 

24.  Eedeamus  ad  somnia.  Hamiibalem  Caelius  scribit,  cum 
columnam  auream,  quae  esset  in  fano  lunonis  Laciniae,  auferre 
vellet  dubitaretque  utrum  ea  solida  esset  an  extrlnsecus  inaurata, 
perterebravisse,  cumque  solidam  invenisset  statuisse  tollere;  ei 
secundum  quietem  visam  esse  lunonem  praedicere  ne  id  faceret 
minarique,  si  fecisset,  se  curaturam  ut  eum  quoque  oculum,  quo 
bene  videret,  amitteret,  idque  ab  homine  acuto  non  esse  neglec- 
tum:  itaque  ex  eo  auro,  quod  exterebratum  esset,  buculam  curasse 
faciendam  et  eam  in  summa  columna  conlocavisse.  Hoc  item  in 
Slleni  Graeca  historia  est :  Hannibalem,  cum  cepisset  Saguntum, 
visum  esse  in  somnis  a  love  in  deorum  concilium  vocari ;  quo  cum 
venisset,  lovem  imperavisse  ut  Italiae  bellum  mferret  dacemque 
el  tinum  e  concilio  datum,  quo  ilium  ^  utentem  cum  exercitu  pro- 
gredi  coepisse  ;  tum  el^  ducem  ilium  praecepisse  ne  respiceret, 
ilium  ^  autem  id  diutius  facere  non  potuisse  elatumque  cupiditate 
respexisse;  tum  visam  beluam  vastam  et  immanem  circumplica- 
tam  serpentibus  quacumque  incederet  omnia  arbusta,  virgulta, 
tecta  pervertere,  et  eum^  admiratum  quaesisse  de  deo  quodnam 
illud  esset  tale  monstrum,  et  deum  respondisse  i^astitatem  esse 
Italiae,  praecepisseque  ut  pergeret  protinus ;  quid  retro  atque  a 
tergo  fieret  ne  laboraret. 

Special  Study.  —  Disjunctive  indirect  questions. 


1  H   431  (388)      M   207      A   232      G   355      B   189,  1 


2  =  Hannibalem 


TITUS  LIYIUS. 


HISTORIAE. 

Book  I. 

Kings  of  Alba  Longa, 

3.  Inter  Lavmium  et  Albam  Longam  deductam^  coloniam  tri- 
ginta  ferme  interfuere  anni.  Tantum  tamen  opes  creverant, 
maxime  ftisis  EtruscTs^  ut  ne  morte  quidem  Aeneae  movere  arina 
aut  Mezentius  Etrtisclque  ant  till  alii  accolae  ausi  sint.  Pax  ita 
convenerat,  ut  Etrtiscis  Latmisque  fluvius  Albula,  quern  nunc 
Tiberim  vocant^  finis  esset.  Silvius  deinde  reguat,  Ascanil  filius, 
casti  quodam  in  silvis  natus.  Is  Aeneam  Silvium  creat ;  is  deinde 
Latmum  Silvium.  Ab  eo  coloniae  aliquot  deductae,  PriscI  Latin! 
appellati.  Mansit  Silvils^  postea  omnibus  cognomen,  qui  Albae 
regnaverunt.  Latino  Alba  ortus,  Alba  Atys,  Atye  Capys,  Capje 
Capetus,  Capeto  Tiberlnus,  qui  in  traiectti  Albulae  amnis  sub- 
mersus  celebre  ad  posteros  nomen  flumini  dedit.  Agrippa  inde 
TiberinI  filius,  post  Agrippam  Romulus  Silvius  a  patre  accepto 
imperio  regnat.  Aventino  fulmine  ipse  ictus  regnum  per  mantis 
tradidit.  Is  sepultus  in  eo  colle,  qui  nunc  pars  Eomanae  est  urbis, 
cognomen  colli  fecit.  Proca  deinde  regnat.  Is  jSTumitorem  atque 
Amtilium  procreat;  Numitori,  qui  stirpis  maximus  erat,  regnum 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  nomen  est  and  similar  expressions. 

H  MAGBl  H  MAGB 

1  636,  4  (549, 5,  N.  2)  286  292,  a  325,  k.  3  337,5  |  3  430, 1(387,  n.  1)  212,  n.  2  231,  &  349,  k.  5  190,1 

152 


HISTORIAE,  L 


153 


vetustum  Silviae  gentis  legat.  Plus  tamen  yis  potuit  quam 
voluntas  patris  aut  verecundia  aetatis.  Pulso  fratre  Amtilius 
regnat.  Addit  sceleri  scelus  :  stirpem  f ratris  virilem  interimit ; 
f ratris  filiae  ^  E-heae  Silviae  per  speciem  honoris,  cum  Vestalem 
earn  legisset,  perpetua  virginitate  spem  partus  adimit. 


Birth  and  exposure  of  Romulus  and  Remus, 

4.  Sed  debebatur,  ut  opinor,  fatis  tantae  origo  urbis.  Yestalis 
cum  geminum  partum  edidisset,  Martem  incertae  stirpis  patrem 

ntincupat.  Sed  nec  dil 
nec  homines  aut  ipsam 
aut  stirpem  a  crude- 
litate  regia  vindicant ; 
sacerdos  vincta  in  cu- 
stodiam  datur,  pueros 
in  profluentem  aquam 
mitt!  iubet. 

Forte  quadam  divTni- 
tus  super  ripas  Tiberis 
effusus  lenibus  stagnis 
nec  adlrl  us  quam  ad 
itisti  cursum  poterat 
amnis,  et  posse  ^  quam  vis  languida  mergi  aqua  infantes^  spem 
ferentibus  dabat.  Ita  velut  defunct!  regis  imperio^  in  proxima 
adluvie,  ubi  nunc  ficus  Eummalis  est  —  Eomularem  vocatam 
ferunt  —  pueros  exponunt.  Vastae  tum  in  his  locis  solittidines 
erant.  Tenet  fama,  cum  fluitantem  alveum,  quo  expositi  erant 
pueri,  tenuis  in  sicco  aqua  destituisset,  lupam  sitientem  ex 


BRONZE  WOLF. 

{Rome.) 


Special  Study.  —  Present  infinitive  with  expressions  of  hoping. 


H  MAG  B 

1  427  (385,  II,  2)  211  229  845,  r.  1  188,  2,  d 
8  613, 3  (535, 1, 3)  268  272   527,  R.  2  331,  1 


H 

3  477,  I  (421,  1) 


M 
253 


A 
249 


G 
407 


B 
218,  1 


154 


moiitibus  qui  circa  sunt  ad  pnerilem  vagitum  cursiim  flexisse; 
earn  submissas  infantibus  adeo  mitem  praebuisse  mammas,  ut 
lingua  lambentem  pueros  magister  regii  pecoris  invenerit.  Fau- 
stulo^  fuisse  nomen  ferunt.  Ab  eo  ad  stabula  Larentiae  uxor! 
educandos  ^  datos. 

Ita  geniti  itaque  educati,  cum  primum  adolevit  aetas,  nec  in 
stabulis  nec  ad  pecora  segnes  venando  peragrare  ^  salttis.  Hinc 
robore  corporibus  animisque  sumpto  iam  non  feras  tantum  sub- 
sistere,  sed  in  latrones  praeda  onustos  impetus  facere,  pastori- 
busque  rapta  dividere,  et  cum  his,  crescente  in  dies  grege  iuve- 
num,  seria  ac  iocos  celebrare. 


They  recover  their  kingdom. 

5.  Iam  tum  in  Palatio  monte  Lupercal  hoc  fuisse  ludicrum 
ferunt.  Ibi  Euandrum,  qui  ex  eo  genere  Arcadum  multTs  ante 
tempestatibus  tenuerit  loca,  sollemne  adlatum  ex  Arcadia  insti- 
tuisse  ut  nudi  iuvenes  Lycaeum  Pana  venerantes  per  lusum  atque 
lasciviam  currerent.  Huic  deditis  ludicro/cum  sollemne  notum 
esset,  insidiatos  ob  iram  praedae  amissae  latrones,  cum  Eomulus 
vT  se  defendisset,  Remum  cepisse,  captum  regl  Amtilio  tradidisse 
ultro  accusantes.  Criminl^  maxime  dabant  in  Numitoris  agros 
ab  ils  impetum  fieri;  inde  eos  conlecta  iuvenum  rnanti  hostilem 
in  modum  praedas  agere.  Sic  ISTumitori  ad  supplicium  Eemus 
deditur. 

Iam  inde  ab  initio  Faustulo  spes  fuerat  regiam  stirpem  apud 
se  educari:  nam  et  expositos  iussu  regis  infantes  sciebat,  et 
tempus,  quo  ipse  eos  sustulisset,  ad  id  ipsum  congruere ;  sed  rem 
immaturam  nisi  aut  per  occasionem  aut  per  necessitatem  aperire 

Special  Study. — Historical  infinitive. 

H  MAG  B  HMAGB 

1  430, 1  (387,  N.  1)  212,  n.  2  231,  b  349,  r.  5  190, 1  4  429  (386)     202     228        34T     187,  III 

2  622  (544,  2,  n.  2)  295,  2      294,  d  430        337,  7,  2)  5  433  (390)     206     233,  a     356     191,  2 

3  610  (536, 1)  276        275     647  335 


HISTORIAE,  1. 


155 


noluerat.  Necessitas  prior  venit.  Ita  metu  subactus  Eomulo 
rem  aperit.  Forte  efc  Numitori,^  cum  in  custodia  Eemum  haberet, 
audissetque  geminos  esse  f  rat  res,  comparaiido  et  aetatem  eorum 
et  ipsam  minirae  servllem  indolem  tetigerat  animum  inemoria 
nepotum  ;  sciscitaiidoque  eodem  pervenit,  ut  baud  procul  esset, 
quin  Eemum  agnosceret.^  Ita  undique  regl  dolus  nectitur.  Eo- 
mulus  non  cum  globo  iuvenum,  nec  enim  erat  ad  vim  apertam  par, 
sed  aliis  alio  itinere  itissTs  certo  tempore  ad  regiam  venire  pa- 
storibus  ad  regem  impetum  facit,  et  a  domo  Numitoris  alia 
comparata  manti  adiuvat  Eemus.    Ita  regem  obtruncant. 

6.  Numitor  inter  primum  tumultum  hostes  invasisse  urbem 
atque  adortos  regiam  dictitans,  cum  pubem  Albanam  in  arcem 
praesidio  armisque  obtinendam  ^  avoc^sset,  postquam  iuvenes  per- 
petrata  caede  pergere  ad  se  gratulantes  vidit,  extemplo  advocato 
concilio  scelera  in  se  fratris,  originem  nepotum,  ut  geniti,  ut 
educati,  ut  cogniti  essent,*  caedem  deinceps  tyranni  seque  eius 
auctorem  ostendit.  Iuvenes  per  mediam  contionem  agmine  in- 
gressl  cum  avum  regem  salutassent,  secuta  ex  omni  multitudine 
consentiens  vox  ratum  nomen  imperiumque  regl  efficit. 

The  city  begun.    Death  of  Remus, 

Ita  Numitorl  Albana  re  permissa  Eomulum  Eemumque 
cupido  cepit  in  his  locis  ubi  expositi  ubique  educat!  erant,  urbis 
condendae.  Et  supererat  multittido  Albanorum  Latinorumque ; 
ad  id  pastores  quoque  accesserant,  qui  omnes  facile  spem  face- 
rent^  parvam  Albam,  parvum  Lavlnium  prae  ea  urbe,  quae  con- 
deretur,  fore.  Intervenit  deinde  his  cogitationibus  avitum  malum, 
regni  cupido,  atque  inde  foedum  certamen  coortum  a  satis  miti 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  quin. 


H  M     A     G  B 

1  425, 4,  N.  (384, 4,  n.  2)  208  235,  a  350, 1  188, 1,  n. 
3  595, 1  (504, 1)  341, 3  319,  d  556     284,  3 

3  623(544,1)  296     300     432  339,1 


H  M       A       G  B 

4  649,  II  (529, 1)   394      334      467  300 

5  591,2(500,1)     382,4  319,2   631  284,2 


LIYY. 


principio.  Quoniam  gemini  essenV  nec  aetatis  verecundia  dis- 
crlmen  facere  posset/  ut  dil,  quorum  tutelae  ea  loca  essent, 
augurils  legerent,  qui  nomen  novae  urbi  daret,^  qui  conditam 
imperio  regeret,^  Palatium  EomuluS;  Eemus  Aventmum  ad 
inaugurandum  templa  capiunt. 

7.  Priori  Kerno  augurium  venisse  fertur  sex  vultures,  iamque 
nuntiato  augurio  cum  duplex  numerus  Eomulo  sese  ostendisset, 
utrumque  regem  sua  multittido  consalutaverat.  Tempore  ill! 
praecepto,  at  hi  numero  avium  regnum  trahebant.  Inde  cum 
altercatione  congressi  certamine  irarum  ad  caedem  vertuntui\ 
Ibi  in  turba  ictus  Remus  cecidit.  Vulgatior  fama  est  ludibrio 
fratris  Remum  novos  transiluisse  muros ;  inde  ab  irato  Romulo, 
cum  verbis  quoque  increpitans  adiecisset  sic  deinde  quicumque 
alius  transiliet  moenia  mea!^'  interfectum.  Ita  solus  potitus 
imperio  Romulus ;  condita  urbs  conditoris  nomine  appellata. 

Hercules  arid  Cacus. 

Palatium  primum,  in  quo  ipse  erat  educatus,  muniit.  Sacra 
dils  aliis  Albano  ritti,^  Graeco  HerculT,  ut  ab  Euandro  Instituta 
erant,  facit.  Herculem  in  ea  loca  Geryone  interempto  boves 
mira  specie  abegisse  memorant,  ac  prope  Tiberim  fluvium,  qua 
prae  se  armentum  agens  nando  traiecerat,  loco  herbido,  ut  quiete 
et  pabulo  laeto  reficeret  boves,  et  ipsum  fessum  via  procubuisse. 
Ibi  cum  eum  cibo  vinoque  gravatum  sopor  oppressisset,  pastor 
accola  eius  loci  nomine  Cacus,  ferox  viribus,  captus  pulchritudine 
boum  cum  avertere  eam  praedam  vellet,  quia,  si  agendo  armentum 
in  speluncam  compulisset,^  ipsa  vestigia  quaerentem  dominum  eo 
deducttira  ^  erant,  aversos  boves,  eximium  quemque  pulchritudine, 

Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  in  unreal  conditions. 


H  M        A  G  B 

1  588,  II  (516,  II)  857  321  541  286, 1 

8  590(497,1)  882,3  317,2  680  282,2 

3  480(424)  238,1  253,  n.  397  226,1 


H  M        A         G  B 

4  579  (510)        866     308        597  304 

5  582(511,2)     369     308,       597,3  804,3,6 


HISTORIAE,  L 


157 


caudis  in  speluncam  traxit.  Hercules  ad  primam  auroram  somno 
excitus  cum  gregem  perltistrasset  oculis  et  partem  abesse  numero 
sensisset,  pergit  ad  proximam  speluncam,  si  forte  eo  vestigia 
ferrent.^  Quae  ubi  omnia  foras  versa  vidit  nec  in  partem  aliam 
ferre,  confusus  atque  incertus  animi  ex  loco  infesto  agere  porro 
armentum  occepit.  Inde  cum  actae  boves  quaedam  ad  desiderium, 
ut  fit,  relictarum  muglssent,  reddita  incltisarum  ex  spelunca  boum 
vox  Herculem  convertit.  Quem  cum  vadentem  ad  speluncam 
Cacus  vl  prohibere  conatus  esset,  ictus  clava  Mem  pastorum 
nequiquam  invocans  morte  occubuit. 

The  death  of  Romulus. 

16.  His  immortalibus  editis  operibus  cum  ad  exercitum  recen- 
sendum  contionem  in  campo  ad  Caprae  paludein  haberet,  subito 
coorta  tempestas  cum  magno  fragore  tonitribusque  tam  denso 
regem  operuit  nimbo,  ut  conspectum  eius  contioni  abstulerit. 
Nec  deinde  in  terrls  Eomulus  fuit.  Romana  pubes  sedato  tan- 
dem pavore,  postquam  ex  tam  turbido  die  serena  et  tranquilla 
lux  rediit,  ubi  vacuam  sedem  regiam  vIdit,  etsi  satis  credebat 
patribus,  qui  proximi  steterant,  subllmem  raptum  procella,  tamen 
velut  orbitatis  metu  icta  maestum  aliquamdiu  silentium  obtinuit. 
Deinde  a  panels  initio  facto  deum  ^  deo  natum,  regem  ^  parentem- 
que  urbis  liomanae  salvere  universi  Eomulum^  iubent ;  pacem 
precibus  exposcunt,  uti  volens  propitius  suam  semper  sospitet 
progeniem.  Fuisse  credo  tum  quoque  aliquos,  qui  discerptum 
regem  patrum  manibus  taciti  arguerent^  —  manavit  enim  haec 
quoque  sed  perobsctira  fama  — ;  illam  alteram  admiratio  viri  et 
pavor  praesens  nobilitavit.     Et  consilio  etiam  tinius  hominis 

Special  Study.  —  Verbs  governing  two  accusatives. 
H  M        A  G  B 

1  649,11,3(529,  U^^  o  334  /  n.  460,1,6  300,3 
11,1, N.l)  i 


H  M         A  G  B 

3  410(373)  191  239,1,  a  340  177,1 
3  591, 1 (503, 1)   383,  2   320         631,  2  283 


158 


LIVY. 


addita  rei  dicitur  fides.  INTanique  Proculus  lulius,  soUicita  civi- 
tate  desiderio  regis  et  Infensa  patribus,  gravis,  ut  traditur,  quam- 
vis  magnae  rei  auctor  in  contionem  prodit.  Eomulus/^  inquit, 
Quirltes,  parens  urbis  huius,  prima  hodierna  luce  caelo  repente 
delapsTis  se  mihi  obvium  dedit.  Cum  perfusus  horrore  venera- 
bundus  adstitissem,  petens  precibus  ut  contra  intuerl  fas  esset, 
^abl,  nuntia/  inquit,  ^Komanis  caelestes  ita  velle,  ut  mea  Eoma 
caput  orbis  terrarum  sit:  proinde  rem  militarem  colant/  sciant- 
que  et  ita  posteris  tradant  ntillas  opes  htimanas  armis  Koma- 
nls  resistere  posse.'  Haec/'  inquit,  ^4ocutus  sublimis  abiit." 
Mlrum^  quantum  ill!  viro  nuntianti  haec  fides  fuerit,  quamque 
desiderium  Eomuli  apud  plebem  exerci  turn  que  facta  fide  im- 
mortalitatis  lenitum  sit. 


Reign  of  Numa.    The  temple  of  Janus, 

19.  QuI^  regno  ita  potitus  urbem  novam,  conditam  vi  et  armis, 
itire  eam  legibusque  ac  moribus  de  integro  condere  parat.  Qui- 
bus  cum  inter  bella  adsuescere  videret  non  posse,  quippe  efferarl 
militia  animos,  mitigandum  *  ferocem  populum  armorum  desuetu- 
dine  ratus  lanum  ad  infimum  Argiletum  indicem  pacis  bellique 
fecit,  apertus  ut  in  armis  esse  civitatem,  clausus  pacatos  circa 
omnes  populos  significaret.  Bis  deinde  post  Numae  regnum 
clausus  fuit,  semel  T.  Manlio  consule  post  Punicum  primum  per- 
fectum  bellum;  iterum  (quod  nostrae  aetatT  dii  dederunt  ut  vide- 
remus)  post  bellum  Actiacum  ab  imperatore  Caesare  Augusto  pace 
terra  marlque  parta.  Clauso  eo  cum  omnium  circa  finitimorum 
societate  ac  foederibus  itinxisset  animos,  positis  externorum  perl- 
culorum  curls,  ne  luxuriarent  otio  animi,  quos  metus  hostium  di- 

Special  Study.  —  Hortatory  subjunctive. 


H  M       A         G  B 

1  559, 2  (484,  II)  321  266  263, 3  274 
S  sc.  est 


3  i.e.  Numa 

4  H  237(234)  M  295  A  294, 5  G  251  B  337,7 


HISTORIAE,  1. 


169 


sciplmaque  militaris  continuerat^  omnium  primum  deorum.  metum 
iniciendum  ratus  est.  Qui  cum  descendere  ad  animos  sine  aliquo 
commento  miraculi  non  posset,  simulat  sibi  cum  dea  Egeria 
congressiis  nocturnos  esse ;  eius  se  monitti,  quae  acceptissima 
dils  essent,  sacra  mstituere,  sacerdotes  suos  cuique  deorum 
praeficere. 


Reform  of  the  calendar.    The  Vestal  Virgins. 


Atque  omnium  primum  ad  cursus  lunae  in  duodecim  menses 

describit  annum;  quem,  quia  trice- 
nos  dies  singulis  mensibus  Itina  non 
explet,  desuntque  dies  solido  anno, 
qui  solstitial!  circumagitur  orbe,  in- 
tercalarils  mensibus  interponendis  ^ 
ita  dispensavit,  ut  vicesimo  anno  ad 
metam  eaiidem  solis,  unde  orsi  es- 
sent,  plenis  omnium  annorum  spatiis 
dies  congruerent.  Idem  nefastos 
dies  fastosque  fecit,  quia  aliquando 
nihil  cum  populo  agi  ^  utile  f uttirum 
erat. 

20.  Tum  sacerdotibus  creandis^ 
animum  adiecit,  quamquam  ipse  plu- 
rima  sacra  obibat,  ea  maxime  quae 
nunc  ad  Dialem  flaminem  pertinent. 
Sed  quia  in  civitate  bellicosa  plures 
Eomuli  quam  Numae  similes  reges 
VESTAL  VIRGIN.  putabat  forc,   iturosque   ipsos  ad 


Special  Study.  — Ablative  of  gerund  and  gerundive. 


H              M       A        G  B 

1  680  (542,  IV ;  544)    292    801,(1)  481  358,4 

3  615  (588)                262    270,  1     422  327, 1 
A.  &  W,  LAT.  R.  —  11 


H 

3  629  (544,  2) 


M 
29T 


A 
299,  a 


G 
429 


B 

339,  2 


160 


LIYY. 


bella,  Tig  sacra  regiae  vicis  desererentur,  fiaminem  lovT  adsiduum 
sacerdotem  creavit^  insTgnlque  eum  veste  et  curuli  regia  sella 
adornavit.  Huic  duos  flamines  adiecit,  Marti  tinum,  alteram 
Qiiirlno;  yirginesque  Vestae  legit,  Alba  oriundum  sacerdotium 
et  genti  conditoris  hand  alienum.  lis,  ut  adsiduae  templl  anti- 
stites  essent,  stipendium  de  publico  statiiit,  virginitate  alilsque 
caerimonils  venerabiles  ac  sanctas  fecit. 


Book  II. 

Horatius  at  the  bridge, 

10.  Cum  hostes  adessent,  pro  se  quisque  in  urbem  ex  agris 
demigrant,  urbem  ipsam  saepiunt  praesidiis.  Alia  mtirls,  alia 
Tiberl  obiecto  videbantur  ttita.  Pons  Snblicius  iter  paene  hosti- 
bus  dedit/  nl  unns  vir  fuisset  Horatius  Codes :  id  mummentum 
illo  die  fortuna  urbis  Eomanae  habnit.  Qui  positns  forte  in 
statione  pontis,  cum  captum  repentino  impetti  laniculum  atque 
inde  citatos  decurrere  hostes  vidisset,  trepidamque  turbam  suo- 
rum  arma  ordinesque  relinquere,  reprehensans  singulos,  obsistens 
obtestansque  deum  et  hominum  fidem  testabatur,  nequTquam  de- 
serto  praesidio  eos  fugere.  Si  transitum  pontem  a  tergo  reliquis- 
sent,^  iam  plus  hostium  in  Palatio  Capitolioque  quam  in  laniculo 
fore.  Itaque  monere  praedlcere  ut  pontem  ferro  igni,  quacumque 
VI  possint,  interrumpant :  se  impetum  hostium,  quantum  corpore 
uno  posset  obsisti,excepturum.  Vadit  inde  in  primum  aditum  pon- 
tis,  mslgnisque  inter  conspecta  cedentium  pugnae  ^  terga,  obversis 
comminus  ad  ineundum  proelium  armis,  ipso  miraculo  audaciae 
obstupefecit  hostes.  Duos  tamen  cum  eo  pudor  tenuit,  Sp.  Lar- 
cium  ac  T.  Herminium,  ambos  claros  genere  factisque.    Cum  his 

Special  Study.  —  Indicative  in  unreal  conditions. 

H  M      A  G  B 

1  581, 1  (511, 1)    868  308,  h   597,  r.  3   304,  3    3  cedere  =  yield  to 
3  644  (509,  N.  3)    398  307,/   596,2  304,2 


HISTORIAE,  V. 


161 


primam  periculi  procellam  et  quod  tumultuosissimiim^  pugnae 
erat  parumper  sustinuit.  Deinde  eos  quoque  ipsos,  exigua  parte 
pontis  relicta,  revocantibus  qui  rescindebant^  cedere  in  tutum 
coegit.  Circumferens  inde  truces  minaciter  oculos  ad  proceres 
Etruscorum  nunc  singulos  provocare/  nunc  increpare  omnes^  ser- 
vitia  regum  superborum,  suae  libertatis  immemores  alienam  op- 
pugnatum^  venire.  Cunctati  aliquaniditi  sunt,  dum  alius  alium,  ut 
proelium  incipiant,  circumspectant.  Pudor  deinde  commovit 
aciem,  et  clamore  sublato  undique  in  unum  hostem  tela  coniciunt. 
Quae  cum  in  obiecto  ctincta  sctito  haesissent,  neque  ille  minus 
obstinatus  ingenti  pontem  obtineret  gradti,  iam  impetti  conaban- 
tur  detrtidere  virum,  cum  simul  fragor  rupti  pontis  simul  clamor 
Eomanorum,  alacritate  perfect!  operis  sublatus,  pavore  subito 
impetum  sustinuit.  Tum  Codes  ^^Tiberme  pater/'  inquit,  ^^te, 
sancte,  pre  cor,  haec  arma  et  hunc  militem  propitio  flumine  acci- 
pias!"  Ita  sic  armatus  in  Tiberim  desiluit,  multisque  superinci- 
dentibus  tells  incolumis  ad  suos  tranavit,  rem  ausus  plus  famae 
habittiram  ad  posteros  quam  ndei.  Grata  erga  tantam  virtutem 
civitas  fuit :  statua  in  coniitio  posita,  agri  quantum  uno  die 
circumaravit  datum.  Privata  quoque  inter  publicos  lionores 
studia  eminebant:  nam  in  magna  inopia  pro  domesticis  copiis 
tinus  quisque  ei  aliquid  fraudans  se  ipse  victu  suo  contulit. 


Book  V. 

The  Gauls  at  Rome:  the  Capitol  saved  by  geese, 

47.  Dum  haec  Veils  agebantur,  interim  arx  Romae  Capitolium-  b.c. 
que  in  ingenti  periculo  fuit.    Namque  Gall!  animadverso  ad 
Carmentis  saxo  ascensu  aequo,  nocte  sublustri,  cum  primo  iner- 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  with  adjectives. 

H  MAGBIH  MAG  B 

1  610  (536, 1)       276       275       647       335  I  2  633  (546)       301       302       435       340, 1 


162 


LIVY. 


mem,  qui  temptaret^  viam,  praemTsissent,  tradentes  inde  arma, 
ubi  quid  iniqui  esset,  alternl  imiTxi  sublevantesque  in  vicem  et 
trahentes  alii  alios,  prout  postularet  locus,  tanto  silentio  in 
summum  evasere,  ut  non  custodes  solum  fallerent,  sed  ne  canes 
quidem,  sollicitum  animal  ad  nocturnos  strepitus,  excitarent. 
Anseres  non  fefellere,  quibus  ^  sacris  lunonis  in  summa  inopia  cibi 
tamen  abstinebatur.^  Quae  res  saltiti  ^  fuit :  namque  clangore 
eorum  alarum  que  crepitu  excltus  M.  Manlius,  qui  triennio  ante 
consul  fuerat,  vir  bello  egregius,  armis  adreptis  simul  ad  arma 
ceteros  ciens  vadit,  et  dum  ceteri  trepidant,  Galium,  qui  iam  in 
summo  constiterat,  umbone  ictum  deturbat.  Cuius  casus  prolapsi 
cum  proximos  sterneret,  trepidantes  alios  armlsque  omissis  saxa, 
quibus  adhaerebant,  manibus  amplexos  trucidat.  lamque  et  alii 
congregati  tells  missilibusque  saxis  proturbare  hostes,  rulnaque 
tota  prolapsa  acies  in  praeceps  deferri.  Sedato  deinde  tumultu 
reliquum  noctis,  quantum  in  turbatis  mentibus  poterat,  quieti 
datum  est.  Luce  orta  vocatis  classico  ad  concilium  militibus  ad 
tribtinos,  cum  et  recte  et  perperam  facto  pretium  deberetur, 
Manlius  primum  ob  virtutem  laudatus  donatusque  non  ab  tri- 
bunis  solum  militum  sed  consensu  etiam  militari;  cui  universi 
selibras  farris  et  quartarios  vini  ad  aedes  eius,  quae  in  arce  erant, 
contulerunt  —  rem  dictti  parvam,  ceterum  inopia  f ecerat  eam 
argumentum  ingens  caritatis.  Tum  vigiles  eius  loci,  qua  fefelle- 
rat  ascendens  hostis,  citati;  et  cum  in  omnes  more  militari  se 
animadversurum  Q.  Sulpicius  tribunus  militum  pronuntiasset, 
consentiente  clamore  militum  in  unum  vigilem  conicientium  cul- 
pam  deterritus  a  ceteris  abstinuit,  reum  hand  dubium  eius  noxae 
approbantibus  cunctis  de  saxo  deiecit.  Inde  intentiores  utrimque 
custodiae  esse,  et  apud  Gallos,  quia  vulgatum  erat  inter  Veios 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  separation. 

H  MAGB  H  MAGB 

1  590(497,1)   382,3     317,2   630   282,2       3  302,6(301)  145,4  146, 208,2  187, II, & 

»  462(414,1)   237,  a    243      405  214,1,5    4  433, 3  (390,  II,  n.  2)  206    233,  a  356    191, 2,  a 


HISTORIAE,  y. 


163 


Eomamque  nuntios  commeare,  et  apud  Eonianos  ab  nocturnl 
perlculi  memoria. 

The  Romans  are  weakened  by  famine, 

48.  Sed  ante  omnia  obsidionis  bellique  mala  fames  utrumque 
exercitum  urgebat^  Gallos  pestilentia  etiam^  cum^  loco  iacente 
inter  tumulos  castra  habentes  turn  ^  ab  incendiis  torrido  et  vaporis 
pleno.  Quorum  intolerantissima  gens  umorique  ac  frigori  adsueta, 
cum  aestu  et  angore  vexata  vulgatis  velut  in  pecua  morbTs  more- 
rentur,  iam  pigritia  singulos  sepeliendi  promiscue  acervatos  cumu- 
los  hominum  urebant ;  biistorumque  inde  Gallicorum  nomine 
insignem  locum  fecere.  Indutiae  deinde  cum  Eomanis  factae  et 
conloquia  permissu  imperatorum  habita ;  in  quibus  cum  identi- 
dem  Galli  famem  obicerent^  eaque  necessitate  ad  deditionem 
vocarent,  dicitur  avertendae  eius  oplnionis  causa  multis  locis 
panis  de  Capitolio  iactatus  esse  in  hostium  stationes.  Sed  iam 
neque  dissimulari  neque  ferri  ultra  fames  poterat. 

Tliey  buy  peace.    The  insolence  of  the  Gauls. 

Itaque  dum  dictator  dilectum  per  se  Ardeae  habet,  magistrum 
equitum  L.  Valerium  a  Veils  abducere  exercitum  iubet,  interim 
Capitolmus  exercitus  stationibus  vigilils  fessus^  superatTs  tamen 
humanis  omnibus  mails  cum  famem  unam  nattira  vine!  non 
sineret,  diem  de  die  prospectaus,  ecquod  auxilium  ab  dictatore 
appareret,  postremo  spe  quoque  iam  non  solum  cibo  deficiente  et, 
cum  stationes  procederent,  prope  obruentibus  mfirmum  corpus 
armis,  vel  dedi  vel  redimi  se  quacumque  pactione  possent  iussit, 
iactantibus  non  obscure  Gallls,  baud  magna  mercede  ^  se  adduci 
posse,  ut  obsidionem  r clinquant.    Tum  senatus  habitus  tribunls- 

Special  Study.  —  Force  of  cum  —  tum. 

H  MAGBIH  MAGE 

1  657,4,  N.  1(554. 1, 5)  465,2  155,  a  588  341,3  13  478(422)         251         252        404  225 


164 


LIYY. 


que  militum  negotiuni  datum  ut  paclscerentur.  Inde  inter 
Q.  Sulpicium  tribtinum  militum  et  Brennum  regulum  Gallorum 
conloquio  transacta  res  est  et  mllle  pondo  auri  pretium  populi 
gentibus  mox  imperattiri  factum.  Eel  foedissimae  per  se  adiecta 
indlgnitas  est :  pondera  ab  Gallis  adlata  iniqua,  et  tribtino  recu- 
sante,  additus  ab  Insolente  Gallo  ponder!  gladius,  auditaque 
intoleranda  Eomanis  vox:  vae  victls. 

Camillus  rejects  the  disgraceful  terms. 

49.  Sed  diique  et  homines  prohibuere  redemptos  vivere  ^  Eo- 
manos.  Nam  forte  quadam,  priusquam  infanda  merces  perfice- 
retur^  per  altercationem  nondum  omni  auro  appenso,  dictator 
intervenit,  auferrique  aurum  de  medio  et  Gallos  submoveri  iubet. 
Cum  ill!  renitentes  pactos  dicerent  sese,  negat  eam  pactionem 
ratam  esse,  quae,  postquam  ipse  dictator  creatus  esset,  iniussu 
suo  ab  mferioris  itiris  magistrate  facta  esset ;  denuntiatque  Gallis 
ut  se  ad  proelium  expediant.  Suos  in  acervum  conicere  sarcinas 
et  arma  aptare  ferroque,  non  auro,  reciperare  patriam  iubet,  in 
conspectu  habentes  fana  detim  et  coniuges  et  liberos  et  solum 
patriae  deforme  belli  mails  et  omnia,  quae  defend!  repetlque  et 
ulclsci  fas  sit.  Instruit  deinde  aciem,  ut  loc!  nattira  patiebatur  in 
semirutae  solo  urbis  et  nattira  inaequall,  et  omnia,  quae  arte  bell! 
secunda  suls  eligi  praepararive  poterant,  providit. 

The  Gauls  are  routed. 

Gall!  nova  re  trepidi  arma  capiunt,  iraque  magis  quam  consilio 
in  Eomanos  incurrant.  lam  verterat  forttina,  iam  deorum  opes 
htimanaque  consilia  rem  Eomanam  adiuvabant.  Igitur  primo 
concursu  baud  maiore  momento  fusi  Gall!  sunt,  quam  ad  Alliam 

Special  Study.  —  Temporal  clauses. 

H  M       A  G  B|  H  MAGE 

1  614(535,11)   273   331,6,2   549,  n.  1   331,1112  605,1(520,1,2)      351       327      577  292 


HISTORIAE,  V. 


165 


vlcerant.  lustiore  altero  deinde  proelio  ad  octavum  lapidem 
Gablna  via,  quo  se  ex  fuga  contulerant,  eiusdem  ductti  auspicio- 
que  Camilll  vincuntur.  Ibi  caedes  omnia  obtinuit.  Castra 
capiuntur,  et  ne  ntintiiis  quidem  cladis  relictus.  Dictator  re- 
ciperata  ex  bostibus  patria  triumphans  in  urbem  redit,  interque 
iocos  militares,  quos  inconditos  iaciunt,  Eomulus  ac  parens 
patriae  conditorque  alter  urbis  baud  vanis  laudibus  appellabatur. 
Servatam  deinde  bello  patriam  iterum  in  pace  baud  dubie  serva- 
vit,  cum  probibuit  migrari  Veios  et  tribunis  rem  intentius  agen- 
tibus  post  incensam  urbem  et  per  se  inclinata  magis  plebe  ad 
id  consilium.  Eaque  causa  fuit  non  abdicandae  post  triumpbum 
dictaturae,  senatti  obsecrante  ne  rem  ptiblicam  in  incerto  relin- 
queret  statu. 


LITEEATUEE. 


The  following  works,  and  those  mentioned  in  the  introductions  to  the  Notes, 
embrace  only  a  limited  selection  from  the  vast  amount  of  useful  literature  on 
the  matters  treated.  With  the  student,  reference  to  too  many  authorities 
defeats  its  own  end,  and  the  teacher  can  easily  extend  the  bibliography  at  his 
pleasure.  The  volumes  starred  should  be  readily  accessible  to  the  student, 
either  in  his  own  possession  or  in  the  school  library. 

Bibliographical  Clue  to  Latin  Literature.   J.  E.  B.  Mayor.    Macmillan  &  COc 

Cruttwell's  Roman  Literature.  Scribners. 

Teuffel's  Roman  Literature.  Scribners. 

*Guerber's  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome.    American  Book  Co. 

Duruy's  History  of  Rome.  Triibner. 

^Outlines  of  Roman  History.    Pelham.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

*The  Story  of  Rome.    Arthur  Gilman.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

*Plutarch's  Lives  (Translation).    Clough.    Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

*Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries,  and 

*Pagan  and  Christian  Rome.    Rodolfo  Lanciani.    Houghton,  Mififlin  &  Co. 

*Early  Rome  (Epochs  of  History).  W.  Ihne.  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.  Invalu- 
able in  the  study  of  the  early  traditions  of  Rome. 

*Roman  Antiquities  (History  Primer  Series).    Wilkins.    American  Book  Co. 

*A  Companion  to  School  Classics.    Gow.    Macmillan  &  Co. 

*Roman  Life  in  the  Day  of  Cicero.    Church.  Scribners. 

*Becker's  Gallus.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

^Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities.  Murray. 

^Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Mythology.  Murray. 

*Rich's  Dictionary  of  Roman  and  Greek  Antiquities.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Das  Alte  Rom,  a  photogi'aphic  reproduction  of  the  painting  by  Btihlmann  and 
Wagner,  gives  an  excellent  panoramic  view  of  Rome  at  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine. 

166 


NOTES. 


EUTEOPIUS. 

Of  the  life  of  Eutropius  little  or  nothing  is  known  with  certainty.  The  single 
statement  which  he  makes  regarding  himself  occurs  in  the  account  of  the  inva- 
sion of  Persia  by  the  Emperor  Julian,  a.d.  363:  *'In  which  expedition  I  also 
took  part."  His  history  is  dedicated  to  the  Emperor  Valens,  and  professes  to 
be  written  at  his  command  ;  it  ends  with  the  accession  of  Valens,  a.d.  364.  A 
Byzantine  writer  nearly  a  thousand  years  later  states  that  Eutropius  was  a 
secretary  {epistolographos)  under  Constantine  the  Great  (who  died  a.d.  337). 
If  this  is  correct,  then  his  life  must  fall  within  the  limits  of  the  fourth  century. 
It  was  a  period  of  great  change.  Constantine  had  transferred  the  seat  of 
empire  from  Italy  to  Byzantium,  which  he  had  rebuilt  and  called  by  his  own 
name.  Kome  was  swiftly  yielding  to  the  advance  of  Christianity.  More  and 
more  the  empire  was  becoming  a  Greek  Christian  state,  and  the  history  of  the 
eternal  city  was  fading  from  the  memory  of  those  who  called  themselves  by  its 
name.  What  the  religion  of  Eutropius  was  cannot  certainly  be  determined. 
He  makes  no  comments  on  the  paganism  he  describes  ;  Claudius'  and  Flamini- 
nus'  disregard  of  the  omens  is  recorded  precisely  as  it  might  have  been  by  Livy, 
and  various  emperors  are  said  to  have  been  deservedly  enrolled  among  the  gods. 
A  very  late  historian,  indeed,  pronounces  him  a  Hellen  {i.e.  pagan),  and  con- 
siders his  testimony  regarding  Constantine  of  peculiar  value.  The  same  writer 
calls  Eutropius  a  contemporary  and  a  partisan  of  Julian,  whose  departure  from 
the  Christian  faith  has  won  for  him  the  name  of  Apostate.  Yet  Eutropius 
calls  the  latter  too  violent  a  persecutor  (nimius  insectator)  of  the  Christian 
faith,  the  only  passage  (if  not  an  interpolation)  in  which  he  mentions  what  had 
become  in  his  time  the  state  religion. 

The  Breviarium  is  the  only  extant  work  of  Eutropius,  although  others  seem 
to  have  existed.  In  ten  short  books  he  rapidly  narrates  the  events  from  the 
founding  of  Rome  to  the  accession  of  Yalens :  "so  that  your  Se/enity's 
divine  mind  may  rejoice  to  know  that  it  has  imitated  the  deeds  of  illustrious 
men,  before  it  learned  them  by  reading,"  as  the  preface  states.  It  was 
abridged  from  Livy  (or  rather  from  previous  epitomes  of  Livy),  Suetonius,  and 
later  writers ;  though  the  only  authority  mentioned  is  Caelius  Antipater,  a  con- 

167 


168 


NOTES. 


[Page  13. 


temporary  of  the  Gracchi.  In  style  it  is  extremely  plain  and  direct ;  there  is 
no  straining  after  effect,  little  or  no  attempt  at  rhetorical  ornament.  There  are 
some  blunders  in  matters  of  fact,  but  none  of  any  moment.  For  the  age  in 
which  it  was  written,  the  diction  is  remarkably  good  ;  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at  that  the  book  soon  became,  and  long  remained,  a  favorite  manual.  It  was 
early  translated  into  Greek ;  one  version  of  it,  by  Paeanius,  written  about  380,  is 
still  extant.  Other  historians  made  extracts  from  it,  and  in  the  eighth  century 
Paul  the  Deacon  made  it  the  basis  of  a  new  history.  He  had  sent  the  book  to 
his  pupil,  Adelperga,  the  Duchess  of  Beneventum  (then  a  Lombard  capital), 
who  seems  to  have  found  it  too  dry  and  too  pagan  for  her  taste.  This  version 
of  Paul's  has  often  been  confounded  with  the  real  work  of  Eutropius.  Since 
the  revival  of  learning,  there  have  been  many  editions  of  Eutropius.  That  by 
H.  Yerheyk  (Leyden,  1793)  contains  a  full  collection  of  Latin  notes  by  various 
scholars,  as  well  as  the  Greek  translation.  The  modern  editions  are  chiefly 
German;  one  of  the  most  usable  perhaps  is  that  by  0.  Eichert  (Hanover,  1871), 
who  has  published  also  a  Lexicon  to  Eutropius.  The  most  complete  critical 
edition  is  H.  Droysen's,  the  latest  is  E.  Ruehl's  (Teubner  Series). 

BREVIARIUM. 


Book  I. 

13.  §  1.  filius :  in  apposition  with 
qui^  the  subject  of  editus  est. 

quantum  putatus  est :    '  as  was 

supposed' ;  note  gender  of  participle. 

octodecim  annos  natus :  '  eight- 
een years  old ' ;  commonly  duodevi- 
ginti.  Of.  VII,  1.  Eor  less  common 
ways  of  stating  age,  see  II,  6,  annorum 
trium  et  mginti;  III,  7,  annum  agens 
vicesimum  aetatis ;  Nepos,  Atticus  7, 
cum  haheret  annos  circiter  LX.  Of. 
B  6,  p.  222. 

urbem  exiguam :  on  the  Palatine 
there  are  still  remains  which  are  ordi- 
narily referred  to  this  earliest  settle- 
ment. 

XI  Kal.  Maias:  what  is  the  date 
in  our  reckoning  ?  In  the  Roman 
calendar  it  coincided  with  the  Palilia 
or  the  feast  of  Pales,  the  guardian 


divinity  of  shepherds,  but  it  came  to 
be  celebrated  more  and  more  as  the 
dies  natalicius  ('birthday')  of  Rome. 

Olympiadis  sextae  anno  tertio  : 
B.C.  754.  The  dates  given  by  Eutro- 
pius do  not  always  correspond  with 
the  received  chronology  given  in  the 
margin  (from  Smith's  Classical  Dic- 
tionary). According  to  Yarro  (see 
Vocabulary),  Rome  was  founded  b.c. 
753.  There  were  many  legends  con- 
cerning that  event,  but  Eutropius  fol- 
lows the  one  which  was  most  widely 
believed.  It  is  related  in  greater  de- 
tail by  Livy  I,  4-6,  p.  153-7.  Cf.  also 
Plutarch,  Bomulus^  IX. 

§  2.  condita  civitate:  'when  the 
city  had  been  founded' ;  civitas=urbs, 
a  late  use,  frequent  in  Eutropius. 

Romam  vocavit :  it  has  been  sug- 
gested that  the  name  of  the  city  was 
made  from  an  ancient  word  Bumon, 


Pages  13,  14.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


169 


'  river.'  Boma  would  then  mean  *  the 
town  by  the  river,'  'Rivertown'  (cf. 
English  'Watertown,'  etc.),  and  Bom- 
ulus  would  be  the  'man  from  River- 
town.'  See  Lanciani,  Ancient  Borne, 
p.  37. 

centum  ex  senioribus :  '  a  hundred 
of  the  elders ' ;  ex  or  de  with  abl.  is 
regularly  used  with  numerals  instead 
of  the  partitive  genitive.  The  number 
of  senators  was  afterwards  increased  ; 
see  §  6.  For  several  centuries  it  was 
usually  about  300.  Julius  Caesar  in- 
creased it  to  900.  Augustus  dimin- 
ished it  to  about  600,  and  fixed  the 
senatorial  age  at  twenty-five. 

tirbi  Romae  ;  '  to  the  city  Rome ' ; 
the  nouns  are  in  apposition. 

14.  propter  raptarum  iniuriam: 
'on  account  of  the  injury  of  done 
by)  stealing  the  maidens.'  With  rap- 
tarum  sc.  virginum.  The  chief  idea  is 
in  the  participle.  Cf.  I,  9,  ab  expulsis 
regibus,  and  foot-note.  For  the  story, 
cf .  Ihne,  pp.  33  and  69. 

cingunt ;  '  surround  ' ;  they  were 
on  the  north  chiefly. 

orta  tempestate :  what  is  denoted 
by  the  ablative  absolute  ? 

non  comparuisset :  'he  had  dis- 
appeared ' ;  see  definition  of  Litotes, 
637,  YIII:  209,  c:  700.  Livy  does 
not  seem  to  put  much  faith  in  this 
occurrence  ;  see  his  account  on  p.  157. 

per  quinos  dies:  '(each)  for  five 
days';  cf.  biyiorum  hosthim,  II,  13. 
When  are  the  distributive  numerals 
used?    174,  2:  95:  97,  R.  2,  3. 

§  3.  bellum  nullum  gessit :  it  is 
hardly  credible  that  the  Romans,  who 
were  so  constantly  engaged  in  warfare 
with  their  neighbors,  really  laid  aside 


their  arms  for  the  forty-three  years  of 
this  reign. 

consuetudine  proeliorum  :  '  be- 
cause of  their  habit  of  (waging)  war.' 

putabantur:  note  use  of  the  im- 
perfect :  '  who  were  coming  to  be 
thought.' 

annum :  object  of  descripsit,  and 
modified  by  confiisum,  which  in  turn 
is  modified  by  prius ;  '  the  year,  for- 
merly confused.' 

decern  menses :  twelve  according 
to  Livy  I,  19. 

sine  aliqua :  used  for  sine  ulla, 
'without  any' ;  for  sine  aliquo,  'with- 
out some,'  cf.  Livy  I,  19.  Sine  aliqua 
suppiitatione  is  in  effect  a  causal  clause 
—  quod  non  supputatio  erat. 

sacra  ac  templa :  there  was  a  ten- 
dency to  refer  all  religious  institutions 
to  Numa,  just  as  among  the  ancient 
Hebrews  all  laws  were  ascribed  to 
Moses,  and  among  the  Greeks  legal 
institutions  were  ascribed  to  Solon. 
Cf.  Livy  I,  19,  20,  p.  158. 

morbo  decessit :  i.e.  he  did  not 
meet  with  a  violent  death  as  so  many 
of  the  kings  did.  We  are  to  feel  a 
contrast  here  to  the  miraculous  dis- 
appearance of  Romulus.  Cf.  morbo 
mortuo,  I,  10 ;  fataliter  mortuns,  I, 
11  ;  morte  communi,  YII,  8. 

§  4.  mlliario  :  cf.  in  octavo  decimo 
miliario,  I,  8.  Milestones  at  the  side 
of  the  roads  marked  the  distance  from 
the  gates  of  the  city.  This  phrase 
means  then  '  twelve  miles  from  Rome.' 
For  another  name  for  the  same  object, 
see  Nepos,  Atticus  XXII,  4,  ad  quin- 
tum  lapidem  ;  Livy  V,  49,  ad  octavum 
lapidem. 

alii  .  .  .  alii :  more  accurately  alteri 


170 


NOTES. 


[Pages  14,  15 


.  .  .  alteri.  Why?  Cf.  Cicero,  v. 
I,  6,  p.  149. 

adiecto  Caelio  monte :  translate 
*by  annexing  the  Caelian  hill.'  Cf. 
note  on  propter  raptarum  iniuriam^ 
I,  2. 

15.  §  5.  civitatem  supra  mare ; 

Ostia,  the  port  of  Rome. 

§  6.  circum  :  the  Circus  Maximus, 
between  the  Palatine  and  the  Aventine 
hills.  It  was  restored  and  ornamented 
many  times,  until  finally,  under  the 
emperors,  it  was  a  sumptuous  inclos- 
ure  capable  of  seating  260,000  people 
(Pliny). 

ludos  Romanes :  called  also  magni 
or  cir censes.  In  Eu tropins'  time  they 
were  celebrated  each  year,  Sept.  4-12, 
in  honor  of  Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Min- 
erva, and  consisted  of  chariot  racing, 
sham  battles,  athletic  contests,  and 
theatrical  performances. 

ad  nostram  memoriam :  '  to  our 
time ' ;  cf .  note  on  Tranquillitas  Ves- 
tra^  §  12  ;  they  were  abolished  by  the 
Goths,  A.D.  410. 

triumphans :  for  a  good  description 
of  a  triumph,  see  Plutarch,  Aemilius 
Paulus,  XXIII. 

cloacas  :  see  Lanciani,  Ancient 
Bome^  p.  53  ff.  The  Cloaca  Maxima 
(see  cut),  "built  twenty-five  centuries 
ago,  on  unstable  ground,  under  enor- 
mous practical  difficulties,  which  still 
answers  well  its  purpose,  is  a  work  to 
be  classed  among  the  greatest  triumphs 
of  engineering."  Still  larger  sewers 
than  the  Maxima  have  recently  been 
discovered. 

incohavit:  this  verb  is  often  used 
of  an  action  which  one  begins  but  does 
not  complete.    The  temple  referred  to 


here  was  actually  built  by  Tarquinius 
Superbus  (cf.  §  8),  and  dedicated  in 
509  B.C.  by  the  consul  Horatius  Pui- 
villus,  for  whom  see  §  10. 

non  parum  agrorum  :  '  not  a  little 
(of)  land  '  =:  '  much  land. '  See  note 
on  non  comparuisset^  §  2. 

per  Anci  filios  •  in  classical  prose 
the  acc.  with  per  is  used  when  a  person 
is  considered  as  a  means  or  instrument 
Ccf.  per  quos,  §  13 ;  per  legatos,  III,  7)  ; 
but  Eutropius  occasionally  substitutes 
it  for  the  abl.  or  dat.  of  agent ;  cf.  per 
Hanjiihalem^  III,  7 :  per  hos,  VII, 
2.  The  difference  between  the  two 
phrases  is  well  shown  in  IV,  10,  per 
eum  multa  a  consiilibus  prospere  gesta 
sunt. 

regis  eius :  in  apposition  with  Anci, 

§  7.  fossas  circa  murum-  Livy  I, 
44,  agger e  et  fossis  et  muro  circumdat 
urhem.  The  Servian  wall  was  the 
chief  defense  of  Rome  for  many  cen- 
turies. Portions  of  it,  as  well  as  of  the 
rampart  {agger)  ^  are  still  to  be  traced, 
especially  along  the  east  side  of  the 
Esquiline,  Viminal,  and  Quirinal  hills. 

censum:  not  a  mere  counting  of 
the  inhabitants,  but  an  enrollment  of 
citizens  according  to  property,  for  pur- 
poses of  taxation  and  military  service. 

orbem  terrarum :  the  usual  Latin 
expression  for  'the  world,'  cf.  VI,  21  ; 
orhe  alone,  VI,  25. 

incognitas  erat :  the  constitution 
of  Solon  at  Athens  instituted  what 
was  essentially  a  census,  and  dates 
from  this  same  period. 

in  censum  delatis  :  '  having  re- 
ported themselves  for  enrollment.' 
For  this  force  of  the  passive,  see  465 : 
111,  a:  218. 


Pages  15-17.] 


EUTEOPIUS. 


171 


capitum  .  .  .  cTvium  ;  translate 
'persons,  souls';  cf.  capita^  II,  18. 

cum  ils  :  '  reckoning  in  those.' 

in  agris :  citizenship  did  not  neces- 
sarily imply  residence  in  Rome.  Cf. 
Acts  xxii.  26-29,  where  St.  Paul  claims 
Roman  citizenship. 

16.  §  8-  Ca-abios  civitatem :  '  the 
city  Gabii '  ;  notice  that  an  appositive 
need  agree  in  case  only. 

Capitolio  :  in  §  6  it  meant  the  tem- 
ple ;  here  the  hill  on  which  the  temple 
stood.    Cf.  note  on  incohavit^  §  6. 

oppugnans  :  '  while  he  was  besieg- 
ing.' Such  circumstances  are  com- 
monly expressed  in  Latin  by  subordi- 
nate clauses  with  dum  or  cum. 

filius  eius:  i.e.  Sextus  Tarquinius. 

et  ipse :  a  phrase  common  in  Livy 
and  later  writers ;  here  et  is  not  a 
connective  ;  it  may  be  rendered  '  also, 
likewise.'    Cf.  parens  et  ipse^  below. 

Tarquinius  iunior  :  '  a  Tarquin 
(but)  younger.'  The  adjective  iunior 
was  probably  added  as  a  gloss. 

stuprasset ;  '  had  offered  violence 
to,'  'had  dishonored.' 

marito  et  patri:  see  §§  9,  10. 

questa  fuisset:  'had  complained.' 
Cf .  II,  9,  datus  fuisset^  '  had  been 
given.'  Except  in  these  two  places 
Eutropius  (in  these  selections)  employs 
esset,  etc.,  not  fuisset^  in  the  plup.  pass, 
subj.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  plup. 
ind.  he  ordinarily  has  fuerat^  etc.,  not 
erat.  See  I,  10,  fuerat  expulsus  ;  I,  20, 
datum  fueratf  etc.  (but  II,  6,  subacti 
erant).  In  the  perfect,  fui^  etc.,  do  not 
occur.  For  the  classical  usage  of  such 
forms,  cf.  Caesar  IV,  38  ;  Livy  I,  19. 

parens  et  ipse :  '  a  relative  like- 
wise,' I.e.  as  well  as  Collatiuus.  Ac- 


cording to  Livy  he  was  the  son  of 
Tarquinia,  the  sister  of  Tarquinius 
Superbus. 

eum,  qui:  a  misleading  arrange- 
ment ;  eum  is  the  king,  while  the 
antecedent  of  qui  is  exercitus. 

veniensque:  = 'having  come.'  The 
pres.  participle  properly  denotes  the 
same  time  as  the  verb  with  which  it  is 
used.  Verbs  of  coming  and  going, 
however,  are  less  carefully  used  even 
in  good  prose. 

regnatum  est  per  septem  reges : 
render  '  seven  kings  ruled.'  Cf.  note 
on  per  A  nci  Jilios,  §  6.  On  the  myth- 
ical character  of  these  stories  of  the 
kings,  cf.  Ihne,  pp.  66-91. 

annis :  in  Eutropius,  as  in  post- 
classical  writers  generally,  the  ablative 
of  time  within  which  often  replaces 
the  acc.  of  duration. 

ubi  plurimum :  '  when  (she  pos- 
sessed) most ' ;  the  verb  is  to  be  sup- 
plied from  possideret. 

§  9.  eum:  the  object  of  coerceret ; 
why  placed  here  ? 

annuum:  not  'annual,'  but  'lasting 
one  year.' 

civiles  :  '  good  citizens.' 

17.  ab  expulsis  regibus :  '  after 
the  expulsion  of  the  kings '  ;  for  the 
participle,  cf.  note  on  raptarum^  §  2  ; 
for  the  meaning  of  the  phrase,  cf .  post 
reges  exactos^  §  H  ;  post  reges  eiectos, 
§15. 

maxime  egerat  ut :  '  had  done 
most  to.' 

ne  quisquam  :  why  not  ut  nemo  f 

§  10.  fuerat  expulsus :  cf .  note  on 
questa  fuisset,  §  8. 

ut  .  .  .  posset  restitui:  the  same 
idea  of  purpose  is  expressed  in  the 


172 


NOTES. 


[Pages  17,  18. 


next  paragraph  by  ut  reciperetur^ 
without  posset. 

in  vicem  se  :  what  is  the  literal 
translation  ?  The  Latin  had  no  re- 
ciprocal pronoun  ('one  another,  each 
other'),  and  various  awkward  expres- 
sions were  used  instead,  commonly 
m^er  se.  Cf .  Caesar  III,  6  ;  Nepos, 
Arist.  I.  Cf.  also  alius  alium  circum- 
spectant,  Livy  II,  10. 

per  annum ;  cf.  annum  luxerunt, 
§  11.  The  preposition  is  said  to  be 
added  for  greater  precision.  Cf .  '  one 
year '  and  '  for  one  year. ' 

conlegam :  the  first  instance  is  a 
predicate  acc.  (cf.  §  2,  quam  Bomam 
vocavit)  with  Lucretmm,  the  second 
with  Fulvillum. 

qu5  morbo  mortuo  :  '  and  when 
he  had  died.'  The  Latin  relative  is 
very  often  best  translated  by  and  to- 
gether with  a  personal  pronoun.  Tor 
morbo,  cf.  note  on  morbo  decessit,  §  3. 

18.  §  11.  Porsena:  king  of  Clu- 
sium  in  Etruria.  The  Tar  quins  were 
said  to  have  come  from  Tarquinii  in 
Etruria. 

Tusciae :  these  traditions  are 
thought  to  disguise  the  fact  that  Rome 
was  conquered  by  the  Etruscans,  of 
whom  Ihne,  p.  89,  says :  ' '  They  were 
far  advanced  in  civilization,  in  archi- 
tecture and  the  other  arts,  in  trade, 
navigation,  and  manufactures,  when 
the  Romans  were  still  half  barbari- 
ans." 

Romam  paene  cepit :  see  the  story 
of  Horatius  Codes,  Livy  II,  10,  p.  160 ; 
Macaulay's  Lays  of  Aricient  Borne. 

de  his :  *  over  them ' ;  c?e  is  regu- 
larly used  with  triumpho.  Cf.  de 
Samnitibus  II,  9. 


triumphatum  est :  '  a  triumph  was 
celebrated '  ;  impersonal. 

ille  ;  'the  well-known,  famous.' 

fataliter  mortuus  est :  '  died  a 
natural  death.'  Cf.  morbo  decessit, 
§3. 

sumptum  .  .  .  sepulturae  :  '  had 

the  cost  of  a  burial';  i.e.  was  buried 
at  public  expense. 

§  12.  gener  Tarquinii:  Mamilius 
Octavius  of  Tusculum.  Eor  an  anec- 
dote of  this  war,  cf.  Cicero,  de  Nat. 
Deor.  II,  2,  p.  144. 

socerl :  objective  genitive. 

ad  iniuriam  vindicandam  :  '  to 
avenge  the  wrong.' 

dictatiira :  this  office  had  existed 
in  other  Latin  tribes  before  this  time. 
At  Rome  it  was  a  device  for  lodging 
supreme  power  (except  over  the  treas- 
ury) in  the  hands  of  one  man.  It  was 
generally  resorted  to  in  times  of  ex- 
treme danger ;  yet  a  dictator  might 
be  appointed  to  perform  certain  duties 
when  no  such  crisis  existed.  The 
office  was  created  for  six  months,  but 
was  often  resigned  before  that  term 
had  expired. 

neque  quicquam  :  the  office  of 
dictator  had  long  since  perished,  and 
Eutropius  here,  as  often,  explains  for 
the  benefit  of  those  ignorant  of  Roman 
history.  'Nothing  can  be  mentioned 
more  similar  than  the  ancient  dictator- 
ship to  the  power  which,'  etc. 

magister  equitum :  with  the  dicta- 
tor there  was  always  a  magister  equi- 
tum, subject  to  his  imperium,  but  who 
in  the  absence  of  his  superior  became 
his  representative  and  exercised  the 
same  powers.  His  rank  among  the 
other  Roman  magistrates  is  doubtful. 


Pages  18,  19.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


173 


Cicero  places  him  on  a  par  with  the 
praetor. 

Tranquillitas  Vestra:  'Your  Se- 
rene Highness.'  Eutropius  addressed 
his  history  to  Yalens,  Emperor  of  the 
East,  who  reigned  a.d.  364-378.  Other 
titles  used  of  the  emperors  were  Aeter- 
nitas  Tua^  dementia  Tua,  Serenitas 
Tua,  Magnitudo  Tua,  and  the  modern 
Maiestas  Tita. 

sub  dictaturae  nomine :  after 
holding  the  office  several  times,  Caesar 
was  finally  (e.g.  46)  made  dictator  for 
life.  Augustus,  however,  declined  the 
title. 

regnaverint:  'were  virtually  kings.' 
§  13.  tamquam  .  .  .  premeretur ; 

'because  (as  they  claimed)  they  were 
oppressed.'  Eutropius  does  not  mean 
to  question  the  fact.  Cf.  also  quasi, 
in  §  20. 

tribunes :  these  officers  should  be 
distinguished  from  the  tribuni  militum, 
who  were  military  officers  in  command 
of  legions.  The  civil  magistrates  here 
referred  to  were  specially  charged  with 
the  protection  of  their  fellow  plebeians 
against  the  patricians.  Their  power 
of  vetoing  any  legislative  action  was 
of  immense  importance.  This  First 
Secession,  as  it  was  called,  was  the 
first  act  in  a  long  struggle  which  was 
ended  only  by  granting  complete  polit- 
ical equality  to  the  plebeians. 

ipse  sibi:  i.e.  populus  =  plehs.  Po- 
pulus,  strictly  speaking,  is  a  collective 
name  for  the  whole  body  of  citizens, 
without  regard  to  rank ;  plebs  signifies 
the  common  people,  as  opposed  to  the 
privileged  classes.  This  distinction, 
however,  is  not  always  maintained. 

19.  P^^  quos :  =  ut  per  eos. 


§  14.  quam  habebant  optimam 

=  optimam  quam  habebant. 

§  15.  Q.  Marcius:  surnamed  Cor- 
iolanus  from  the  city  which  he  had 
conquered,  For  his  story,  see  Plut- 
arch, Coriolanus  ;  Shakespeare's  Cori- 
olanus. 

oppugnaturus  .  .  .  nisi  venissent : 

'  would  have  attacked  ...  if  they  had 
not  come ' ;  this  late  use  of  the  fut. 
part,  is  equivalent  to  oppugnavisset. 

secundus  post  Tarquinium:  i.e. 
he  was  the  second,  and  Tarquin  was 
the  first.  In  giving  rank  in  a  series, 
the  Latin  usually  (not  always)  in- 
cluded the  starting  point. 

§  16.  consulibus  :  the  Romans 
regularly  dated  events  by  giving  the 
name  of  the  consuls  for  the  year. 
Later  they  reckoned  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city.  See  I,  18;  11,  18;  Y,  4. 
In  lY,  10  ;  YI,  15,  both  are  used. 

familia :  more  accurately  a  gens. 
Both  terms  are  used  in  a  variety  of 
senses. 

Veientes :  the  powerful  city  of  Yeii 
in  Etruria,  about  twelve  miles  from 
Rome,  was  finally  conquered  by  Ca- 
millus,  B.C.  396  ;  see  §  20. 

promittentes  .  .  .  implendum :  sc. 
esse ;  '  promising  that  the  whole  contest 
would  be  finished  by  them  (selves).' 
Yerbs  of  promising  regularly  take  fut. 
infin.  Cf.  II,  14;  Caesar  lY,  21.  In 
late  Latin  the  gerundive  is  used  as  a 
fut.  pass.  part. ;  in  that  case  implendum 
esse  takes  the  place  of  impletum  iri 
(cf.  Nepos,  Atticus  13,  visum  iri)  or 
futurum  ut  +  subj.  (cf.  Caesar  II,  17). 

qui  .  .  .  deberent  :  the  clause  is 
equivalent  to  another  adjective  in  the 
same  construction  as  nobiles. 


174 


IsrOTES. 


[Pages  19-21. 


unus:  the  later  Fabii,  a  powerful 
gens  at  Rome,  were  said  to  be  descend- 
ants of  this  youth.  A  Eabius  appears 
on  the  list  of  consuls  ten  years  after 
this  event,  and  on  that  account,  if  for 
nothing  else,  the  story  is  suspected. 
Why? 

§  17.  Sequent!  anno  ;  i.e.  after 
the  census  mentioned  in  the  last  para- 
graph. 

obsideretur  exercitus :  the  Aequi- 
ans  had  attacked  the  Roman  camp. 

in  opere  et  arans :  contrary  to 
classical  usage,  later  writers  often  try 
to  avoid  uniformity  of  phrase. 

togam  praetextam  accepit :  '  ac- 
cepted the  bordered  toga '  =  '  accepted 
the  office.'  A  purple  stripe  woven  in 
the  garment  was  the  distinctive  mark 
of  certain  classes  of  magistrates  and 
priests,  and  afterwards  of  the  emperors. 
The  toga  praetexta  was  also  worn  by 
boys  until  they  attained  manhood,  and 
by  girls  until  marriage. 

20.  §  18.  altero :  often  used  for 
secundo. 

ab  urbe  condita ;  '  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city'  ;  cf.  urhis  conditae, 
V,  4. 

decemviri :  on  the  demand  of  the 
plebeians  ten  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed, after  a  long  struggle,  to  revise 
the  laws  and  reduce  them  to  writing. 
Their  work,  the  celebrated  code  known 
as  the  Twelve  Tables,  was  the  founda- 
tion of  Roman  law  for  a  thousand 
years. 

cum  :  adversative,  '  although.' 

Virginii:  gen.  limiting  Jiliam. 

honestis  iam  stTpendiis :  '  already 
in  honorable  campaigns ' ;  abl.  of 
manner  = 'honorably,'  or  'for  hon- 


orable wages,'  i.e,  a  man  of  some 
rank. 

corrumpere  :  cf .  note  on  stuprasset^ 
§8. 

quam  :  —  sed  earn. 
§  20.    VeientanT  :    cf.  Veientes^ 
§  16. 

ipsos :  Eutropius  frequently  uses 
ipse  for  is. 

diu :  ten  years,  according  to  the 
legend. 

obsidens  :  =  postquam  obsederat. 
The  present  participle  here  (improp- 
erly) represents  an  action  prior  to  the 
time  of  the  main  verb.  Cf.  note  on 
veniensque^  §  8. 

et  Faliscos :  in  good  prose  etiam  ; 
cf.  hie  etiam.,  VI,  23 ;  for  Falisci,  see 
the  interesting  story  of  the  treacherous 
schoolmaster  in  Plutarch,  Camillus,  X. 

quasi  .  .  •  divisisset :  cf .  note  on 
tamquam  .  .  .  premeretur^  §  13. 

21.  Galli  ad  urbem  venerunt :  this 
event  was  formerly  placed  in  b.  c.  390, 
but  more  recent  investigations  have 
fixed  the  year  b.c.  388  as  the  real 
date. 

vTctos  .  .  .  secutT:  'conquered  and 
followed.'  The  expressions  of  place 
which  follow  modify  victos. 

a  Roma  :  in  expressions  of  distance 
the  preposition  with  names  of  towns  is 
regular. 

apud  fliimen  Alliam :  one  of  the 

memorable  defeats  in  Roman  history. 
July  16,  dies  Allie7isis,  was  henceforth 
an  unlucky  day  in  the  calendar. 

Gallis  superventum  est :  '  the 
Gauls  were  surprised.' 

datum  fuerat:  cf.  note  on  questa 
fuisset,  §  8.  For  the  events,  see  Livy 
Y,  47-49,  p.  161. 


Pages  21-23.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


175 


Book  II. 

§  6.  qui  modus :  =  modus  qui,  '  a 
force  which.' 

parvis  .  .  .  rebus  •  '  Although  up 
to  this  time  the  Roman  State  had  been 
unimportant.' 

quae:  =  et  eae  (legiones). 

tribunus  militum :  cf.  note  on  tri- 
bunos,  I,  13.  See  the  same  story, 
Gellius  IX,  11,  p.  136. 

qui  esset  optimus  :  '  whoever  was 
the  best.' 

ne  .  .  .  posset :  note  that  the  mi- 
raculous raven  had  a  ijurpose. 

22.  annorum :  cf.  note  on  octo- 
decim  annos  natus,  I,  1.  By  a  law 
passed  b.c.  181,  the  legal  age  for  the 
consulship  was  fixed  at  forty-three. 
For  exceptions,  see  IV,  12 ;  Vll,  2. 

§  8.  Fabio  .  .  .  praecepit :  re- 
member that  verbs  of  ordering  usually 
take  the  dative  of  the  person  and  a 
substantive  clause  of  purpose.  luheo 
is  an  exception  in  both  points. 

se  absente  :  '  while  he  was  absent,' 
i.e.  Papirius,  the  subject  of  the  main 
verb,  to  which  se  refers. 

se  vetante :  '  although  he  (Papirius) 
forbade  it.' 

§  9.  dedecore  vTcerunt:  at  the 
famous  Caudine  forks,  a  mountain 
pass  east  of  Campania. 

sub  iugum :  the  yoke  under  which 
the  Romans  made  their  conquered  ene- 
mies pass,  and  under  which  they  were 
sometimes,  as  in  this  instance,  forced 
to  pass  themselves,  was  'formed  with 
three  spears,  two  fixed  in  the  ground, 
and  one  tied  across  between  the  upper 
ends  of  them.'  Livy  III,  28.  'First 
the  consuls,  nearly  half  naked,  were 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  — 


sent  under  the  yoke ;  then  each  officer, 
according  to  his  rank,  was  exposed  to 
disgrace,  and  the  legions  successively. 
The  enemy  stood  on  each  side  under 
arms,  reviling  and  mocking  them ; 
swords  were  pointed  at  most  of  them, 
several  were  wounded  and  some  even 
slain,  when  their  looks,  rendered  too 
fierce  by  the  indignity  to  which  they 
were  subjected,  gave  offense  to  the 
conquerors.  Thus  were  they  led  under 
the  yoke.'    Livy  IX,  6. 

ipsis :  =  eis ;  cf .  ipsos,  I,  20. 

facta  fuerat :  cf.  note  on  questa 
fuisset,  I,  8. 

aquam  Claudiam  :  better  known  as 
aqua  Appia  to  distinguish  it  from  one 
built  by  the  Emperor  Claudius.  It 
was  between  seven  and  eight  miles 
long,  chiefly  under  ground,  and  was  the 
beginning  of  the  magnificent  water- 
supply  system  of  Rome,  which,  under 
the  Empire,  comprised  fourteen  aque- 
ducts, of  an  aggregate  length  of  369 
miles.  The  remains  of  these  prodi- 
gious works  are  the  most  impressive 
sight  of  the  Campagna.  See  Lanciani, 
Ancient  Borne,  p.  58. 

viam  Appiam :  see  p.  75 ;  the  first 
and  most  famous  of  the  Roman 
roads,  leading  originally  from  Rome 
to  Capua,  but  afterwards  extended  to 
Brundisium. 

Q.  Fabium  Maximum :  the  son  of 
the  general  mentioned  in  §  8. 

Et  .  .  .  et:  'both  .  .  .  and.' 

actum  :  '  waged '  ;  limits  helium. 

23.  §  11.  Tarentinis :  Tarentum 
was  one  of  several  rich  and  powerful 
cities  founded  by  the  Greeks  in  south- 
ern Italy,  a  region  often  called  Magna 
Graecia. 


176 


NOTES. 


[Pages  23-25. 


Pyrrhum  .  .  .  auxilium  ;  '  asked 
aid  of  Pyrrlms.'  Verbs  of  asking  may 
take  two  accusatives.  The  abl.  of  the 
person  with  a  is  also  used  with  posco, 
and  always  with  peto ;  see  II,  21. 

originem  trahebat :  royal  families 
commonly  claimed  descent  from  myth- 
ical heroes  or  from  the  gods. 

incognitos  expaverunt :  contact 
with  the  Carthaginians  (cf.  Ill,  8)  and 
eastern  nations  subsequently  made 
these  animals  well  known  to  the  Ro- 
mans. Augustus  boasts  in  an  inscrip- 
tion that  3500  were  killed  in  the  arena 
in  his  reign. 

Quos  .  .  .  vidisset :  '  and  when  he 
saw  them  lying' ;  the  subject  of  iacere 
is  quos;  verbs  of  perception  (seeing, 
etc.)  may  also  take  the  present  parti- 
ciple. 

adverse  vulnere  :  '  with  their 
wounds  in  front';  i.e.  they  died 
facing  the  enemy. 

se  potuisse  :  in  the  direct  form,  '  I 
could  have  been.' 

§  12.  perrexit :  from  pergo. 

24.  terrore  exercitus  t  i.e.  'from 
his  fear  of  the  army ' ;  exercitus  is  an 
objective  genitive. 

de  redimendis  captlvis :  '  con- 
cerning the  ransom  of  the  captives'  ; 
cf.  I,  12,  ad  iniuriam  vindicandam. 

contemptusque  :  que  or  et  is  used 
(often  after  a  negative)  where  the 
adversative  conjunction  '  but '  seems 
more  appropriate  in  English.  Cf. 
neque  occisus  (es^),Vn,  3;  mo7iuitque, 
Nepos,  Them.  8.  Eor  Eabricius,  see 
Gellius  I,  14,  p.  122. 

ita  ut :  'on  condition  that. ' 

§  13.  remandatum  est :  '  word 
Yras  sent  back.' 


eum  .  .  .  n5n  posse :  direct,  '  you 
cannot,  unless  you  shall  (first)  have 
departed.' 

veterem  statum ;  cf .  note  on  Bo- 
manum  esse  desisse,  II,  25 ;  Gellius 
VI,  18. 

binorum :  '  two  apiece ' ;  cf .  quinos, 
I,  2. 

qualem :  predicate  to  Bomam , 
'what  sort  (of  a  city)  he  had  found 
Rome  (to  be).' 

25.   §  14-   se   .  .  .  occTsurum : 

'that  he  would  kill.'  Verbs  of  prom- 
ising regularly  take  the  future  infini- 
tive ;  but  cf.  polliceantur  .  .  .  dare., 
Caesar  IV,  21,  Eor  this  anecdote,  cf. 
Gellius  III,  8,  p.  126. 

sT  .  .  .  aliquid  .  '  if  something '  ; 
compare  with  the  less  emphatic  si 
quid,  'it  anything.' 

dominum:  in  early  days  at  Rome 
the  medical  profession  was  left  almost 
entirely  m  the  hands  of  foreigners, 
freedmen,  and  slaves. 

a  Tarento :  cf .  Nepos,  Hannibal  2, 
proficiscens  Carthagine  ^  the  use  of 
the  preposition  is  colloquial. 

OCCISUS  est :  for  full  account,  cf. 
Plutarch,  Pyrrhus,  XXXIV.  He  was 
a  formidable  enemy,  but  the  feel- 
ing of  the  Romans  toward  him  was  in 
curious  contrast  to  their  hatred  of 
Hannibal. 

§  18.  anno  ;  sc.  ah  urhe  condita. 

extra  Italiam  ;  the  Roman  power 
was  now  dominant  throughout  the 
peninsula ;  the  valley  of  the  Po,  how- 
ever, w^as  still  reckoned  a  part  of 
Gaul. 

numquam  .  .  .  cesassent:  is  this 
literally  true  ?  See  note  on  helium 
nullum^  I,  3,  and  Livy  I,  19,  p.  158. 


Pages  25-27.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


177 


contra  Afros:  i.e.  Carthaginians. 
Cf.  Africa  in  Vocab.  Carthage  had 
long  been  an  ally  of  Home,  but  the 
growing  commerce  of  the  latter  made 
their  interests  hostile,  and  at  length 
brought  on  the  conflict  known  as  the 
Punic  Wars. 

rege  Siciliae :  i.e.  of  Syracuse  and 
its  dependencies.  Carthage  had  ex- 
tensive possessions  in  the  western 
part  of  the  island.  Cf.  Nepos,  Hamil- 
car  1. 

26.  §21.  primam  Clypeam :  'the 
first  (city  was)  Clypea.' 
in  deditionem  .  .  .  acceperunt : 

'  accepted  the  surrender  of.' 

usque  ad  :  'as  far  as  to.'  Cf .  ad 
Praeneste,  II,  12,  p.  23. 

decern  et  octo ;  generally  duode- 
viginti,  sometimes  octodecim. 

Regulus  mansit :  cf .  Gellius  VII,  3, 
p.  134. 

in  fidem  accepit .  '  took  under  his 
protection,'  a  euphemism  common  in 
Caesar. 

a  Lacedaemonils :  the  Spartans 
were  famous  for  their  military  quali- 
ties. In  much  the  same  way  Syracuse 
was  delivered  from  the  Athenians  b  c. 
412. 

§  25.  haec  mala  :  Paulus  and  Me- 
tellus  had  defeated  the  Carthaginians 
after  the  capture  of  Eegulus. 

nihil  egit :  '  did  not  act  at  all.' 

ilia  die  :  dies  is  sometimes  feminine 
in  the  sing.,  especially  when  meaning 
time. 

RSmanum  esse  desisse;  'had 
ceased  to  be  a  Koman.'  By  Roman 
law  a  citizen  captured  in  war  (and 
thereby  made  a  slave)  lost  all  his  civil 
rights  (status)  at  Rome,  Theoreti- 


cally (cf .  uxorem  a  complexu)  even  his 
marriage  was  dissolved.  Cf .  Caput  in 
Diet,  of  Antiq.  ;  Gellius  VI,  18,  and 
note  on  postliminium.  For  a  special 
arrangement  concerning  returned  cap- 
tives, cf.  II,  13. 

et  senem:  'an  old  man  too.'  Cf. 
et  Faliscos^  I,  20. 

27.  capti  fuerant :  since  explana- 
tions about  past  events  are  apt  to  use 
the  pluperfect  tense  (cf.  Nepos,  Them. 

5,  quem  fecerat),  there  is  apparently  a 
mechanical  tendency  in  Eutropius  to 
leave  that  tense  unassimilated  in  all 
clauses  depending  on  an  infinitive  or 
subjunctive.    Cf.  passus  fuerat,  V,  5. 

nullus  admisit :  '  nobody  admitted 
(to  the  senate),'  i.e.  the  Romans 
would  not  receive  the  ambassadors. 

negavit .  .  .  mansurum :  '  said  that 
he  would  not  remain ' ;  in  such  cases 
the  quoting  verb  in  Latin  generally 
has  the  negative.    Cf.  Nepos,  Them. 

6,  negarent  oportere.  Distinguish  be- 
tween negavit  {—dixit  noii)  and  non 
dixit. 

§  27.  Catulo :  indirect  object  of 
commissum  est. 

navem  .  .  .  ascendit :  cf.  Nepos, 
Them.  8,  in  navem  escendit ;  Hannibal 

7,  navem  ascendit.  The  usual  verb  is 
conscendere.    Caesar  IV,  23. 

ut  liceret :  '  that  it  might  be 
allowed '  ;  the  subject  of  liceret  is 
captivos  redimi. 

tenebant :  '  were  (still)  holding.' 
Cf.  servierat^  §  25,  and  notice  mode  of 
tenerentur  below. 

ut  redirent :  iubeo  is  regularly  fol- 
lowed by  a  pass,  infin.  (dari),  but 
"it  takes  ut  when  it  is  applied  to 
decrees  of  the  senate." 


17S 


I^OTES. 


[Pages  28-30. 


Book  III. 

28.  §7.  navibus:  dat.  of  disad- 
vantage ;  '  committing  piracy  on  the 
ships. ' 

Hannibalem:  for  his  life,  seeNepos, 
XXIII,  p.  58.  Eor  the  use  of  per,  cf. 
note  on  per  A7ici  filios,  I,  6. 

CL  milium:  sc.  militum ;  gen.  of 
measure,  limiting  copiis.  For  the  dis- 
position of  these  armies,  see  Nepos, 
Hannibal  3. 

admittere :  cf.  nullus  admisit^  II, 
25. 

dura  responsa :  cf.  Gellius  X,  27. 

adficiuntur :  historical  present. 

§  8.  Gracchus :  a  mistake ;  see  Vo- 
cab.  Longiis,  and  Nepos,  Hannibal  4. 

§  9.  P.  Cornelius  Scipio :  father 
of  Africanus ;  killed  with  his  brother 
in  Spain  ;  cf.  §  15. 

29.  et  ipse  :  cf .  note  on  et  ipse,  I,  8. 
Trebiam  amnem:  flumen  is  the 

common  word  in  prose. 

multi  .  .  .  dediderunt:  Hannibal's 
hope  was  to  destroy  Rome  by  encour- 
aging the  subject  peoples  in  Italy  to 
revolt. 

Flaminium  interemit  :  at  the  fa- 
mous battle  of  Lake  Trasimenus  in 
217.  Cf.  Cic.  De  Nat.  Deor.  II,  3, 
p.  145. 

differendo:  lit.  'by  postponing,' 
by  avoiding  a  pitched  battle.   From  his 
*  Fabian  policy '  he  was  called  Cuncta- 
tor,  and  he  was  credited  with  the  salva- 
tion of  the  Roman  state. 

eum  ab  impetu  fregit :  =  ah  impe- 
tu  eum  prohibuit,  'prevented  him  from 
attacking  in  force.' 

§  10.  quadragesimo :  note  Eutro- 
pius'  error  in  the  date. 


monuit  .  .  .  ut :  with  the  infinitive 
moneo  is  a  verb  of  saying  ('warn 
that');  with  the  (regular)  subjunctive 
it  means  'warn  to.'  The  two  are  min- 
gled here;  the  advice  is  more  promi- 
nent than  the  prediction.  Non  belongs 
to  aliter. 

callidum  :  '  skillful '  ;  cf.  Nepos' 
judgment,  Hannibal  1.  Calidum, 
'  fiery,'  would  agree  better  with  the 
other  adjective.  Or  perhaps  et  here 
=  et  tamen ;  'who,  for  all  his  skill, 
was  yet  impetuous.' 

pars  de  exercitu:  =pars  exercitus, 
a  very  rare  use. 

accept!  :  '  handled, '  an  ironical 
sense  of  received,  entertained. 

nobiles  viri:  descendants  of  men 
who  had  held  certain  high  offices, 
which,  in  the  later  days,  it  was  difficult 
to  obtain  without  wealth.  Distinguish 
them  from  patricians. 

mentionem  habere:  usually /acere. 

quod  numquam  ante:  sc.  factum 
erat. 

§  11.  multae  .  . .  cTvitates:  cf.  §9. 

Chiefly  the  Samnites,  and  other  south 
Italian  states.  The  Greek  cities  held  to 
Rome,  and  "not  one  Roman  citizen, 
nor  one  Latin  community,  had  joined 
Hannibal"  (Mommsen). 

obtulit  ut :  cf .  the  similar  proposi- 
tion made  by  the  Carthaginians  in  the 
First  Punic  War,  as  described  in  II,  25, 
p.  26. 

variis  supplicils :  Hannibal's 
treachery  and  cruelty  were  probably 
exaggerated  by  the  Romans. 

anulorum :  on  the  custom  of  wear- 
ing rings,  cf.  Gellius  X,  10,  p.  138. 

30.  §  15.  duobus  Scipionibus: 
the  father  and  the  uncle  of  Africanus. 


Pages  30-33.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


179 


P.  Cornelio  (Scipioni),  §  7,  was  their 
cousin. 

fere  primus:  for  the  regard  in 
which  he  was  held,  cf .  §  20,  and  Gellius 
ly,  18,  p.  127. 

Carthaginem  Hispaniae :  called 
Carthago  Nova.  Hispaniae  is  the 
so-called  geographic  genitive  =  ^  in 
Spain.' 

parentibus :  for  meaning,  cf .  parens 
et  ipse,  I,  8. 

§  18.  desperans:  'giving  up  the 
hope.' 

a  consulibus :  connect  with  compo- 
sitas. 

apud  Senam:  one  of  the  critical 
battles  of  the  world's  history,  better 
known  as  the  Battle  of  the  (river) 
Metaurus.  The  elder  Cato  rendered 
good  service  here  ;  cf.  Nepos,  Cato  1. 

31.  §  20.  divlnum  quiddam:  'a 
certain  divine  quality.'  Quiddam  is 
purposely  indefinite. 

§  21.  pondo  :  '  by  weight ' ;  cf . 
Gellius  VI,  18.  With  milia  sc.  lihra- 
rum.  The  terms  were  not  accepted, 
and  peace  was  not  declared  until  the 
year  201  b.c.  ;  cf.  Nepos,  Hannibal  6-7. 

Book  IV. 

32.  §  10-  Scipio :  the  son  of  Aemi- 
iius  Paulus,  but  adopted  into  the  Scipio 
family. 

Huius:  objective  genitive. 

per  eum  :  cf.  note  on  per  And 
filios,  I,  6. 

committere :  ^c.  pug  nam  or  pro  e- 
lium  ;  the  omission  is  a  rare  and  late 
usage. 

§  11.  per  idem  tempus :  an  equiv- 
alent for  the  abL   of  time  within 


v^hich;  contrast  it  with  per  annas, 
below. 

§  12.  iuvenis:  for  meaning,  cf.  Gel- 
lius X,  28,  p.  139;  for  legal  age  of 
consul,  cf.  note  on  annorum,  II,  6. 
Scipio  was  about  thirty-seven. 

septingentesimo :  traditions  agreed 
in  making  Carthage  older  than  Rome, 
but  there  was  a  wide  diversity  in  the 
dates  assigned. 

q^axn: —postquam,  a  post-classical 
usage. 

Africanus  iunior:  etiam  ipse  can, 
of  course,  refer  only  to  Africanus, 
iunior  being  adversative;  < Africanus 
(but)  younger' ;  cf.  note  on  Tarquinius 
iunior,  I,  8. 

Book  V. 

§  4.  urbis  conditae:  cf.  I,  16,  18; 

for  a  similar  use  of  the  gen.,  cf.  the 
common  phrase  Anno  Domini. 

C.  Marius:  for  the  story  of  his  re- 
markable career,  cf .  Plutarch,  Marius, 
Sulla.  Sexies  means  that  he  had 
been  consul  six  times ;  sextum,  would 
=  '  for  the  sixth  time.'  See  iterum 
quinquies,  Nepos,  Hannibal  6,  and  note. 

Achaiam:  the  Koman  province  in- 
cluded the  states  of  Greece  south  of 
Thessaly.  Cf.  Rom.  xv.  26,  'them  of 
Macedonia  and  Achaia.' 

§  5.  belli  socialis :  the  Social  War, 
B.C.  90-88,  was  the  last  effort  of  the 
Samnites  and  other  subject  races  in 
Italy  to  assert  their  independence. 

33.  armatus  ingressus :  a  Roman 
general  could  not  legally  enter  the  city 
while  in  command  of  an  army;  see 
note  OD  ab  Arimino,  VI,  19. 

§  6.  PontI  rex:  Pontus,  south  of 


180 


NOTES. 


[Pages  33-35 


the  Black  Sea,  was  his  ancestral  king- 
dom, but  he  extended  his  dominions 
widely.  He  is  said  to  have  been  able 
to  transact  business  in  their  own  lan- 
guages with  twenty-five  peoples. 

mandavit:  equivalent  to  a  verb  of 
saying,  a  late  use, 

responsum  est  .  .  .  quod :  this  use 
of  qiiod^  with  a  finite  mode  after  a 
verb  of  speaking,  instead  of  the  infini- 
tive with  subject  accusative,  is  late. 
For  the  usual  construction,  cf.  Ill,  11 ; 
for  an  added  notion  of  advising,  cf. 
respondit  ut^  Nepos,  Them.  2. 

litteras  misit  ut :  '  gave  order  by 
letters';  cf.  scribentem  ut,  Nepos, 
Arist.  1. 

Gives  Romanes:  80,000  are  said  to 
have  perished. 

Book  VL 

§  12.  dum  haec  geruntur:  when 
dum  =  'while,'  the  present  is  regular, 
any  other  tense  being  extremely  rare. 
Contrast  Nepos,  Hannibal  2,  dum  con- 
ficiehatur. 

piratae:  a  Greek  word.  Cf.  mari- 
timos  praedones^  Nepos,  Them.  2. 

tuta  non  esset :  for  this  extraor- 
dinary state  of  affairs,  cf.  Plutarch, 
Caesar y  Pompey ;  Cicero,  De  Leg. 
Manil.  12. 

bellum  contra  Mithradaten : 
known  as  the  Third  Mithradatic  War ; 
it  had  been  carried  on  for  some  eight 
years  by  Lucullus. 

34.  milia  eius :  sc.  exercitus. 

Pharnacis :  limits  milites.  He  had 
conspired  against  Mithradates,  and  his 
accomplices  had  been  put  to  death  (in 
suos  saeviret). 


Bosporum:  the  kingdom  north  of 
the  Black  Sea. 

annis  quadraginta:   it  was  not 

more  than  twenty-five. 

§  15.  Catilina:  cf.  Sallust's  Cati- 
line, and  Cicero's  famous  orations. 
For  a  departure  from  the  traditional 
view,  see  Beesley's  Catiline,  Clodius, 
and  Tiberius. 

strangulatT :  for  another  method  of 
execution,  cf .  de  saxo  deiecit,  Livy  Y,  47. 

§  16.  pompa  triumph!:  'triumphal 
procession.' 

35.  §  17.  imperavit-  *was  em- 
peror '  ;  a  late  use. 

decreta:  for  num.  and  gen.,  see 
439 :  187,  a,  1 :  285-6. 

Helvetios  .  .  .  Sequani:  quite  dis- 
tinct in  Caesar's  time.  See  Vocab. 
Under  late  emperors  they  were  in- 
cluded in  one  province. 

BritannTs:  cf.  pp.  91-110. 

stipendiarios :  'tributaries';  pred- 
icate acc.  with  fecit  eos.  ' '  The  Britons 
suffered  more  than  the  Romans  gained, 
for  there  was  nothing  worth  taking 
from  a  people  who  were  so  poor  and 
lived  in  so  much  wretchedness"  (Plu- 
tarch, Caesar). 

quadringenties :  sc.  centena  r)iilia 
sestertium ;  about  $1,640,000. 

Germanos:  Caesar  made  two  ex- 
peditions across  the  Rhine  (b.  c.  55, 
53),  but  fought  no  battles  there.  He 
inflicted  some  terrible  defeats  on  Ger- 
mans who  had  crossed  into  Gaul. 

in  Germania  bis  :  this  is  a  mistake, 
as  is  plain  from  Caesar's  own  Com- 
mentaries. The  two  men  mentioned 
perished  at  the  same  time  in  a  conflict 
with  tribes  living  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Rhine. 


Pages  35-38.] 


EUTKOPIUS. 


181 


§  19.  f ortuna mutata  est :  i.e.  from 
the  republic  to  the  empire. 

ita  ut  .  .  .  deferretur  :  '  in  such  a 
way  (by  bribery,  as  was  charged)  that 
it  should  be  conferred.'  That  he  did 
not  get  the  ofifice  is  plain  from  the  con- 
text. He  was  not  consul  a  second 
time  until  b.c.  48. 

sine  aliqua :  see  note  on  I,  3. 

contradictum  est :  '  opposition  was 
made,'  =  he  was  opposed. 

propter  quam  iniuriam  :  the  '  in- 
jury' was  in  depriving  him  of  his 
military  command,  and  leaving  him 
without  the  security  which  the  consul- 
ship would  have  afforded. 

ab  Arimino :  for  the  prep. ,  cf .  note 
on  II,  14.  "For  a  proconsul  to  pass 
beyond  the  boundary  of  his  province 
was  high  treason  to  the  state,  and  the 
boundary  here  was  the  little  river 
Rubicon.  The  moment  of  crossing 
was  therefore  the  turning  point  of 
his  life"  (Warde-Fowler).  Cf.  also 
Plutarch,  Caesar  XXIX. 

congregates  habebat :  not  a  mere 
equivalent  of  '  had  collected,'  but  'kept 
his  troops  collected.' 

36.  §  20.  dictatarem:  with  the 
exception  of  Sulla  there  had  been  no 
dictator  since  the  time  of  the  Second 
Punic  War. 

Primo  proelio :  at  Dyrrachium  in 
Illyria. 

scire  vincere:  'knew  (how)  to 
conquer. ' 

illo  tantum  die  :  i.e.  '  that  was  the 
only  day  when  Pompey  had  a  chance 
to  conquer  him.' 

Palaeopharsalum  :  usually  known 
as  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  (the  town) 
or  Pharsalia  (the  district). 


§  21.  numquam  .  .  .  neque  .  .  . 

neque :  a  general  negative  may  be 
subdivided  by  neque  .  .  .  neque,  or 
aut  .  .  .  aut. 

a  rege :  Ptolemy :  while  nominally 
independent,  Egypt  was  'occupied' 
by  the  Romans.  It  was  made  a  prov- 
ince by  Augustus  ;  cf.  YII,  7. 

Quo  conspecto :  '  and  when  Caesar 
had  seen  it.' 

tanti  viri:  modern  critics  are  not 
inclined  to  rate  Pompey  as  high  as  his 
contemporaries  did.  Cf.  Cicero,  Pro 
Leg.  Manil. 

generi :  when  the  First  Triumvirate 
was  formed,  b.c.  60,  Pompey  married 
Julia,  the  only  child  of  Caesar. 

37.  §  22.  Cleopatrae :  the  famous 
queen  whose  fate  is  the  subject  of 
Shakespeare's  Antony  and  Cleopatra. 

Pompeio  in  auxilium :  Eutropius 
seldom  uses  the  more  common  con- 
struction with  two  datives. 

vicit  acie :  cf .  Plutarch,  Caesar,  L. : 
"  In  the  account  which  he  gave  .  .  .  he 
made  use  of  these  words  only  :  veni, 
vidi,  vici.  Their  having  all  the  same 
form  and  termination  in  the  Roman 
language  adds  grace  to  their  concise- 
ness." 

23.  dictator!  :  in  apposition  with  ei. 

ante  annum  :  not  acc.  of  duration ; 
for  another  phrase,  cf.  a?ite  XII  annis, 
VII,  8  ;  see  also  post  annum,  §  24. 

hie  etiam  :  i.e.  as  well  as  Caesar. 
Cf.  generi,  §  21. 

victor  fuit :  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus. 

Cato  :  see  Plutarch,  Cato  the  Young- 
er ;  Addison's  Cato,  a  Tragedy. 

38.  §  25.  insolentius:  note  the 
etymology  of  the  word.    It  was  partly 

I  the  unconstitutionality  of  his  acts  that 


182 


NOTES. 


[Pages  38-41. 


made  them  offensive.      Never  in  any 
civil  war  has  victory  been  used  with 
such  clemency,  or  enormous  strength 
wielded  so  gently''  (Warde-Fowler). 
honores;  offices. 

39.  J^egia  ac  paene  tyrannica : 

*  like  a  king  and,  in  fact,  almost  like  a 
usurper.'  Tyrannus  was  the  Greek 
word  for  a  ruler  who  had  set  aside  the 
constitution.  The  meaning  'tyran- 
nical '  was  not  necessarily  attached  to 
it  at  first. 

senatus  die  :  '  on  the  day  of  the 
senate';  i.e.  when  it  assembled.  On 
this  occasion  it  was  the  Ides  of  March. 

curiam :  the  regular  senate  house 
was  northeast  of  the  Forum.  The 
senate  frequently  convened  elsewhere, 
and  on  this  occasion  assembled  in  a 
curia  which  Pompey  had  attached  to 
his  theater  in  the  Campus  Martins. 
See  note  on  curiam.,  Gellius  I,  23, 
p.  124. 

Book  YII. 

§  1.  partium  Caesaris :  '  of  Cae- 
sar's party ' ;  the  genitive  is  partitive. 
It  had  been  proposed  to  kill  him  also. 

Caesaris  nepos:  the  grandson  of 
Caesar's  sister. 

nomen  .  .  .  iusserat :  cf.  fuerat 
adoptatus.,  §  2.  See  Vocab.  Caesar 
and  Augustus. 

Augustus  :  a  title,  not  a  name. 

rerum  potitus :  potior  regularly 
takes  the  genitive  in  this  phrase.  Cf. 
Alexandrea  potitus,  VI,  22. 

morerentur :  they  were  wounded 
in  battle,  but  their  death  wa,s  so  favor- 
able to  Augustus'  interests  that  he  was 
accused  of  murdering  them. 


40.  §  2.  pacem  fecit:  an  agree- 
ment to  share  the  power  of  the  state 
among  them.  It  was  on  this  occa- 
sion that  the  so-called  Second  Trium- 
virate was  formed. 

vicesimo  anno :  cf .  note  on  anno- 
rum,  II,  6. 

Senatum  proscripsit:  300  sena- 
tors and  2000  knights  were  included 
in  the  proscription  or  list  of  enemies  to 
be  killed. 

armis  tenere :  no  new  office  of  em- 
peror was  created  for  Augustus,  as  for 
Napoleon.  Augustus  had  tribunitial 
power  (cf.  I,  13)  ;  he  was  princeps 
senatus,  chief  of  the  senate;  after  e.g. 
13  he  became  poyitifex  maximus.  But 
his  real  power  came  from  the  impe- 
rium  or  military  command,  given  him 
for  life;  hence  the  old  title  imperalor 
acquired  a  new  sense  in  the  case  of 
himself  and  his  successors.  Theoreti- 
cally Augustus  was  only  the  'leading 
citizen,'  practically  he  was  an  autocrat. 

§  3.  divisa  res  publica :  in  this 
Second  Triumvirate  Lepidus  was  the 
least  important  member.  He  received 
Africa  for  his  share. 

neque  occTsus  :  cf .  note  on  con- 
temptusque,  II,  12. 

§  6.  Pompeius :  Sextus,  son  of 
Pompey  the  Great ;  he  escaped  from 
Spain  (VI,  24),  collected  a  fleet,  and 
made  himself  master  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

pacem :  the  agreement  of  Misenum, 
by  which  Pompey  was  admitted  into 
an  alliance  with  the  Triumvirate. 

navalT  proeli5  :  the  battle  of  Nau- 
lochus,  fought  in  b.c.  36. 

41.  pro  victS  :  '  for  conquered,' 
*as  good  as  conquered.' 


Pages  41,  42.] 


NEPOS. 


18^ 


contra  Persas :  i.e,  the  Parthians. 

§  7.  dum  .  .  .  optat  :  =  optans, 
*  hoping,'  or  ciwi  optaret,  '  because  she 
hoped.'  Augustus  and  Antony  would 
doubtless  have  quarreled  without  Cleo- 
patra's influence. 

ex  qua :  what  is  the  gender  of 
Epirus  ? 

§  8.  bellis  .  .  .  confectis:  cf.  Livy 
I,  19. 

annis :  =  per  annos  above  ;  cf .  note 
on  annis^  I,  8. 

prmcipatus  :  '  leadership '  ;  after- 
wards the  '  sovereignty '  of  the  em- 
perors. 

morte  communT :  '  a  natural  death.' 
Cf.  note  on  morbo  decessit^  I,  3. 


ex  maxima  parte :  '  in  very  many 
respects.' 

civilissime :  '  in  a  manner  becom- 
ing a  citizen.'    Cf.  civiles^  I,  9. 

aequaret  fastigio :  sc.  eos ;  cum 
with  the  abl.  is  also  used,  instead  of 
the  dative. 

42.  §  10.  quas  .  .  .  nominarent: 
the  compliment  was  in  the  name. 

Tiberio :  the  son  of  Livia,  Augus- 
tus' wife,  by  her  first  husband,  Ti. 
Claudius  Nero.  In  b.c.  11  he  married 
Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus  and 
the  widow  of  Agrippa.  On  the  death 
of  C.  and  L.  Caesar,  the  sons  of 
Agrippa,  Tiberius  was  adopted  as  the 
successor  of  Augustus. 


NEPOS. 

Cornelius  Nepos  (his  praenomen  is  unknown)  was  born  about  b.c.  100  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  little  village  of  Ostiglia,  near  Mantua,  long  claimed  the 
honor  of  being  his  birthplace,  and  in  1868  a  statue  was  erected  there  to  his 
memory.  It  has  been  shown,  however,  by  a  modern  scholar  that  in  all  proba- 
bility Pavia  (ancient  Ticinum)  was  the  scene  of  his  birth.  Nepos  was  educated 
in  Rome,  where  he  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  literary  pursuits.  Of 
its  details  we  are  not  informed.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Cicero,  Catullus, 
Atticus,  and  other  literary  men  of  the  period,  but  apparently  made  no  effort  to 
enter  the  troubled  political  life  of  his  day,  and  held  no  office,  either  civil  or  mili- 
tary.   He  died  about  b.c.  24. 

His  fame  as  an  author  rested  upon  his  historical  works,  of  which  he  produced 
a  not  inconsiderable  number.  The  first,  apparently,  and  the  one  mentioned 
in  the  dedicatory  poem  of  Catullus,  was  an  outline  of  universal  history,  under 
the  title  of  Chronica  ;  it  is  quoted  by  Gellius  and  other  later  writers.  A  second 
work,  also  quoted  by  Gellius,  was  entitled  Exempla,  and  is  thought  to  have 
been  '  a  history  of  morals,'  illustrated  by  anecdotes  from  the  lives  of  famous 
men.  Nepos  also  wrote  a  biography  of  his  friend  Cicero,  and,  at  the  request 
of  Atticus,  a  life  of  the  elder  Cato.  Of  all  these  works,  only  the  merest  frag- 
ments now  survive.  There  is  extant  only  a  portion  of  his  last  and  longest  work, 
which  seems  to  have  been  entitled  De  Viris  Inlustrihus.     In  this  he  treated 


184 


NOTES. 


[Pages  43,  M. 


briefly  of  the  lives  of  famous  men,  not  merely  of  Kome,  but  also  of  Greece  and 
other  foreign  nations.  These  biographies  were  arranged  in  classes,  and  in  each 
class  the  kings,  generals,  historians,  or  grammarians  of  Rome  were  intended 
to  contrast  with  those  of  foreign  nations,  though  no  formal  comparison  was 
added,  as  in  the  case  of  Plutarch's  famous  Lives.  Of  the  sixteen  books  of 
this  work  we  possess  what  is  thought  to  be  the  third,  De  Excellentihus  Ducibus 
Exterarum  Gentium,  from  which  most  of  the  following  selections  have  been 
made,  and  two  biographies  from  the  twelfth,  De  Historicis  Latinis. 

The  inaccuracies  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  work  of  Nepos  may  be  ex- 
plained partly  by  the  difficulty  of  compiling  such  a  work  at  that  age,  and  partly 
by  the  haste  with  which  it  was  composed.  The  historian  has  the  great  merit  of 
impartiality,  and  usually  does  full  justice  to  his  subject,  of  whatever  party  or 
nation.  Noticeable,  too,  is  his  desire  to  make  his  work  morally  profitable  to  his 
countrymen  by  holding  up  to  admiration  the  noble  deeds  and  sentiments  of  those 
whose  history  he  is  narrating.  The  style  of  Nepos  is  usually  clear  and  simple, 
though  sometimes  mairred  by  archaisms  and  inaccuracies. 

The  popular  interest  in  the  subject  matter  of  Nepos  has  led  to  a  great 
number  of  editions  of  his  work.  For  some  time  after  the  revival  of  learning  the 
parts  now  extant  were  mistakenly  credited  to  Aemilius  Probus.  The  edition  of 
Lambinus  in  1669  was  the  first  to  ascribe  them  to  Nepos.  Of  modern  editions 
may  be  mentioned  those  of  Nipperdey  (a  revision  for  school  use  by  Lupus)  and 
Siebelis,  both  with  German  notes,  and  an  American  edition  by  Lindsay  (Ameri- 
can Book  Co.).  A  special  (German)  lexicon  to  Nepos,  by  A.  Haacke,  may  also 
be  mentioned. 

DE  VIRIS  INLUSTRIBUS. 


MlLTIADES. 

43.  §  4.  Dareus:  Darius,  king  of 
Persia,  had  made  an  expedition  against 
the  Scythians  beyond  the  Danube 
about  508  b.c. 

hortantibus  amIcTs:  *  since  (be- 
cause) his  friends  urged  him.' 

causam  interserens :  '  alleging  as 
a  reason ' ;  more  commonly  inter- 
ponens,  as  in  Them.  7. 

Sardis :  acc.  plur.  The  lonians, 
with  the  help  of  the  Athenians  and 
Eretrians,  captured  and  burned  the 
city  B.C.  499. 


abreptos  miserunt;  *  hurried  off 
and  sent.' 

oppido :  Athens.  Cf .  the  use  of 
astu,  Them.  4. 

44.  hemerodromoe :  a  Greek  word 
from  two  words  meaning  'day'  and 
*  course,'  and  so  =  'one  who  can  run 
all  day.'  Eor  this  incident  see  Brown- 
ing's Pheidippides. 

opus  esset  auxilio :  for  another 
construction  with  opus,  cf.  quae  opus 
erant,  Them.  1. 

creant :  historical  present ;  notice 
the  tense  of  the  dependent  verb. 

decern  praetores ;  '  ten  generals ' ; 


Pages  44-46.] 


NEPOS. 


185 


they  were  elected  each  year  at 
Athens. 

defenderent,  Trent :  '  whether  they 
should  defend,'  etc.  The  direct  form 
would  have  been  defendamus,  eamus, 
decernamus  (dubitative  subjunctive). 
Eor  the  same  form,  cf.  utrum  vere- 
rentur,  Att.  15,  where  the  subjunctive 
represents  an  original  indicative. 

primo  tempore  :  '  on  the  first  occa- 
sion,' 'as  soon  as  possible.' 

desperari,  auderi,  dimicari:  all 
impersonal. 

§  5.  Plataeenses :  the  Latin  often 
speaks  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  town 
or  country,  where  the  English  pre- 
fers the  town  or  country  name.  In 
the  next  sentence  ea  is  used  (i.e.  ea 
civitas)  as  though  Plataea  had  pre- 
ceded. 

mille :  seldom  used  as  a  noun ; 
milia  is  regularly  a  noun. 

Quo  factum  est  ut :  '  wherefore  it 
came  to  pass  that,'  a  frequent  formula 
in  Nepos.  See  Them.  1,  3,  6 ;  Arist. 
3.    Quo  is  abl.  of  cause  or  means. 

acie  .  .  .  instructa :  '  having  drawn 
up  their  forces.'  Notice  the  artificial 
arrangement  of  nouns  and  adjectives. 

non  aequum :  *  disadvantageous ' : 
a  predicate  adjective  to  locum. 

eoque  magis,  quod :  '  and  the  more 
because ' ;      is  abl.  of  cause. 

Themistocles. 

45.  §  1-  anteferatur,  .  .  .  puten- 
tur:  notice  the  tense,  representing  the 
present  result  of  a  past  action,  a  com- 
mon and  natural  exception  to  the  rule 
of  sequence. 

est  ordiendum ;  impersonal ;  render 


'one  should  begin,'  or  use  the  edito- 
rial 'we.' 

probatus :  here  an  adj.  *  satisfac- 
tory,' governing  the  dative. 

liberius :  '  more  freely  (than  he 
ought)  '  =  '  too  freely.' 

prodibat;  i.e.  as  an  orator,  to 
advise. 

maior :  '  of  greater  importance,'  i.e, 
than  ordinary.  The  English  is  con- 
tent with  the  positive.  See  note  on 
insolentius,  Eutrop.  YI,  25. 

instantibus :  cf .  the  English  instant 
=  present  (month). 

§  2.  gradus  capessendae,  etc.: 
'  his  first  step  in  administering  the 
state  was  in  the  war.'  Eor  the  use 
of  the  genitive,  see  642,  1:  298: 
428. 

bello  Corcyraeo :  Nepos  is  in  error 
regarding  this  war  and  the  war  with 
the  pirates.  The  war  was  with  Aegina, 
not  with  Corcyra. 

46.  ex  metallis  redlbat :  '  accrued 
from  the  mines ' ;  silver  mines  belong- 
ing to  the  state  on  the  promontory  of 
Sunium,  the  southern  extremity  of 
Attica.  They  were  worked  by  gangs 
of  slaves,  and  the  revenue,  it  is  said, 
was  distributed  among  the  citizens. 

cum  .  .  .  tum :  '  not  only  .  .  .  but 
also.' 

Nam  cum  Xerxes:  the  principal 
verb  is  miserunt ;  the  words  from 
huius  enim  to  fuerunt  are  parentheti- 
cal, and  a  new  dependent  clause  begins 
with  cuius  de  adventu. 

cum  tantis  copiis  quantas  s  = 
*  with  larger  forces  than  ever,  etc' 

septingenta :  sc.  milia.  Herodotus 
gives  the  number  as  1,700,000.  The 
total  number  of  persons  in  the  expedi- 


186 


NOTES. 


[Pages  46-49. 


tions  is  estimated  to  have  been  more 
than  five  million. 

quidnam  f  acerent :  not  *  what  they 
were  doing,'  but '  what  they  should  do.' 
What  is  the  direct  form  ?  See  note  on 
defenderent^  Milt.  4. 

respondit  ut*.  just  as  a  verb  of 
warning  may  take  the  inf.  when  it  is 
considered  a  verb  of  saying,  so  the  re- 
verse may  take  place.  See  note  on 
monuit  ut,  Eutrop.  Ill,  10 ;  and  com- 
pare persuasit  with  infin.  below. 

id  responsum :  this  episode  is  told 
at  length  by  Herodotus  VII,  140,  foil. 

qu5  valeret :  the  subject  is  respo7i- 
sum ;  quo  is  an  adverb  of  place :  '  in 
which  direction  it  had  force,'  i.e.  to 
what  it  tended,  what  it  meant. 

persuasit:  when  persuadeo  means 
'  to  persuade,'  it  is  regularly  followed  by 
an  clause.  When  meaning  to  con- 
vincey  it  is  followed  by  the  infinitive  ; 
cf.  volunt  persuadere  non  mterire  a)ii- 
mas,  Caesar  VI,  14. 

eum:  separated  from  its  noun  mii- 
rum  for  the  sake  of  emphasis ;  *  for 
this  wooden  wall  (namely,  their  ships) 
was  the  one  meant  by  the  god.' 

47.  arc  em :  the  famous  Acropolis. 
See  cut  on  p.  48,  which  shows  it  as 
adorned  toward  the  end  of  the  fifth 
century. 

§  3.    dimicari  magis  placebat : 

'they  decided  rather  to  fight.'  Both 
verbs  are  impersonal. 

non  paterentur:  subj.  in  a  relative 
clause  of  purpose.  The  negative  and 
the  verb  are  closely  united ;  '  to  pre- 
vent.' Hence  the  use  of  que  .  .  .  non 
instead  of  neve.  Cf.  use  of  neque  .  .  . 
parcerent,  §  6. 

eoque :  for  the  adversative  force  of 


que  see  note  on  contemptusque,  Eutrop. 
II,  12. 

pari  proelio  :  '  drawn  battle.'  The 
subject  of  the  following  verbs  is,  of 
course,  the  Greeks. 

48.  §  4.  accessit  astu :  the  verb 
is  ordinarily  not  used  with  the  acc. 
without  a  preposition  in  the  most  care- 
ful writers ;  cf .  ad  ephoros  accessit,  §  7; 
but  see  Africam  accessit,  Hannibal  8. 

aiebat :  '  kept  saying ' ;  notice  the 
use  of  the  imperfect  tense. 

universos :  '  if  united.'  So  disper- 
sos  =  si  dispersi  essent. 

idque :  subject  of  /ore,  and  refers  to 
the  preceding  statement. 

Eurybiadi,  regi;  he  was  general, 
but  not  'king.'  The  Spartans  had 
the  leadership  (hegemony)  of  Greece 
at  this  period.    Cf.  Arist.  2. 

vellet;  subj.  by  attraction. 

quern  fidelissimum :  the  superla- 
tive is  incorporated  into  the  relative 
clause  ;  cf.  Eutrop.  I,  14,  quam  habe- 
bant  optimum,  and  note.  The  slave 
was  a  Persian  captive,  the  tutor  of 
Themistocles'  children. 

suTs  verbis :  '  in  his  (Themistocles) 
words,'  'from  him.' 

confecturum  .  .  .  oppressunim : 
the  subject  eum  (Xerxes)  would  be 
expressed  by  a  more  careful  writer. 

hoc  e5  valebat:  'the  purpose  of 
this  (action)  was';  cf.  §  2,  quo  valeret^ 
and  note. 

49.  §  5.  male  rem  gesserat:  *had 
suffered  a  reverse.' 

eodem:  Themistocles. 

gradu  depulsus;  'he  was  forced 
from  his  position.'  A  gradus  in  the 
language  of  the  arena  is  the  position 
taken  by  a  fighter.  Eor  a  similar  meta- 


Pages  49-52.] 


NEPOS. 


187 


phor,  cf.  manus  dedissent^  Hamilcar  I, 
and  note. 

id  agl  ut:  'it  was  planned  to.'  The 
dependent  verbs  are  in  the  subj.  of 
purpose.  For  mood  of  fecerat,  cf. 
note  on  capti  fuerant^  Eiitrop.  II,  25. 

qua  .  .  .  eadem :  adverbs ;  probably 
via  was  to  be  supplied.    Literally  '  by  ^ 
what  (road)/  .  .  .  'by  the  same  (road).' 

mensibus  .  .  .  diebus :  abl.  of  time 
within  which ;  minus  is  not  necessarily 
followed  by  the  abl. 

50.  §  6.  triplex  .  .  .  portus :  there 
were  three  basins  or  harbors  surrounded 
with  fortifications  and  connected  by 
the  'long  walls'  with  Athens,  about 
four  and  a  half  miles  distant. 

causam  qua  negarent  oportere  : 
'  a  reason  for  saying  that  no  city 
ought.'  For  the  use  of  nego^  cf.  nega- 
vit  .  .  .  mansurum^  Eutrop.  II,  25. 

Athenienses :  the  object  of  prohi- 
bere^  which  regularly  takes  the  infin. 
(sometimes  7ie  orquominus  with  subj.). 
The  participle  here  denotes  that  the 
action  had  already  begun. 

51.  prTncipatu  :  *  leadership  '  ;  see 
note  on  Uio^ybiadi,  §  4,  and  note  on 
summa  imperii,  Arist.  2. 

sibi  :  dat.  of  possession  with  fore 
(  =faUirum  esse)^  of  which  certamen 
is  the  subject. 

neque  iillo  loco :  dat. ,  obj.  oiparce- 
rent.  Neque  is  used  instead  of  neve 
(neu).  Cf.  neu  perturb are)itur,  Caesar 
II,  21,  and  non  paterentur,  §  3. 

§  7.  ephoros :  the  magistratus 
above.  They  were  a  board  of  five  men 
who  had  full  power  over  all  other 
officers  of  the  state. 

illos:  the  ephors. 

quibus  fides  haberetur :  *  in  whom 


they  had  confidence,'  a  clause  of  char- 
acteristic. 

gestus  est  ei  mos  :  '  his  suggestion 
was  followed ' ;  the  expression  often 
means  '  to  humor,'  '  gratify  one's 
whim.' 

52.  lit  ne :  is  found  frequently  in- 
stead of  ne  with  no  apparent  difference 
in  meaning. 

quo  :  =  ut  eo  ;  it  is  little  used  except 
to  introduce  a  clause  of  purpose  con- 
taining a  comparative.  Cf .  quo  maiore, 
§  8 ;  quo  facilius^  Caesar,  II,  17. 

in  eo  :  'in  doing  so.'  refers  to 
the  clause  Athenienses  .  .  .  saepsisse. 

oppositum :  takes  its  gender  from 
propugnaculum. 

qui  .  .  .  intuerentur :  a  causal  rela- 
tive clause ;  see  p.  1(3,  footnote  10. 

§  8.  testularum  suffragiis :  '  ostra- 
cism.' The  citizens  assembled  in  the 
marketplace,  and  each  one  wrote  on  a 
sherd  the  name  of  the  person  whose 
banishment  he  desired.  The  man 
whose  name  was  found  on  not  less 
than  6000  sherds  had  to  leave  the 
country  within  ten  days,  without, 
however,  thereby  suffering  any  loss  in 
property  or  reputation.  Ostracism  was 
introduced  into  Athens  in  b.c.  509. 

Argos :  'to  Argos.' 

habitatum :  see  p.  46,  footnote  4. 

proditionis :  see  p.  22,  footnote  2. 

Corcyram  :  Nepos  uses  the  names 
of  islands  like  names  of  towns.  Cf. 
Naxum^  below,  and  Cretam,  Hanni- 
bal 9. 

se  .  .  .  iis  :  strictly  speaking  we 
should  have  eum  and  sibi^  but  the 
pronouns  are  selected  with  reference, 
not  to  the  subject  of  timer e,  but  to 
that  of  animadcertisset* 


188 


NOTES. 


[Pages  52-55. 


hospitium :  distinguish  between  this 
word  and  amicitia. 

quo  .  .  .  tueretur :  '  that  he  (Adme- 
tus)  might  receive  and  protect  him.' 

53.  ill  fidem :  '  under  his  protec- 
tion.' 

tuto  :  adv.  'safely.'   Cf.  in  tuto^  §  9. 

esset  praesidii:  the  subj.  repre- 
sents the  thought  of  Admetus  ;  prae- 
sidii is  the  part.  gen.  with  quod. 

escendit:  see  note  on  navem  ascen- 
dit,  Eutrop.  II,  27. 

sibi  esse  pereundum :  '  that  he 
must  perish. ' 

gratiam  rettulit :  'requited.'  Cf. 
gratias  agerent,  Hannibal  7,  '  express 
thanks. ' 

§  9.  proximus  de  iis :  cf .  centum 
ex  senioribus,  Eutrop.  I,  2  ;  for  date 
of  Thucydides,  see  Yocab. 

veni :  epistolary  tense,  472,  1 :  282  : 
252. 

omnium  Graiorum :  join  with  qui. 
quam  diu  :  'as  long  as.' 
idem :  agrees  with  the  subject  of 
feci  ;  for  meaning,  see  p.  16,  footnote  2. 
ipse :  sc.  esse  coepi. 

54.  quas :  object  of  conloqui,  which, 
however,  seldom  has  any  object  except 
a  neuter  pronoun  ;  de  quibiis  would 
be  the  correct  phrase. 

§  10.  eruditus  est :  =  se  erudivit, 
'trained  himself.' 

commodius:  'more  neatly,  grace- 
fully.' 

verba  feoisse:  'to  have  made  a 
speech.' 

illud :   often  used  to  point  out  a 
quotation  either  direct  or  indirect, 
ilium :  the  king. 

muneribus  donatus :  cf .  urhem  ei 
donarat  below. 


panem  praeberet .  it  was  the  cus- 
tom of  oriental  rulers  thus  to  assign 
the  revenues  from  certain  districts  to 
members  of  their  families  or  courts. 
Thus  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks  (Anab. 
I,  4,  9)  find  certain  villages  given  to 
the  Persian  queen  '  for  her  girdle.' 
Cf.  our  '  pin-money.' 

redibant :  cf .  pecunia  quae  ex  me- 
tallis  redibat,  Them.  2. 

obsonium :  is  literally  anything 
that  is  eaten  with  bread,  either  fish  or 
flesh,  but  also  applied  to  relishes  and 
dainties,  e.g.  figs,  olives,  pickles,  and 
even  salt. 

est  sepultus:  '  tyas  buried.' 

neque  negat :  '  but  he  admits ' 
see  note  on  7ion  comparuisset,  Eutrop. 

I,  2 ;  for  the  adversative  sense  of  -que, 
cf.  note  on  contemptusque,  Eutrop. 

II,  12. 

ossa  .  .  .  sepulta:  sc.  esse;  the 
clause  is  the  object  of  prodidit. 

Aristides. 

55.  §1-  ThemistoclT:  dat.  or  gen. 

with  aequalis:  391,  II,  4;  234,  di  359, 
R.  1. 

inter  se :  cf .  note  on  in  vicem  se, 
Eutrop.  I,  10. 

antistaret :  although  a  general  truth, 
notice  that  it  follows  the  rule  for  se- 
quence of  tenses  in  Latin. 

quem  quidem  nos :  'of  whom  at 
least  we '  ;  de  quo  might  have  been 
expected.  Cf .  quas  conloqui,  Them.  9, 
and  note. 

testula  ilia :  '  that  (famous)  vote ' ; 
see  note  on  testularum  suffragiis, 
Them.  8. 

exsilio  ;  ablative  of  price  ;  regularly 


Pages  55-58.] 


NEPOS. 


189 


used  with  the  verb  multo.  Cf .  Eutrop. 
II,  8,  capitis  damnatus,  and  footnote. 

concitatam  multitudinem :  '  the 
excitement  of  the  multitude  ' ;  cf.  rap- 
tarum  virginum,  Eutrop.  I,  2. 

scribentem  ut:  cf.  Eutrop.  Y,  5, 
litteras  misit  ut.  These  verbs  regularly 
take  the  infin.  ;  but  when  the  notion 
of  commanding,  urging,  etc.,  is  promi- 
nent, they  are  followed  by  the  subj. 
Cf.  note  on  respondit  ut^  Them.  2. 

quam  erat  expulsus :  =  postquam^ 
etc. 

§  2.  ITberaretur:  i.e.  before  the 
vote  to  recall  him  was  passed.  He 
joined  the  Athenians  the  night  before 
the  battle. 

praetor:  see  on  decern  praetores, 
Milt.  4. 

huius  in  re  mHitari :  '  in  his  mili- 
tary career.' 

inlustre  factum:  'famous  deed.' 
Translate  quam.,  '  except. ' 

quod  .  .  .  factum  est :  '  that  it  was 
brought  about.'  Eor  this  use  of  quod^ 
see  540,  IV:  338  :  524.  The  clause 
ut  .  ,  .  transferretur  depends  upon 
factum  est. 

56.  summa  imperil  maritimi :  this 
occurred  at  Byzantium,  b.c.  477.  The 
alliance  referred  to  below  was  known 
as  the  Confederacy  of  Delos.  See 
Plutarch,  Aristides, 

Hamilcar. 

§  1.  male  res  gererentur :  see  note 
on  Them.  5,  male  rem  gesserat. 

saepeque  e  contrario :  '  but  often 
on  the  other  hand.' 

a  C.  Lutatio :  sc.  Catulo ;  for  de- 
tails, see  Eutrop.  II,  27. 


sed  ita ;  sc.  pact  serviundum  putavit^ 
the  sense  being  that,  although  he  recog- 
nized the  advisability  of  making  peace, 
he  was  at  the  same  time  taking  measures 
to  renew  the  war. 

manus  dedissent :  to  raise  the  hand 
(jnanum  tollere)  was  in  athletic  con- 
tests a  signal  of  defeat.  Cf.  note  on 
Them.  5,  gradu  depulsus. 

negaret  .  .  .  compositurum :  = 
negaret  se  compositurum  esse;  cf. 
Them.  4,  oppressurum ;  for  negaret, 
cf.  note  on  negavit,  Eutrop.  II,  25. 

ille  cum  suTs :  =  ille  et  sui,  hence 
the  plural  decederent^  where  the  sin- 
gular would  be  expected. 

57.  §  2.  se  habentem  cognovit: 
'  found  that  it  was.''  Cf.  Caesar  II, 
19,  aliter  se  hahebat.  The  participle 
(instead  of  infinitive)  emphasizes  the 
actuality. 

viginti  milium :  '  (of)  twenty  thou- 
sand '  ;  gen.  of  measure.  Caesar  II, 
18,  erat  altitudo  pedum  trium. 

eo  compulit :  '  brought  them  to 
such  a  pass '  ;  eo  is  an  adv. 

§  3.  ex  sententia:  'in  accordance 
with  his  opinion,'  i.e.  to  his  satisfac- 
tion. 

imperator :  *  as  commander.' 

58.  §  4-  ill  Hispaniamque :  que  is 

usually  attracted  to  the  noun  rather 
than  to  a  preposition  of  one  syllable  ; 
but  see  perque  noctem,  Gellius  I,  17. 

eo  est  perductus:  translate  like 
eo  compulit,  above. 

Hannibal. 

§  1.  verum  est  ...  ut:  the  inf. 

usually  follows  verum  est. 
vi4etwr  potuisse:   *he  seems  to 


190 


NOTES. 


[Pages  58-62. 


have  been  able,'  —  'it  seems  that  he 
would  have  been  able.' 

cum  eo  :  i.e.  populus  Bomanus. 

Quod :  acc.  of  specification,  '  in  re- 
gard to  which.'  Translate  '  if  then  he 
had  not.' 

59.  §  2.  ut  omittam :  *not  to 
mention.' 

Ad  quern  cum,  etc. :  do  not  try  to 

render  this  by  one  English  sentence. 
The  force  of  cum  is  felt  beyond  neque 
and  explains  the  mode  otfecissent  and 
the  subjunctives  which  follow  it. 

puerulo  me :  '  when  I  was  a  little 
-boy.' 

lovi  optimo  maximo  ;  Hamilcar, 
of  course,  sacrificed  to  a  Phoenician 
g:)d,  probably  Baal.  Optimus  maxi- 
mus  are  very  frequently  joined  thus  in 
dedications  and  inscriptions.  Cf.  lup- 
piter  optimus  maximus^  Cic.  De  Nat. 
Deorum,  II,  25  ;  Gellius  IV,  18. 

dum  conficiebatur :  for  the  ordi- 
nary usage,  cf.  Eutrop.  YI,  12,  dum 
haec  geruntur. 

dederis :  note  tense  ;  *  will  have 
given.'  The  Latin  is  generally  more 
accurate  than  the  English  in  its  use  of 
tenses.  Two  main  principles  may  be 
noted:  (1)  of  two  past  actions,  the 
prior  stands  in  the  pluperfect  tense ; 
(2)  of  two  future  actions,  the  prior 
stands  in  the  future  perfect.  Cf.  fece- 
rlSj  celaris^  posueris,  below. 

iurare  .  .  .  fore :  verbs  of  swearing 
like  verbs  of  promising  regularly  take 
the  fut.  inf.  of  ind.  disc. 

60.  §  3.  imperatore :  pred.  abl., 
'having  been  elected  commander.' 

minor  .  .  .  annis  .  .  .  natus :  usu- 
ally annos  in  spite  of  the  rule, 
feeder atam :  i.e.  with  the  Romp.ns. 


saltus  Graius :  even  in  Nepos'  day 
it  was  not  certainly  known  by  what 
pass  Hannibal  crossed.  According  to 
some  it  was  the  Little  St.  Bernard. 

itinera  muniit:  'built  roads,'  the 
usual  expression. 

61,  §  4.  uno  proelio :  the  famous 
battle  of  Cannae,  fought  in  b.c.  216, 
known  ever  afterwards  as  the  clades 
Cannensis. 

§  5.  Romam  profectus  est:  in  211 
B.C.,  Hannibal  appeared  before  the 
gates  of  Rome.  Nepos  confuses  events 
in  this  chapter. 

dedit  verba :  a  colloquialism  , 
'fooled,'  i.e.  gave  words  merely. 

callidissimo ;  '  although  very 
shrewd.' 

obducta  nocte :  literally  '  when 
night  had  been  drawn  (like  a  curtain) 
over  (the  world)' =  *  in  the  darkness 
of  night.' 

multitudinem  immlsit ;    '  he  let 

loose  on  them  a  great  straggling  herd.' 

pari  ac  dictatorem :  '  of  equal 
authority  witli  the  dictator. '  ac  =  as  j 
dictatorem  is  attracted  into  the  case  of 
Bufum. 

iterum  .  .  .  quinquies  ;  a  mistake 
in  each  instance ;  bis  .  .  .  quintum 
would  be  correct. 

62.  §  6.  patriam  defensum:  the 

supine  in  -um  rarely  has  an  object. 
Cf.  Eutrop.  YII,  3,  ad  defendendam 
Italiam,  but  alienam  oppugnatiim,  Livy 
II,  10. 

incredibile  dictu  :  '  wonderful  to 
say ' ;  see  p.  73,  footnote  1. 

milia  passuum  trecenta  :  the  real 
distance  was  about  half  as  great. 

§  7.  ad  .  .  .  consules:  'until  the 
consulship  of.'    In  such  phrases,  the 


Pages  62-66.] 


NEPOS. 


191 


persons  were  lost  sight  of .  his  magis- 
tratihus  means  practically  'in  this 
year.'  So  Eutropius  uses  qiiibus  (sc. 
consulibus)  in  the  sense  of  '  when.' 

gratias  agerent :  *  to  thank '  ;  cf . 
Them.  8,  gratiam  rettulit. 

corona  aurea :  see  Gellius  V,  6. 

quo  loco:  =  eo  loco  quo,  i.e.  Ere- 
gellae. 

non  remissuros :  should  subject  se 
(Bomanos)  be  expressed? 

63.  factus  est :  '  was  elected 
to  the  highest  magistracy  /  The  Cartha- 
ginian title  is  said  to  have  been  Siiffet. 

senatus  daretur :  '  a  hearing  was 
given.' 

§  8.  Antiochi  spe  :  ^  because  of 
their  hope  and  confidence  m  Antiochus.' 

interfectum  eum  scrlptum :  sc. 
esse  with  interfectum.,  of  which  eum  is 
the  subject.  Scriptum  is  the  object  of 
reliquerunt,  '  have  left  a  written  ac- 
count that.'    Cf.  GelUus  VII,  3. 

64.  propius  Tiber! :  usually  acc. 

Thermopylis .  Antiochus  was  de- 
feated here,  191  b.c.  Eor  an  anecdote 
of  this  king,  see  Gellius  V,  5. 

quo;  sc.  proelio. 

§  9.  sui  fecisset  potestatem:  *  ex- 
posed himself.'  Cf.  the  English  col- 
loquialism <had  given  a  chance  at 
him(self).' 

quo  se  conferret :  what  mode  in 
the  direct  f orm  ?  See  note  on  defende- 
rent.,  Nepos,  Milt.  4. 

avaritiam  Cretensium .  "Cretans 
are  always  liars,  evil  beasts,  idle  glut- 
tons."—Titus  I,  12. 

summas:  adj.,  sc.  amphoras,  'the 
tops  of  the  jars.'  The  ablatives,  like 
om7ii  sua  pecunia  below,  are  ablatives 
of  means. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  —  13 


in  templo  ;  temples  were  very  com- 
monly used  as  treasuries  and  banks  by 
the  Greeks  and  Komans. 

domi :  m  what  case  ? 

65,  §10.  minus  robustum :  *less 
strong  (than  his  foes)',  i.e.  too  weak. 

Poenus  :  i.e.  Hannibal ;  used  per- 
haps in  contrast  with  Cretensibus, 
since  the  deceitfulness  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians was  proverbial  among  the 
Romans. 

talem  iniit  rationem :  cf .  capit  tale 
consilium,  §  9. 

utrobique :  =  et  terra  et  mari. 

erant  decreturi :  '  were  to  fight ' ; 
the  future  looked  at  from  the  past. 

tantum  satis  habeant :  '  should 
consider  (hold)  it  sufficient ' ;  tantum 
belongs  with  defender e. 

conseciituros :  sc.  esse,  depending 
upon  the  idea  of  saying  in  praecepit ; 
so  also  facturum  below. 

veheretur:  subjunctive  of  indir. 
question.  The  passive  of  velio,  when 
coupled  with  nave,  equo,  is  regularly 
used  to  mean  'sail,'  'ride.' 

§  11.  dubitabat  qum:  when  du- 
bito  means  'hesitate,'  it  takes  the 
infinitive  ;  see  below,  committere  non 
dubitavit. 

ad  inridendum  eum  pertinerent. 
'  served  to  ridicule  him.' 

66.  praesidia:  the  castra  nautica, 
below. 

quae  iacta :  translate  by  a  verbal 
noun.  Why  was  not  the  ablative  ab- 
solute used  ? 

quid  vitarent :  see  note  on  quo  se 
conferrent,  Hannibal  9 

puppes  verterunt :  of  troops  on 
land  terga  vertere  is  used.  Cf.  Caesar 
IV,  25. 


192. 


NOTES. 


[Pages  66-68. 


castra  nautica :  ships  drawn  up  on 
shore,  and  protected  by  palisades  :  cf . 
Caesar  V,  11,  castra  navalia. 

pedestribus  copiis :  equivalent  to 
terra ^  in  contrast  with  the  naval  battle 
jast  described. 

§  12.  Patres  conscrTpti :  the  term 
used  in  addressing  the  senate. 

sibique  dederet:  ut  is  to  be  sup- 
plied from  the  preceding  ne.  Sibi  and 
suum  refer  to  patres,  secum  to  rege, 

illud  recusavit  ne  :  '  this  he  urged, 
that  they  should  not,'  etc.  Illud  rep- 
resents the  following  clause. 

inventuros :  sc.  esse,  depends  on 
the  idea  of  saying  in  recusavit. 

67.  usu  veniret:  'really  come  to 
pass.'  Usu  is  explained  as  an  older 
form  of  the  dative  {iisui)  of  purpose. 

puer:  the  common  word  for  slave 
regardless  of  age.  Cf.  the  slave  name 
Marcipor^  i.e.  Marci  puer,  and  former 
use  of  '  boy  '  in  slave-holding  states. 

num  .  .  .  obsideretur:  in  indirect 
questions  num  has  the  same  force  as 
'7ie;  cf.  vellemne,  Hannibal  2. 

sensit  .  .  .  se :  sc.  Hannibal. 

Cato. 

§  1.  municipio :  '  country  town ' ; 
its  inhabitants  were  Koman  citizens, 
but  could  not  vote  or  hold  office  at 
Home.    Hence  Cato's  removal. 

in  foroque  esse :  to  take  part  in 
legal  and  political  business,  most  of 
which  was  transacted  in  or  near  the 
forum ;  for  the  position  of  que,  see 
note  on  in  Hispaniamque,  Hamil- 
car,  4. 

stTpendium  meruit:  for  meaning, 
cf.  Eutrop.  I,  18,  stipendiis  militarat. 


decern  septemque :  the  usual  time 
for  beginning  service.  Numerals  are 
seldom  united  by  que. 

tribunus  militum  :  see  note  on  tri- 
hunos,  Eutrop.  I,  13. 

castra  secutus:  *took  the  field 
with ' ;  cf .  Hannibal  2,  in  castra  pro- 
Jicisci. 

quaestor  obtigit :  '  was  assigned 
(by  lot)  as  paymaster.' 

pro  sortis  necessitudine  :  '  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  close  relation  of  the 
office.'  Cicero  says  that  the  consul 
should  be  in  the  place  of  a  father  to 
his  quaestor.  For  Cato  and  Scipio,  see 
further  Gellius  IV,  18. 

plebi :  this  form  of  the  gen.  of  plehs 
is  common  in  the  phrase  aedilis  plebi. 

68.*  §  2.  neque  .  .  .  potuit:  'but 
could  not.' 

principatum :  he  was  the  most  in- 
fluential man  in  the  state.  By  custom 
the  princeps  senatus  was  accorded  the 
privilege  of  speaking  first  on  all  mat- 
ters discussed  in  the  senate. 

turn  non  potentia :  Nepos  is  con- 
trasting Cato's  age  with  his  own. 

censor :  he  was  surnamed  Censori- 
nus  from  the  old-fashioned  vigor  with 
which  he  administered  that  office. 
Note  the  regular  series  of  offices 
through  which  he  passed,  the  so-called 
cursus  honorum. 

in  edictum  :  the  censor  published 
at  the  beginning  of  his  term  an  edict 
setting  forth  the  principles  by  which 
he  would  be  guided  in  his  action. 

A  multis  temptatus;  Plutarch  in 
his  biography  of  Cato  says  that  he 
was  '  impeached '  nearly  fifty  times. 

§  3.  agricola  sellers :  the  only 
surviving  work  of  Cato  is  the  treatise 


Pages  68-71.] 


NEPOS. 


193 


De  Be  Bustica.  Cf.  the  discourse 
put  into  his  mouth  by  Cicero,  De 
Senectute,  §§  51-54. 

probabilis  orator :  he  left  many 
speeches,  but  Cicero  asks,  '  Who  reads 
Cato  now  ? '    See  Gellius  I,  23. 

non  .  .  .  neque  .  .  .  neque :  see 
note  on  numquam  .  .  .  neque,  Eutrop. 
VI.  21. 

senior :  he  began  to  learn  Greek 
at  eighty,  according  to  the  common 
story. 

69.  Origines :  only  fragments  of 
this  work  are  now  extant. 

diripuit  Lusitanos :  after  their 
surrender  he  massacred  many  and 
sold  the  rest. 

sine  nominibus :  as  may  be  seen 
in  Eutropius,  the  leaders  of  a  Eoman 
army  were  in  early  times  the  consuls 
for  the  year.  After  naming  these  it 
was  not  necessary  for  Cato  to  men- 
tion them  in  narrating  the  wars  of  the 
year.  Moreover,  Cato  had  little  love 
for  the  Roman  generals  descended 
from  aristocratic  families  ;  he  omits 
their  names,  but  mentions  the  name  of 
the  elephant  which  did  the  best  fight- 
ing (Pliny). 

separatim  :  the  book  referred  to  is 
lost ;  the  biography  here  is  only  a  part 
of  the  chapter  De  Latinis  Historicis. 

studiosos  :  '  those  especially  inter- 
ested in.' 

Atticus. 

§  1.  ab  origine  ultima:  *from  the 
remotest  origin ' ;  the  Pomponian  gens 
claimed  descent  from  Pompo,  a  son  of 
King  Numa.  Ab  is  used  with  natus, 
ortus,  etc.,  only  when  remote  descent 
is  meant. 


perpetuo  obtinuit:  *kept  to  the 

last.'  Like  Maecenas,  the  friend  of 
Horace,  he  did  not  care  for  a  higher 
rank. 

patre  usus  est:  translate  'he  had.' 
Cf.  §  5,  utebatur,  '  he  associated  with.' 

diti :  contracted  from  diviti. 

acceperit  .  .  .  tradebantur  .  .  . 
pronuntiaret :  instruction  was  largely 
oral. 

70.  §  5.  testaments  adoptavit: 

cf.  the  similar  case  of  Augustus, 
Eutrop.  VII,  1. 

centies  sestertium :  sc.  centena 
milia;  about  $110,000. 

§  6.  optimarum  partium :  the  con- 
servatives ;  for  the  leaders,  see  the  op- 
ponents of  Caesar,  Eutrop.  VI,  19,  23. 

civilibus  fluctibus  :  '  the  billows 
of  political  life.' 

71.  conservatis  legibus,  etc.  : 
'  without  violating  the  law  amid  the 
corruption  of  intrigues  so  unre- 
strained.' 

hastam  publicam  :  '  public  auc- 
tion';  a  spear  marked  the  place  of  sale. 

praes  .  .  .  manceps:  the  latter, 
one  who  contracts  to  collect  taxes, 
the  scriptural  '  publican ' ;  the  former, 
his  bondsman.  Farming  the  revenue 
was  usually  in  the  hands  of  the 
knights. 

legati  locum :  rarely  held  by  a 
knight. 

eius  observantia:  i.e,  the  regard 
which  he  showed  them. 

§  13.  neque  tamen  non :  'and  yet.' 
Contrast  this  double  negative  with  the 
distributed  negatives  above,  §  6. 

Tamphilianam  :  from  the  name  of 
the  builder,  or,  perhaps,  from  that  of 
the  original  owner. 


194 


NOTES. 


[Pages  71-75. 


nisi  si:  'unless.'  With  quid,  sc. 
mutare. 

iisus  est  familia :  cf .  note  on  patre 
usus  est,  §  1.  Familia,  here  =  'house- 
hold.' 

72.  apprime  boni  :  excellent '  ; 
the  adverb  is  archaic  and  rare. 

factum  :  *  formed,  trained.' 

aplurimis:  sc.  concupisci. 

Elegans,  non  magnificus :  cf .  the 
advice  of  Polonius  in  Shakespeare's 
Hamlet :  — 

"  Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 
But  not  expressed  in  fancy,  rich,  not  g-audy." 

praeterTbo  :  the  object  is  eum  soli- 
tum  (esse). 

terna  milia :  sc.  sestertium ;  i.  e. 
3000  sestertii,  a  very  small  amount, 
but  in  harmony  with  the  frugal  spirit 
of  early  Eome.  Sumptuary  lav^s  at 
various  periods  fixed  the  amount  which 
might  be  spent  at  feasts  and  enter- 
tainments. 

expensum  ferre:  'to  debit, 
charge '  ;  a  bookkeeping  term,  op- 
posed to  acceptum  ferre,  '  to  credit ' ; 
translate  'he  was  accustomed  to 
charge  to  living  expenses. ' 

non  auditum :  '  not  on  hearsay.' 

§  14.  tanta  accessio :  i.e.  the  in- 
heritance from  his  uncle. 

73.  vicies  .  .  .  centies :  cf .  §  5. 
nullam  .  .  .  villam :  his  friend  Cic- 
ero, who  did  not  pass  for  a  very 


wealthy  man,  had  no  less  than  seven 
villas  in  different  parts  of  Italy.  For 
an  interesting  account  of  some  very 
elaborate  villas,  see  Lanciani,  Ancient 
Borne,  p.  263. 

reditus  :  it  might  have  been  well  to 
mention  that  Atticus  lent  money  on 
usury,  copied  and  published  books  at 
a  profit,  and  dealt  in  gladiators. 

§  15.  religiose  promittebat  :  'he 
was  careful  in  promising.' 

in  ea  re  agi:  translate  'to  be  at 
stake.' 

74.  §21.  tenesmon :  "  In  his  time 
physicians  wrote  their  prescriptions  in 
Greek,  as  they  do  now  in  Latin,  and  it 
was  customary  to  speak  of  ailments  and 
their  cure  by  their  Greek  names."  Cf. 
also  acroama,  eplmneris,  anagnostes. 

me  nihil  reliqui  fecisse :  '  that  I 
have  left  nothing  undone '  ;  object  of 
satisfeci.    Cf.  Caes.  Ill,  26. 

mihi  Stat :  '  I  have  made  up  my 
mind.' 

§22.  temporibus  superesse:  'to 

pass  the  crisis.' 

75.  iuxta  viam  Appiam :  persons 
belonging  to  the  higher  classes  usually 
provided  themselves  with  private 
tombs,  either  within  the  precincts  of 
their  villas  and  farms,  or  along  the 
sides  of  highways.  For  the  public 
cemeteries  see  the  description  in  Lan- 
ciani, Ancient  Borne,  p.  64. 


CAESAE. 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar,  whose  family  traced  its  origin  back  to  the  Trojan 
Aeneas,  was  born  July  12,  100  b.c.  In  the  struggle  between  the  senatorial 
and  popular  parties,  which  began  during  his  early  years,  he  identified  himself 


CAESAR. 


195 


with  the  democracy  by  his  marriage  with  Cornelia,  daughter  of  Cinna,  at  that 
time  the  leader  of  the  popular  party.  By  this  marriage  he  incurred  the  hostility 
of  the  dictator  Sulla,  who  ordered  him  to  divorce  Cornelia,  and  Caesar  remained 
away  from  Rome  until  Sulla's  death  in  78  b.c.  After  some  time  spent  in 
travel  and  study  he  returned  to  Rome,  and  was  elected  successively  chief  pontiff 
(Pontifex  Maximus),  military  tribune,  and  quaestor.  His  relations  with  the 
people's  party  were  made  closer  by  his  marriage  with  Pompeia,  cousin  of  Pom- 
pey  the  Great,  and  he  was  careful  to  strengthen  his  popularity  by  all  possible 
means.  After  serving  as  propraetor  in  Spain  he  was  made  consul  (59  b.c), 
and  formed  with  Pompey  and  Crassus  the  First  Triumvirate.  His  growing 
power  excited  the  fears  of  the  Senate,  and  in  order  that  he  might  be  kept  away 
from  Rome,  the  provinces  of  Gaul  and  Hlyricum  were  assigned  to  him  for  five 
years.  It  was  in  these  campaigns  that  Caesar's  generalship  and  successes 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  one  of  the  greatest  commanders  of  all  ages.  Crassus 
died  in  battle  (53  b.c.)  when  Caesar's  successes  in  Gaul  had  excited  the  jealousy 
of  Pompey,  and  in  50  b.c.  it  was  proposed  in  the  Senate  that  Caesar  should  give 
up  his  command,  which  had  meanwhile  been  extended  to  ten  years.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  a  resolution  was  passed,  making  him  a  public  enemy  unless  he  should 
disband  his  army.  This  was  the  beginning  of  civil  war.  Caesar  advanced  to 
Rome,  and  by  his  victory  over  Pompey  at  Pharsalia  (Aug.  9,  48  b.c.)  made  him- 
self master  of  Rome.  Pompey  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  was  murdered.  Cacsax's 
victory  over  his  enemies,  Cato  and  Scipio,  at  Thapsus  (April  6,  46  b.c),  ended 
the  war,  and  he  returned  to  Rome  with  supreme  power.  After  quelling  an  insur- 
rection excited  by  the  sons  of  Pompey  in  Spain,  Caesar  was  free  to  carry  out 
the  work  of  reform  which  he  had  in  mind.  He  corrected  the  calendar,  and 
made  plans  for  righting  abuses  in  the  laws  and  administration  of  the  State,  for 
adorning  the  city  and  extending  the  empire.  These  plans,  however,  he  was 
unable  to  see  completed,  although  many  changes  were  brought  about  in  a  very 
short  time.  His  career  was  closed  by  his  assassination  in  the  Senate  house  on 
March  15,  44  b.c 

Caesar's  literary  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  his  Commentaries  De  Bello  Gal- 
lico,  the  best  known  and  most  widely  studied  military  textbook  of  all  ages.  In 
it  he  set  down,  in  simple  language,  a  straightforward  narrative  of  his  campaigns, 
wonderful  in  its  concise  descriptions  of  regions,  peoples,  and  customs,  and  in  its 
revelation  of  the  character  of  the  writer,  his  personal  courage,  his  mastery  of  tac- 
tics, his  resources  in  overcoming  natural  obstacles,  his  indomitable  perseverance. 

His  style  in  the  narrative  portions  of  his  works  presents  few  difficulties. 
The  vocabulary  contains  only  words  in  common  use,  and  the  constructions  call 
for  no  special  comment,  being  those  common  to  the  best  writers  of  the  classical 
period. 

There  are  biographies  of  Caesar  by  Froude  (N.Y.,  1884),  Trollope  (London, 
1870),  and  Warde-Fowler  (Putnams,  1892).    His  military  history  may  be 


196 


NOTES. 


[Pages  76-78. 


studied  in  Colonel  Dodge's  volume  Caesar,  in  the  ^reat  Captains  Series.  Of 
the  standard  histories,  Merivale  treats  most  fully  of  the  life  of  Caesar,  while 
Napoleon's  Caesar  is  of  special  interest  in  connection  with  the  Gallic  campaigns. 
Guizot's  Popular  History  of  France^  Vol.  I.,  contains  an  account  of  Gaul  and 
its  inhabitants.  Of  interest  are  The  Likenesses  of  Caesar  (J.  C.  Ropes,  Scrih- 
ner^s,  February,  1887)  and  Waif  are  and  Writing  of  Caesar  {Atlantic^  Vol. 
XLIV.).  There  is  a  good  edition  of  the  Gallic  War  by  Harper  and  Tolman 
(American  Book  Co.,  1891),  and  a  Lexicon  of  Caesar's  Latinity  by  E.  G. 
Sihler  (N.Y.,  1888). 

DE  BELLO  GALLICO. 


Book  II. 

For  a  summary  of  Caesar's  Cam- 
paigns see  Eutrop.  VI,  17.  In  the 
first  year  he  foiled  the  migration  of 
the  Helvetii,  and  defeated  the  invad- 
ing Germans  under  Ariovistus.  In 
the  second  year  he  marched  against  the 
Belgic  tribes  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Gaul.  After  defeating  one  coali- 
tion, he  marched  against  the  Nervii. 

76.  §  15.  Eorum :  the  Ambiani,  a 
tribe  mentioned  just  previously. 

esse  .  .  .  mercatoribus :  '  mer- 
chants had.' 

pati:  the  subject  is  eos,  i.e.  the 
Nervii. 

§  16.  eorum  :  the  Nervii. 
amplius  milia :  for  the  construction 
see  p.  49,  footnote  2. 

77.  §  17.  praemittit . .  .  deligant : 

historical  present  with  primary  se- 
quence. For  the  secondary  sequence 
cf.  sollicitant  .  .  .  mallent^  III,  8,  p.  85. 

eorum  dierum : '  during  those  days ' ; 
limits  itineris. 

neque  .  .  .  negotii :  '  no  trouble  at 
all '  ;  the  subject  of  esse  is  adoriri. 

sarcinis :  difference  between  impedi- 
menta and  sarcina  f 


Adiuvabat :  the  subject  is  the 
clause  quod  Xervii .  .  .  effecerant. 

Nervii :  subject  of  effecerant  below. 

quicquid  possunt,  etc. :  '  what- 
ever strength  they  have  is  in  their 
infantry.' 

incTsis :  '  notched.' 

enatis .  springing  out  horizontally 
(in  latitiidinem). 

78.  §  18-  quem  locum  :  notice  rep- 
etition of  antecedent ;  cf .  quam  in  par- 
tem, IV,  32,  and  quibus  ex  civitatibus, 
V,  12.  "  The  main  line  from  Paris  to 
Brussels  skirts  the  battlefield  as  it 
passes  the  station  of  Hautmont." 

adversus  .  .  .  contrarius  :  *  oppo- 
site and  facing.' 

infimus :  '  at  the  foot ' ;  cf .  Xepos, 
Hannibal  9,  summas. 

ab  superiore  parte:  in  many 
phrases  the  Latin  expresses  source  or 
separation  where  the  English  expresses 
position;  e.g.,  afronte,  front,'  qua 
ex  parte,  '  on  which  side.' 

§  19.  quem  ad  finem  :  =  ad  finem 
ad  quem. 

oedentes :  sc.  hostes. 

prima  :  '  the  first  part  of. ' 

tempus  .  .  .  commitendl:  'time  for 
giving  battle.'    Tempus  is  in  apposi- 


Pages  78-84.] 


CAESAR. 


tion  with  the  preceding  clause.  In  such 
cases  the  appositive  is  regularly  incor- 
porated into  the  relative  clause;  cf. 
qui  modus,  Eutrop.  II,  6,  and  quo  per- 
fugio,  Caesar  IV,  38. 

79.  adverse  coUe :  '  up  the  hill.' 

§  20.  Caesarl  .  .  .  agenda ;  note 
the  effect  of  omitting  all  connectives 
from  this  passage.  The  struggle  that 
ensued  was  one  of  the  most  terrible 
that  Roman  soldiers  ever  had  to  go 
through." 

signum  :  the  first  signal,  to  fall  in  ; 
the  last,  to  charge. 

qui .  .  .  processerant :  the  subject 
of  arcessendi  {erant)  must  be  supplied 
as  the  antecedent  of  qui. 

quid  fieri  oporteret :  if  the  comma 
is  placed  after  this  clause  instead  of 
before,  what  is  the  construction  ? 

nihil :  emphatic  for  non. 

80.  §  21.  suis :  sc.  signis. 

§  22.  certa :  because  the  woods  hid 
the  enemy's  movements. 

§  23.  exanimatos :  '  breathless ' ; 
for  another  meaning,  see  VI,  30. 

ea  pars:  i.e.  sinistra  pars  aciei. 

81.  a  fronte :  see  note  on  ab  supe- 
riore  parte  above. 

summum  locum  •  not  '  the  highest 
point  of  the  camp,'  but  '  the  height 
occupied  by  the  camp.' 

§  24.  dixeram  :  see  §  19 ;  the  plup. 
is  used  colloquially  for  the  perfect. 

adversis  occurrebant :  '  met  them 
face  to  face.' 

decumana  porta :  the  main  gate, 
and  always  on  the  further  side  from 
the  enemy. 

clamor  .  .  .  fremitus :  difference  in 
meaning  ?  For  the  singular  verb,  see 
p.  35,  footnote  6. 


virtu tis  opinio  :  *  reputation  for 
bravery. ' 

82.  §  25.  This  long  and  involved 
sentence  can  best  be  rendered  by  sev- 
eral sentences  in  English.  Caesar  is 
the  subject  of  processit,  fourteen  lines 
below;  'when  Caesar  saw  that  .  .  ., 
he  proceeded.' 

sibi  .  .  .  impediment©  :  *  were  in 
their  own  way.' 

in  angusto :  '  in  a  tight  place.' 

vidit:  repeated  because  of  the 
length  of  the  sentence. 

ab  novissimis  iini  mHitl :  *  from  a 
soldier  in  the  rear.'  For  the  episode, 
see  Longfellow's  Courtship  of  31iles 
Standish,  II. 

operam  navare  :  *  to  do  his  best. ' 

§  26.  alius  alii :  '  one  to  another '  ; 
see  note  on  in  vicem  se,  Eutrop.  I,  10. 

83.  nihil  .  .  .  fecerunt :  =  7iihil  re- 
liquerunt. 

§  27.  inermes :  i.e.  not  regularly 
equipped. 

quo  :  in  the  sense  of  '  in  order  that,' 
quo  without  a  comparative  is  rare.  Cf . 
Nepos,  Them.  7.  The  comparative  idea 
may  be  found  in  se  praeferrent. 

84.  §  28.  ut  .  .  .  usus  .  .  .  videre- 
tur:  not  that  he  might  seem,''  but 
'  that  he  might  he  seen  to  have  shown.' 
The  Latin,  as  usual,  prefers  the  per- 
sonal construction. 

misericordia :  for  a  good  example 
of  Caesar's  'mercy,'  see  III,  16. 

Book  IIL 

By  the  conquest  of  the  Nervii,  Caesar 
had  apparently  pacified  (as  he  terms 
it)  the  whole  of  Gaul.  In  the  next 
year,  however,  a  revolt  broke  out 


198 


NOTES. 


[Pages  84r-92. 


among  the  maritime  tribes  on  the 
northwestern  coast,  modern  Brittany. 
The  subjugation  of  the  chief  conspira- 
tors, the  Yeneti,  is  related  in  the  fol- 
lowing chapters. 

§  8.  Huius  civitatis:  i.e.  the 
Veneti. 

regionum  earum:  the  southern 
coast  of  Brittany. 

magno  .  .  .  aperto  :  hendiadys  for 
magno  impetu  aperti  maris,  '  the  great 
violence  of  the  open  sea.' 

initium  retinendi :  '  a  beginning  by 
detaining '  =  '  they  began  by  detain- 
ing.' Cf.  raptarum  iniiiriam,  Eutrop. 
I,  2,  and  note. 

ut  sunt  .  .  .  consilia:  does  this 
characterization  still  hold  true  ?  Cf . 
IV,  5,  on  p.  121. 

85.  §  9-  Veneti . . .  civitates :  sub- 
jects of  instituunt.  The  clause  lega- 
tos  .  .  .  retentos  is  in  apposition  with 
facinus :  '  what  a  crime  they  had  com- 
mitted, (namely)  the  detention  of  the 
ambassadors.' 

concluso  marl :  what  sea  is  meant  ? 

86.  ex  Britannia ;  cf.  IV,  20. 

§  10.  retentorum :  '  done  by  de- 
taining' ;  see  note  on  initium  retinendi 
above. 

conspirarent :  what  two  reasons 
for  the  subjunctive  ? 

novis  rebus  :  '  change.' 

§  11.  Huic  mandat :  see  note  on 
Fahio  praecepit,  Eutrop.  II,  8. 

per  vim  :  =  vi,  which  is  not  often 
used  alone ;  cf .  sitmma  vi,  §  15 ;  but  vi 
alone,  Nepos,  Hannibal  3,  Gellius  Y,  6. 

87.  §  12.  bis  .  .  .  spatio  :  twelve 
must  be  changed  to  twenty- four,  or 
spatio  must  be  taken  as  an  ablative  of 
measure  of  differences,  '  which  happens 


twice  (a  day),  with  an  interval  of 
twelve  hours.' 

operis  :  siege  works  built  by  the 
Romans. 

adaequatis :  '  made  equal  in  height. ' 
magnis  aestibus  :  why  were  they 
strange  to  the  Romans  ? 

88.  §  13.  crassitudine :  'of  the 
thickness.' 

veri  simile :  for  the  genitive,  see 
p.  89,  footnote  2. 

adigebatur  :  '  could  be  hurled.' 

89.  §  I'i-  quid  agerent:  'what  to 
do' ;  see  p.  44,  footnote  3. 

ex  .  .  .  navibus :  ~  naviiim. 

90.  §  16.  navium  quod  :  '  what  of 
ships  '  =  '  all  the  ships  which.' 

sub  corona:  i.e.  as  slaves.  Pris- 
oners were  exposed  for  sale  crowned 
with  a  garland.  Cf.  Nepos,  Atticus  6, 
publicam  hastam. 

Book  IV. 

The  greater  part  of  the  summer  of 
55  was  spent  by  Caesar  in  repelling  a 
second  invasion  of  the  Germans,  whom 
he  defeated  with  great  slaughter.  After 
building  a  temporary  bridge  across  the 
Rhine,  and  making  a  short  foray  into 
Germany,  he  resolved  upon  an  expedi- 
tion into  Britain. 

91.  §  20.  subministrata :  a  mere 
pretext  on  Caesar's  part.    Cf.  Ill,  9. 

92.  §  21.  dare:  =  se  daturos  esse, 
a.  facturos  pollicerentur,  §  22. 

magni  :  '  of  great  worth.' 

quantum :  subject  of  potuit,  and 
limited  by  facultatis ;  'as  far  as  op-, 
portunity  was  given  to  one  who,  etc' 

§  22.  quae  imperasset:  not  'what 
he  had  commanded,'  but  'what  he 


Pages  92-104.] 


CAESAR. 


199 


should  command.'  The  plup.  subj. 
represents  the  fut.  perf.  indie. 

tantulanim :  diminutives  are  often 
contemptuous. 

Britanniae:  'to  the  invasion  of 
Britain.' 

93.  ab  milibus,  etc.  ;  an  unusual 
expression  =  '  eight  miles  off.' 

§  23.  tempestatem  :  cf.  this  mean- 
ing with  that  of  §  28. 

solvit:  cf.  the  fuller  forms  naves 
solverunt^  §  28,  and  naves  solvit,  §  36. 

Britanniam  attigit :  probably  near 
Dover. 

ut  quae :  =  'since  they.' 

94.  §  24.  egredi :  '  from  disem- 
barking' ;  with  prohihere  the  infin.  is 
regular.  Cf.  ingredi  prohibebant,  V,  9. 
Eor  another  construction  with  verbs  of 
hindering,  see  p.  93,  footnote  1. 

prohibebant :  what  is  the  force  of 
the  imperf .  here  ? 

95.  §  25.  qui  .  .  .  ferebat :  sc.  is, 
§  26.  speculatoria  navigia :  the 

boats,  as  well  as  their  sails  and  rig- 
ging, and  the  dress  of  the  sailors,  are 
said  to  have  been  of  a  bluish-green,  in 
order  to  escape  notice. 

simnl :  =  simiil  atque,  'as  soon  as.' 

96.  §  27.  sine  causa:  only  from 
the  Roman  standpoint. 

§  28.  sui  cum  periculo  :  '  danger 
to  themselves.' 

adversa  nocte :  '  at  the  approach 
of  night.' 

§29.  id  erat  incognitum:  why? 

97.  omnibus  oportere :  '  all  were 
sure  that  it  would  be  best.' 

§  31.  quae  .  .  .  naves:  see  note  on 
qui  modus,  Eutrop.  II,  6. 

98.  ad  eas  res  .  .  .  usui :  cf .  §  25, 
magna  usui  nostris. 


§  32.  frumentatum:  see  p.  46, 
footnote  4. 

99.  §  33.  incitatos:  'at  full 
speed.' 

brevi :  sc.  spatio  or  tempore. 
§  34.   qui:  —  ei  qui,  i.e.  the  Brit- 
ons. 

sui  liberandi :  do  these  words  agree 
in  number  ? 

100.  §  36.  die  aequinoctii :  Sept. 
24.  The  stay  in  Britain  lasted  about 
three  weeks,  and  the  return  to  Gaul 
occurred  probably  about  Sept.  12. 

101.  §  38.  fuerant  usi  :  in  the 
compound  passive  tenses,  fui,  fueram, 
fuero  are  used  for  sum,   eram,  ero, 

(1)  when  the  tense  is  emphatic,  or 

(2)  when  the  participle  is  often  used 
as  an  adjective.  Here  'they  had  used' 
(but  did  not  on  this  occasion). 

Book  V. 

Caesar,  after  making  various  arrange- 
ments for  his  absence  from  Gaul,  de- 
voted the  early  part  of  the  summer  of 
the  year  54  to  an  expedition  into  Britain. 
The  description  which  he  gives  of  the 
island  is  the  earliest  that  has  been 
handed  down  to  us. 

102.  §       commodi :  sc.  causa. 
104.  §  12.  mediterraneis  regioni- 

bus :  a  mistake,  as  the  principal  ,tin 
mines  were  and  are  in  Cornwall. 

leporem :  cf.  Levit.  11,  6.  'And 
the  hare,  because  he  cheweth  the  cud, 
but  parteth  not  the  hoof,  he  is  unclean 
unto  you. ' 

anserem :  so  the  geese  on  the  capi- 
tol  at  Rome  were  sacred  to  Juno ;  cf . 
Livy  V,  47,  p.  162. 

§  13.  insula :  Caesar's  description 


200 


NOTES. 


[Pages  104r-114:. 


of  Britain  in  this  passage,  while  in- 
exact in  some  features,  owing  to  the 
sources  of  his  information,  is  never- 
theless striking  as  the  first  description 
of  an  unknown  country.  It  was  not 
until  100  years  later  that  the  island 
was  circumnavigated  by  Eomans,  and 
any  further  information  added  to  the 
scanty  records, 
appelluntur :  not  from  appellare. 

105.  vergit  ad  Hispaniam:  a 
•crade  conception  of  the  fact. 

noctem :  not  true  of  Britain. 

certis  .  .  .  mensiiris:  until  about 
the  middle  of  the  third  century  b.c.  the 
time  of  midday  was  announced  to  the 
consuls  by  a  servant  who  watched  till 
the  sun  reached  a  particular  opening 
in  the  south  side  of  the  Forum.  After 
the  introduction  of  sun  dials  (solaria) 
and  water  clocks  (clepsydrae)  the  day- 
light and  darkness  were  divided  into 
twelve  hours  each,  the  hours  of  course 
varying  in  length  with  the  season  of 
the  year.  The  invention  of  the  best 
kind  of  clepsydra  was  attributed  to 
Plato.  The  hours  were  marked  by  the 
height  of  the  water  flowing  regularly 
into  a  vessel,  either  by  lines  drawn 
upon  the  side  or  by  a  dial  connected 
with  a  cork  floating  on  the  surface. 
Note  Caesar's  interest  in  scientific 
details. 

§  14.  Gallica  consuetudine :  see 

the  description  in  VI,  11-20. 

106.  §  16.  dispari  :  '  unequal '  ; 
i.e.  with  the  advantage  on  the  side  of 
the  Britons. 

equestris  .  .  .  inferebat :  when 
both  sides  used  cavalry,  the  danger 
was  equalized. 

107.  ©a  celeritate  :  ea  =  tali. 


110.  §  23.  deductis :  cf.  suhduci^ 

§11. 

§  44.  quTnam  :  =  uter. 

111.  inimicus :  how  different  from 
hostisf  from  adversariusf 

Book  VI. 

In  the  year  53  Caesar  made  a  second 
foray  into  Germany,  and,  by  way  of 
introducing  the  narrative  of  the  expe- 
dition, he  gives  the  following  account 
of  the  customs  of  the  inhabitants. 

§  13.  aliquo  numero :  '  of  any  ac- 
count. ' 

eadem  iiira :  cf.  the  powers  of  the 
husband  in  §  19. 

Druidum  :  this  word  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  Greek  word  meaning 
oak^  but  the  etymology  is  uncertain, 
nor  is  much  known  of  the  origin  of  this 
priesthood.  Caesar's  brief  account, 
with  a  few  details  furnished  by  other 
writers,  is  all  the  information  we  have 
of  the  institution. 

hi :  the  Druids. 

112.  eos :  the  Gauls. 

in  finibus  Carniitum :  probably 
near  the  present  town  of  Dreux.  An- 
glesea  was  the  headquarters  in  Britain. 

loco  consecrato :  the  oak  was 
their  sacred  tree,  and  oak  groves, 
sometimes  surrounded  by  stone  walls, 
formed  their  temples. 

113.  §  14-  litteris :  '  characters, 
alphabet,' — not  the  language. 

animas  transire :  a  widespread  be- 
lief in  both  ancient  and  modern  times. 
For  the  doctrine,  consult  the  Encyclo- 
pedia, Metempsychosis. 

114.  §  17.  Merourium,  etc.:  the 
Gallic  names  of  these  divinities  are 


Pages  114-121.] 


GELLIUS. 


201 


in  some  cases  uncertain,  the  Roman 
names  being  applied  to  those  gods  who 
seemed  to  correspond  to  the  Roman 
gods.  Cf.  Cic.  De  Nat.  Deorum  25-27, 
p  145-6. 

exstructos  tumulos :  probably  the 
cairns,  topped  with  a  flat  stone,  on 
which  the  Druidical  fires  were  lighted. 

§  18.  noctem  .  .  .  subsequatur : 
cf.  the  Eng.  fortnight^  twelfth  nighty 
etc.,  and  the  Jewish  and  Puritan  Sab- 
baths beginning  at  nightfall. 

115.  §  19-  Viri:  'husband.'  In 
Germany  and  some  parts  of  Great 
Britain  '  man '  is  still  used  in  this 
sense. 

vitae  .  .  .  potestatem :  the  Roman 
paterfamilias  had  the  same  powers. 

in  servilem  modum:  slaves  were 
usually  tortured  when  evidence  was 
desired  from  them. 

funera  .  .  .  sumptuosa :  a  custom 
still  maintained  by  the  French  and 
Irish. 

supra  hanc  memoriam:  'before 
our  day.' 

116.  §  21.  Solem:  cf.  Cic.  De 
Nat.  Deorum  27,  p.  146. 


118.  §  26.  bos :  reindeer  or  bison. 
The  descriptions  here  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing chapters  are  such  evident  errors 
and  misconceptions  that  it  is  surprising 
to  meet  them  in  so  careful  a  writer. 

119.  §  27.  capris:  =  caprarum 
figurae. 

summa  species  :  '  the  general  (out- 
ward) appearance.' 

palmae  ;  usually  interpreted  *  palm 
tree '  ;  more  probably  the  palm  of  the 
hand  ;  "  like  branching  hands." 

accidunt  arbores :  possibly  de- 
rived from  a  misconception  of  the 
common  expedient  of  covering  pits 
with  light  material  which  gives  way 
under  the  tread  of  an  animal.  See 
below,  foveis. 

Book  I. 

120.  §  48.  SI  .  .  .  prodeundum : 

'  if  there  was  occasion  to  advance.' 

Book  IV. 

121.  §  5.  For  this  description,  cf. 
Caesar  VI,  20,  p.  116. 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 

AuLus  Gellius,  who  lived  in  the  second  century  a.d.,  was  probably  of 
Roman  birth,  though  nothing  is  known  of  his  personal  life  except  that  he  spent 
a  long  period  at  Athens  in  study.  During  this  time  he  kept  a  note-book  in 
which  he  jotted  down  anything  of  interest  which  was  brought  to  his  attention 
in  conversation  or  in  books.  From  the  material  thus  gathered  he  afterward 
compiled  his  only  work,  the  Noctes  Atticae^  in  twenty  books,  of  which  the  eighth, 
except  the  headings,  has  been  lost.  The  work  is  simply  a  great  scrap  book  of 
unrelated  extracts  from  Roman  and  Greek  authors,  especially  archaic  writers, 
with  his  own  comments.    Its  chief  importance  is  in  the  light  which  it  throws  or 


202 


NOTES. 


[Pages  122,  123 


questions  of  grammar,  history,  and  antiquities,  and  for  the  numerous  quotations 
from  ancient  authors  whose  works  have  been  lost. 

Gellius  was  an  ardent  lover  of  the  archaic  writers,  and  affected  archaic 
constructions  and  vocabulary.  These  have  recently  been  treated  by  Charles 
Knapp  in  Classical  Studies  in  Honour  of  Henry  Drisler  (Macmillan  &  Co., 
1894).  CruttwelPs  remarks  on  Gellius  are  good.  The  chief  edition  of  the  text 
is  that  of  Hertz  (Berlin,  1883-5).  A  Selection  of  Stories  from  Aulus  Gellius  is 
edited  for  sight  reading  by  Dr.  Chas.  Knapp,  of  Barnard  College  (American 
Book  Co.,  1895).  There  is  an  English  translation  by  Beloe  (London,  1799), 
and  a  good  German  translation  by  Eritz  Weiss  (Leipzig,  1876). 

NOCTES  ATTICAE. 


Book  I. 

122.  §  14.  Fabricius  :  cf .  Eutrop. 
II,  12-14. 

rebus  :  '  exploits  '  ;  cf .  the  meaning 
in  line  3.  The  uses  of  res  are  so  vari- 
ous that  great  attention  is  needful  in 
the  renderings  selected. 

bene  ac  benevole :  notice  the 
alliteration  and  the  use  of  two  words, 
which  together  mean  little,  if  anything, 
more  than  either  would  mean  alone. 
Gellius  is  extraordinarily  fond  of  such 
pairs  of  words  ;  cf.  hospita  atque  incog- 
nita^ I,  19;  integrum  incolumemque^ 
VI,  18  ;  fluentis  fluctuantisque^  X,  6  ; 
and  find  instances  in  I,  19 ;  I,  23 ;  IX, 
4  ;  X,  10.  The  fondness  for  this  usage 
may  easily  be  illustrated  from  German 
and  English. 

grandem  pecuniam  :  '  big  money.' 

lautum  :  etymology  ? 

Fabricium  .  .  .  deduxisse :  in- 
direct discourse  after  dicit  above. 

defieri:  how  do  compounds  of  facio 
form  the  present  passive  system  ? 

planas  manus:  'fiat  or  outspread 
hands'  ;  cf.  the  colloquial  expression 
'  the  flat  of  the  back. ' 


123.  §  17.  admodum:  etymology 
and  literal  meaning  ? 

scatebat :  force  of  the  tense  ?  The 
figure  is  that  of  a  spring  bubbling  over. 
The  verb  ordinarily  takes  the  ablative. 

muliebrium :  contemptuous  ;  distin- 
guish between  mulier  and  femina. 

per  . .  .  perque :  such  repetitions  are 
frequent  in  Gellius.  Is  que  regularly 
appended  to  a  prep.  ? 

quaenam  ratio  esset  cur :  =  simple 
cur. 

illam  talem  :  '  such  a  shrew  as  that.'' 
exerceor :  '  I  train  myself ' ;  an  ex- 
ample of  the  '  middle '  force  of  the 
passive. 

ut  .  .  .  facilius :  cf .  the  use  of  quo 

in  such  clauses,  p.  77,  footnote  4. 

ceterorum :  how  different  from  alii 
and  alteri  f 

memoria :  '  narrative ' ;  cf .  memora- 
tis,  T,  14. 

§  19.  librls  SibyllinTs :  for  an  ac- 
count of  the  Sibyls  or  prophetesses, 
see  Guerber's  Myths.  These  books 
probably  came  to  Rome  from  the 
Greek  city  of  Cumae,  and  the  proph- 
esies were  in  Greek  hexameters. 
Their  application  to  the  matter  in- 


Pages  123-125.] 


GELLIUS. 


203 


quired  about  was  no  doubt  entirely 
accidental  or  subject  to  the  dealings  of 
the  interpreters.  They  were  in  the 
care  of  special  priests  {quindecimviri)  ^ 
and  could  be  consulted  only  by  express 
command  of  the  senate.  They  were 
destroyed  by  fire  in  b.c.  83,  when  a 
new  collection  was  formed,  which  was 
burnt  in  400  a.d. 

procul  dubio :  a6  is  usually  found 
with  j^rocul  in  classical  prose. 

ibidem:  here  used  of  time  and 
strengthened  by  statim.  Cf.  the  Ger- 
man use  of  da  for  then. 

id  ipsum:  i.e.  the  clause  iit  .  .  . 
curat. 

124.  ore  .  . .  animo  :  abl.  oi  quality, 
a  very  favorite  construction  in  Gellius. 

insuper  habendam :  =  conteinneu" 
dam. 

nusquam  loci :  for  a  like  superflu- 
ity cf .  the  English  expression  '  nowhere 
in  the  world.' 

§  23.  qua  usus  est :  =  quam  ha- 
huit  {dixit) ;  cf.  oratio  .  .  .  habita, 
lY,  18. 

contra  Galbam :  cf .  Nepos,  Cato  3. 

SI  librT  copia  fuisset :  =  si  liber 
adfuisset.  The  difficulty  of  obtaining, 
or  referring  to,  books  A^as  a  serious 
bar  to  accuracy  m  the  part  of  ancient 
writers. 

curiam:  Tullus  Hostilius  built  on 
the  northeast  of  the  Forum  a  stone  en- 
closure, called  the  Curia,  in  which  the 
Senators  could  hold  their  meetings.  It 
was  of  very  simple  construction,  and 
contained  only  several  rows  of  wooden 
benches,  the  Speaker's  desk,  and  a 
small  apartment  where  the  archives  of 
the  house  were  kept.  In  e.g.  52  this 
venerable  building  was  burned  down, 


and  was  afterward  rebuilt  by  Julius 
Caesar  and  by  Augustus.  Lanciani, 
Ancient  Borne,  p.  76  foil. 

quaepiam :  rarer  than  aliqiiis,  but 
with  the  same  degree  of  indefinite- 
ness ;  it  usually  denotes  something  of 
little  importance. 

ut .  .  .  ne  quis :  cf .  Nepos,  Them. 
7,  lit  ne  prills,  and  uti  ne  introeant 
below. 

patres :  the  usual  title  of  the  sena- 
tors ;  cf .  Eutrop.  I,  2  ;  Nepos,  Hanni- 
bal, 12. 

exque  re  publica :  '  (more)  to  the 
advantage  of ' ;  supply  magis  from  uti- 
lius. 

apud  duos :  cf  the  dat.  iini  below, 
and  Nepos,  Atticus  h 

Hoc  ilia:  pronooQS  tend  to  run 
together. 

adfert:  sc.  hoc. 

125.  sibi  vellet :  '  meant.' 

reiii :  in  apposition  with  the  preced 
ing  clauses. 

praeter:  adverb,  used  as  con^^unc- 
tion.  This  use  is  not  found  in  prose 
of  the  classical  period,  and  is  extremely 
rare  and  late. 

gratia :  =  causa. 

aetate  praetextae :  sc.  togae.  See 
note  on  togam  praetextam,  Eutrop.  I, 
17.  Eor  the  age  of  a  boy,  see  X,  28, 
p.  139. 

Book  II. 

§5.  inquit:  this  superfluous  verb 
of  saying  may  be  considered  as  the 
equivalent  of  modern  quotation  marks, 
showing  direct  discourse. 

atque  .  .  .  facias :  =  '  even  though 
you  should  do  it.' 


204 


NOTES. 


[Pages  125-128. 


Book  III. 

§  6.  per  .  .  .  mirandam :  one  word, 
separated  by  Tmesis,  636,  V,  3  ;  385, 
1:  705. 

queat:  =  possit.  Queo  is  very  com- 
mon in  Gellius. 

intra:  'downwards,'  as  I,  14. 

ingenium  :  for  another  meaning,  cf . 
I,  23. 

126.  §  8.  Pyrrhus :  cf .  Eutrop.  II, 
11-14. 

unam  atque  alteram  pugnas :  '  one 

battle  after  another.' 

satisque  agerent :  '  had  their  hands 
full.' 

quos  habuit :  what  is  the  force  of 
the  indicative  ? 

super  ea  causa :  =  de  ea  causa ; 
super  =  de  over  120  times  in  Gellius  ; 
cf.  super  hoc  equo,  Y,  2. 

salutem  dicunt :  '  send  greeting '  ; 
a  common  formula  at  the  beginning  of 
letters. 

anim5  tenus :  '  to  the  bottom  of 
our  hearts.' 

ut  esset  .  .  .  possemus :  '  that 
there  should  be  some  one  for  us  to 
conquer. ' 

negavimus  velle  :  =:  diximus  nolle  ; 
cf.  note  on  negavit  mansurum, 
Eutrop.  II,  25.  The  idea  of  saying 
passes  into  that  of  commanding :  hence 
the  use  of  neve  and  the  subjunctive. 

Book  IV. 

127.  §  18.  antiquior:  usually 
Maior  to  distinguish  him  from  his 
[adopted)  grandson,  who  is  called 
lunior^  Eutrop.  lY,  12,  usually  Minor. 
For  his  character,  see  Eutrop.  Ill,  20. 


qua  subnlxus :  '  how  he  relied  upon 
his  own  consciousness  (of  power).' 

crimini:  cf.  dono,  I,  14,  p.  122. 

censeo  :  '  I  move  '  ;  the  word  regu- 
larly used  of  expressing  opinion  in  a 
deliberative  assembly. 

fertur  :  '  is  extant.' 

infitias  :  originally  an  accusative  of 
limit,  '  to  go  to  a  denial '  ==  '  to  deny.' 

quin  .  .  .  fuerint:  cf.  p.  59,  foot- 
note 2. 

128.   M.,  ut  aiunt,  Catone:  an 

artificial  arrangement  of  words. 

aerarium :  after  the  banishment  of 
the  kings  the  temple  of  Saturn  and  Ops 
was  used  as  the  public  treasury  until 
the  later  times  of  the  Empire.  In  the 
treasury,  besides  the  public  moneys 
and  accounts,  were  preserved  the 
standards  of  the  legions,  the  various 
laws  passed  from  time  to  time,  copies 
of  the  decrees  of  the  senate,  and  vari- 
ous other  public  documents.  —  What 
money  had  the  Romans  ?  See  gram- 
mars, and  Gow,  Companion  to  School 
Classics^  p.  148. 

adlatum :  =  lihrum  adlatum  esse 
dixit. 

accepta  ferri :  a  book-keeping  term, 
'-to  credit,'  cf.  Nepos,  Atticus  13. 

posceretur:  the  subject  is  is,  the 
antecedent  of  cui. 

Book  Y. 

§  2.  Bucephalas:  a  Greek  com- 
pound, '  Ox-head.' 

talentis  tredecim:  about  ^15,600. 

Super  hoc  equo :  cf.  de  isto  equOj 
below. 

visum :  sc.  est ;  the  subject  is  the 
clause  quod  .  .  .  passus  sit,  which 


Pages  128-134.] 


GELLIUS. 


206 


takes  the  subjunctive  to  show  the 
quotation. 

facinora :  '  deeds  '  ;  usually  in  a  bad 
sense.  Distinguish  between  facinus^ 
a  deed,  good  or  bad ;  crimen,  a  crime 
against  man  ;  nefas,  impiety,  a  crime 
against  the  gods  or  moral  law  ;  vitium, 
a  fault ;  scelus,  a  heinous  act  or  sin ; 
and  flagitium^  an  infamous  deed. 

domini  .  .  .  securus :  '  assured  of 
his  master's  safety '  ;  the  use  of  the 
genitive  is  poetical. 

129.  equi  honores :  cf .  oh  hono- 
rem  triumpM^  V,  6  ;  and  in  ho7iorem 
eius,  Eutrop.  VII,  10. 

§  5.  Antiochum :  cf.  Nepos,  Hanni- 
bal 8. 

satis  esse  :  =  paria  esse, 

nihil .  .  .  neque :  see  note  on  num- 
qitam  neque^  Eutrop.  VI,  21. 

prorsum  :  with  nihil ^  —  omnino^ 
*  nothing  at  all.' 

§  6.  postrema:  =  adv.,  Mastly.' 

130.  eoque  loco :  elsewhere  in 
these  selections  po^i'n'  takes  the  gen. 

quoniam  cibus,  etc. :  '  since  the 
(fruit  of  the)  oak  used  to  be  consumed 
as  the  oldest  (form  of)  food.' 

131.  coniuratio  :  cf .  Eutrop.  VI, 
16,  and  sketch  of  Cicero,  p.  207. 

per  vim :  cf .  vi  below.  Gellius  often 
uses  per  with  the  acc.  =  instrumental 
ablative. 

rite :  Livy  I,  32,  describes  the  rites 
necessary  to  a  just  declaration  of  war. 
The  ambassador  coming  to  the  fron- 
tiers of  the  offending  people,  addressed 
a  solemn  appeal  to  Jupiter  and  made 
his  demands.  He  then  crossed  the 
border  and  repeated  the  same  formula 
to  the  first  native  he  met ;  the  same 
on  entering  the  town  gate,  and  again 


to  the  magistrates  in  the  forum.  If 
the  demands  were  not  satisfied  within 
thirty  days,  he  returned  to  Rome  and 
made  a  report  of  his  mission.  If  the 
people  and  senate  decided  for  war, 
the  messenger  again  set  forth  for  the 
borders  of  the  hostile  country,  and 
threw  across  the  boundary  a  spear 
pointed  with  iron  or  burnt  at  the  end 
and  dipped  in  blood,  at  the  same  time 
pronouncing  the  declaration  of  war. 
These  rites  are  said  to  have  been  bor- 
rowed by  Numa  from  an  ancient  na- 
tion, the  Aequicolae. 

132.  ovantes  =  eos  qui  ovant. 

133.  §  18.  iusiurandum  eos  ad- 
egit :  '  bound  them  by  oath.' 

cognati  adfinesque :  notice  the 
derivation  of  the  words  and  the  differ- 
ence in  meaning. 

postliminio :  a  legal  fiction  by 
which  a  returned  captive  might  re- 
cover his  lost  civil  rights.  Cf.  Eutrop. 
II,  25. 

egress!  castra :  '  gone  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  camp ' ;  notice  the  force 
of  the  accusative.  The  stepping  out 
of  the  camp  would  be  expressed  by 
the  ablative.  The  usage  is  common 
in  the  historians. 

plurium :  '  the  majority.' 

Book  VII. 

134.  §3.  apud  Bagradam :  'near'; 
what  other  ways  of  expressing  the 
same  idea  ? 

unum  :  probably  not  emphatic.  Cf . 
the  German  use  of  the  numeral  ein, 
and  the  Erench  un  from  unus  (as  in- 
definite article). 

in  illis  locis:  the  in  is  needless. 


206 


NOTES. 


[Pages  134-137. 


though  used  by  Gellius  in  the  majority 
of  such  cases. 

stabulantem  :  —  hahitantem  ;  so 
stabulum  originally  meant  an  abode, 
for  man  or  beast. 

§  17.  multis  post  tempestatibus : 
'  after  a  long  period. ' 

Book  IX. 

135.  §  4-  in  illls  libris :  Gellius 
relates  that  on  disembarking  at  Brun- 
disium  (Brindisi)  on  his  return  from 
Greece,  he  noticed  a  number  of  an- 
cient Greek  works  offered  for  sale  at  a 
very  low  price.  These  he  purchased, 
skimmed  over  during  the  following 
two  evenings,  and,  as  was  his  custom, 
made  extracts  from  their  contents  in 
his  note-book,  '  so  that  the  reader  may 
not  be  altogether  uninformed  when  he 
hears  such  matters  discussed,' — an 
end  which  should  be  more  generally 
kept  in  view  in  the  study  of  Latin. 

corporibus:  Qi.venationihus  below, 
which  shows  clearly  the  force  of  the 
ablative. 

Cyclopas ;  '  round-eyed.'  They 
were  sometimes  considered  assistants 
of  Yulcan  and  located  in  Sicily  under 
Mount  Aetna.  Of.  a  translation  of 
Vergil's  Aeneid,  III,  614  foil. 

non  ut  ceterorum :  sc.  prospec- 
tatitia. 

diebus  tertiis  :  *  every  third  day. ' 
off endimus  :  the  '  editorial  we. ' 

136.  laudaverint:  customary  ac- 
tion in  present  time.  Cf.  mderint 
below. 

interimant  videndo  :  cf .  the  belief 
in  the  'evil  eye,'  still  prevalent  in 
some  countries. 


apud  .  .  .  terras :  =  in  t  err  is.    Cf . 

below  apud  extrema  —  in  extremis. 
Note  Gellius'  fondness  for  the  word. 

miraoula  homines:  Tor  amongst 
them  are  found  .  .  .  monsters  with 
dogs'  heads  and  without  heads,  w^ho 
have  eyes  in  their  breasts,  at  least  as 
the  Libyans  say.'    Herodotus  IV,  191. 

egreditur  omnem  modum :  '  sur- 
passes all  bounds.'  Cf.  egressi  castra, 
VI,  18. 

Pygmaeos :  the  Pygmies  are  de- 
scribed by  Homer  as  a  race  of  under- 
sized men  dwelling  far  in  the  south 
where  the  cranes  fly  from  the  northern 
winter.  The  battles  between  the  Pyg- 
mies and  cranes  are  often  described. 
Different  writers  located  their  home 
in  various  parts  of  the  world.  Aris- 
totle held  that  they  inhabited  the 
marshes  from  which  the  Nile  was 
thought  to  flow,  and  Herodotus  de- 
scribes a  tribe  of  little  blackmen  '  by 
whose  city  ran  a  great  river,  flowing 
from  west  to  east  (possibly  the  Niger), 
and  in  it  were  crocodiles.'  Within 
recent  years  explorers  have  actually 
discovered  an  undersized  race  of  men 
in  these  regions. 

§  11.  Corvinus :  for  the  same  story, 
see  Eutrop.  II,  6. 

in  eo  tempore:  what  is  the  ordi- 
nary usage  ? 

137.  satis  agentibus:  cf.  Ill,  8, 
satis  agerent  JRomani. 

perque  contemptum :  =  adv., '  con- 
temptuously.' 

pudorem:  'diflidence.' 

ut  .  .  .  permitterent :  substantive 
clause,  to  be  taken  with  impetrato. 

congrediuntur  .  .  .  consistunt 
.  .  .  conserebantur :  account  for  the 


Pages  137-142.] 


GELLIUS. 


207 


tenses.  Translate  in  connection  with 
the  following  Atque :  *  they  were  just 
joining  battle  when — / 

Book  X. 

138.  §  6.  inde  :  =  e  turba. 
male  habitam :  '  ill  used.' 

P.  Claudius:  for  the  event,  see 
Cic.  De  Nat.  Deor.  II,  3,  p.  144. 

utinam  .  .  .  reviviscat  :  how  is  an 
impossible  wish  usually  expressed  ? 
She  speaks  here  as  though  it  might 
occur. 

multam :  not  the  adjective ;  see 
Vocab. 

milla:  sc.  assium.  For  the  rela- 
tion of  the  older  coinage  to  the  later 
see  646:  377-8:  Append,  p.  493. 

§  10.  quas:  i.e.  the  cutting  and 
opening  ;  such  attraction  is  frequent. 

videretur :  what  two  reasons  for 
the  subjunctive  ? 

139.  §  27.  quod :  explanatory ; 
*  that.' 

dedit  ad  .  .  .  epistulam :  *  wrote 
to.'    Why  not  dative  ? 

ibi  :  =  in  ea  epistiila. 

quod  reliquissent :  refers  to  the 
future,  not  tlie  past. 

pro  elects :  cf .  pro  victo^  Eutrop. 
VII,  6. 

§  28.  Servium  Tullium :  for  his 
census,  cf.  Eutrop.  I,  7  ;  II,  18. 


minores  . .  .  annis :  cf .  Nepos,  Han- 
nibal 3.  There  is  great  variety  in  the 
expression  of  age  ;  almost  all  forms  of 
the  expression  occur  except  the  full 
form,  minus  quam  XVII  annos  natL 

Book  XV. 

140.  §  16.  natii  grandis :  what  is 
the  comparative  ?  Cf .  Caes.  II,  28. 
Magnus  natu  is  not  Latin. 

proxime  viam :  the  usual  construc- 
tion. Cf.  proprius  Tiberiy  Nepos,  Han- 
nibal 8. 

in  naturam :  '  to  its  natural  position.' 

141.  §  18.  dies  idem  fuit :  cf .  Cic. 
De  Nat.  Deor.  II,  2,  p.  143,  where  a 
similar  story  is  related. 

reciprocae  vices:  '  ups  and  downs.' 
'the  varying  fortunes.' 

§  22.  Sertorius :  see  Plutarch,  Ser- 
torius. 

exercitiis :  gen.  sing,  or  acc.  plur.  ? 

prodesset:  may  also  be  explained 
as  subjunctive  denoting  repeated  ac- 
tion (a  late  construction).  Notice  the 
indie,  below,  adiuvahant. 

dono :  cf.  I,  14,  with  footnote. 

qui  nuntiaverat-  sc.  eum. 

142.  clamor  factus  et  orta  ad- 
mlratio:  such  chiasmus  between 
clauses  is  frequent  in  Gellius. 

cum  Sertorio  faciebant:  'had  to 
do  with  Sertorius.' 


CICEEO. 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  was  born  on  the  third  of  January,  b.c.  106,  at  Arpi- 
num,  a  small  town  in  Latium.  He  was  educated  under  the  best  teachers  at  Kome, 
and  afterwards  studied  philosophy  and  rhetoric  in  Athens  and  the  Greek  cities 

Ao  &  W.  LAT.  R, 


208 


NOTES. 


of  Asia  Minor.  His  first  and  only  military  experience  was  a  campaign  in  the 
Social  War,  b.c.  89.  By  his  marked  ability  he  soon  gained  distinction  as  an 
advocate,  and  in  77  he  entered  upon  a  successful  political  career.  After  holding 
in  customary  succession  various  minor  offices  he  became  consul  b.c.  63.  His 
year  of  office  v^as  marked  by  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  an  event  which  Cicero 
has  made  forever  famous  by  his  well-known  orations.  His  own  services  in  sup- 
pressing the  conspiracy  were  conspicuous  and  afforded  him  endless  satisfaction. 
Cicero,  though  a  novus  homo^  sympathized  with  the  constitutional  or  senatorial 
party,  and  by  his  conduct  at  this  crisis  he  roused  the  resentment  of  the  popular 
faction.  In  58  he  went  into  voluntary  banishment  to  escape  an  indictment 
brought  against  him  by  his  bitter  opponent  Clodius,  but  in  57  he  was  enabled 
to  return  to  Rome.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  between  Caesar  and 
Pompey  in  49,  Cicero  sided  with  the  latter,  but  easily  made  his  peace  with  the 
victor.  His  political  activity  was  suspended  during  Caesar's  ascendency  ;  but 
on  the  assassination  of  the  dictator,  Cicero  emerged  from  retirement.  By 
fiercely  denouncing  Mark  Antony,  who  was,  in  a  measure,  Caesar's  political 
heir,  he  incurred  his  lasting  resentment,  and  was  put  to  death  in  43  with  the  many 
other  victims  of  the  Second  Triumvirate.  Cicero's  political  career  is  best 
studied  in  connection  with  his  orations,  which  do  not  immediately  concern  us 
here.  They  are  the  unquestioned  models  of  Latin  prose  style,  and  while  there 
have  been  widely  different  judgments  on  Cicero  as  a  man  and  a  statesman,  his 
literary  pre-eminence  is  rarely,  if  ever,  disputed.  During  the  years  of  his 
retirement,  46-44,  he  occupied  his  leisure  in  writing  works  on  oratory  and  phil- 
osophy. They  are  largely  translations  from  the  Greek,  usually  in  the  form  of 
dialogues,  and  show  many  marks  of  the  haste  in  which  they  were  composed. 
The  two  represented  in  these  selections  are  among  the  last  in  the  series,  being 
written  early  in  the  year  44.  In  the  first,  De  Natura  Deorum,  representatives 
of  the  Epicurean,  Stoic,  and  Academician  schools  discuss  theories  of  the  nature 
of  the  gods.  Cotta,  the  Academician,  is  usually  supposed  to  voice  Cicero's  own 
scepticism,  though  at  the  end  of  the  work  the  author  commends  the  orthodox 
views  of  the  Stoic,  from  whose  discourse  most  of  the  present  selections  are  taken. 
The  second  work,  De  Divinatione,  is  an  interesting  dialogue  between  Cicero  and 
his  brother  Quintus  on  the  possibility  of  divination.  It  is  a  collection  of  curious 
tales,  and  the  book  well  shows  Cicero's  union  of  theoretical  scepticism,  with 
practical  support  of  the  state  religion  for  political  and  social  reasons.  The  most 
available  biographies  of  Cicero  are  those  by  TroUope,  Forsyth,  and  Collins 
(A7icient  Classics  for  English  Headers)^  each  of  which  has  a  chapter  on  his 
philosophical  works.  A  good  literary  biography  is  The  StudenVs  Cicero^  by 
W.  Y.  Eausset  (Macmillan  &  Co.,  1890).  A  full  and  careful  discussion  of  his 
philosophical  attitude  is  to  be  found  in  Eitter's  History  of  Anc.  Phil.^  Vol.  IV. 
There  is  a  separate  edition  of  De  Natura  Deorum  by  J.  B.  Mayor  (Camb. 
Univ.  Press). 


Pages  143-145.] 


CICERO. 


209 


DE  NATURA  DEORUM. 


Book  II. 

143.  §  2.  videmus :  editorial  we ; 
the  speaker  is  Lucilius  Balbus,  whom 
Cicero  chose  to  present  the  doctrines 
of  the  Stoics. 

ceteras  :  opposed  to  indicia  below. 

hippocentaurum :  for  these  fabu- 
lous beings,  see  Guerber's  Myths. 

chimaeram :  a  fire-breathing  mon- 
ster, the  fore  part  of  whose  body 
was  that  of  a  lion,  the  middle  that  of 
a  goat,  and  the  hind  part  that  of  a 
dragon.  The  cliimaera  was  probably 
the  fanciful  personification  of  a  volcano 
of  the  same  name  in  Lycia. 

apud  Inferos  :  see  VergiPs  account 
of  the  lower  world,  Aen.  VI. 

dies:  'time.' 

in  dies  :  '  every  day.' 

144.  apud  Regillum :  cf .  Eutrop.  I, 
12 ;  Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Borne. 

ex  equis :  'on  horseback.' 

Paulo  :  Aemilius  Paulus,  conqueror 
of  Macedonia,  father  of  Scipio  Africa- 
nus  Minor. 

idem  dies :  'the date  corresponded'; 
the  pronoun  is  superfluous  in  English. 
Cf.  Livy  I,  5,  ad  id  ipsum  congruere. 

vacatione;  sc.  miUtiae. 

§  3.  ea  :  *  things  of  that  sort'  ;  in- 
stead of  eas  referring  to  preceding 
nouns. 

ilia  :  *  those  (words)  '  agrees  with 
ostenta,  etc. 

P.  ClaudiT :  surnamed  Pulcher  ;  for 
his  defeat,  see  Gellius  X,  6. 

puUi  non  pascerentur:  for  the 
original  form  of  augury,  cf.  Livy  I,  6, 
7,  p.  156.    In  later  times  omens  were 


drawn  from  the  way  in  which  chickens 
ate.  The  art  was  discredited  in  Cic- 
ero's day:  De  Div.  II.,  35,  "Do  you 
think  Romulus  observed  omens  in  this 
way  ?  .  .  .  Now  we  give  orders  to  the 
poulterer  ;  he  returns  the  answer." 

esse :  note  the  quantity  of  the  first 
syllable. 

145.  Flaminium :  cf.  Eutrop.  Ill, 
9  ;  Nepos,  Hannibal  4.  "  'Eine  omens 
forsooth,  if  things  may  be  done  when 
chickens  are  hungry,  and  not  when 
they  are  full ! '  .  .  .  And  so  in  the 
next  three  hours  his  army  was  slaugh- 
tered and  he  himself  was  killed" 
(Cic.  De  Div.  I,  35). 

§  25.  The  three  following  chapters, 
which  are  very  much  abbreviated,  are 
fair  specimens  of  ancient  etymologies. 
The  attempt  to  explain  things  from 
their  names  is  a  very  old  one.  Cicero 
often  indulges  in  it,  and  his  mistakes 
(even  when  lie  is  not  copying)  are  not 
worse  than  much  etymologizing  since 
his  day. 

voluerunt:  sc.  Stoic  teachers ;  'they 
would  have  it,'  'they  maintained.' 
Note  the  infinitive. 

qui  .  .  .  contineret :  '  to  control 
the  revolution  and  the  recurrence  of 
periods  of  time ' ;  spatiorum  .  .  .  tem- 
porum  =  spatia  temporum. 

ex  se  natos:  'those  born  from 
him,'  i.e.  his  children.  For  the  story 
see  Guerber,  Myths,  p.  20. 

siderum  .  .  .  adligaret :  cf .  Numa's 
construction  of  the  calendar,  Livy  1, 10. 

optimus  maximus:  cf.  Nepos, 
Hannibal  2  ;  Gellius  IV,  18  ;  De"  Div. 
I,  6. 


210 


NOTES. 


[Pages  145-148. 


augures.  sc.  mincupant;  the  verb 
belongs  to  the  language  of  law,  civil 
and  religious. 

§  26.  aer :  a  Greek  word  which 
Cicero's  authorities  identified  with 
Hera,  the  Juno  of  Greek  mythology ; 
hence  the  further  explanation  lunonem 
a  iuvando. 

eff eminarunt :  i.e.  they  changed 
the  masculine  aer  to  the  feminine  Hera. 

146.  ^  nando :  the  critic  remarks, 
III,  62  :  nullum  erit  nomen^  quod  non 
possis  una  litterd  explicare  unde  duc- 
tum  sit ;  in  quo  quidem  magis  tu  mihi 
natare  ('be  at  sea')  visus  es  quam 
ipse  Neptunus. 

Proserpinam :  for  her  story,  see 
Hawthorne's  Tanglewood  Tales. 

Ceres  .  .  .  Geres ;  cf .  C.  =  Gains, 
Cn.  =  Gnaeus.  Consult  the  diction- 
ary for  the  history  of  the  letter  C. 

§27.  lanum:  cf.  Livy  I,  19,  an  I 
Guerber's  Myths. 

nostri:  i.e.  'our  teachers,'  'ouv 
forefathers.' 

§  39.  ipsa  .  .  .  conglobata:  'com- 
pacted to  a  ball  by  its  own  gravity.' 
For  Cicero's  idea  of  the  universe,  see 
De  Bepub.  ('Scipio's  Dream')  YI, 
17-18. 

147.  fontium  gelidas:  poetical  for 
fontium  gelidorum.  Cf.  speluyicarum 
co7icavas,  below. 

perennitatSs :  in  translating,  sub- 
stitute adjectives  for  the  abstract  nouns. 

vel  .  .  .  vel :  why  not  aut  .  .  .  aut  f 
Translated  'both  .  .  .  and.' 

universT :  '  as  a  whole. ' 

orarum  ac  litorum :  one  is  the 
limit  of  the  land,  the  other  of  the  sea. 
Lxtus  est  quousque  maximus  fluctus  a 
mare  pervenit. 


§  40.  altissimus  :  followed  by  a  as 
though  denoting  separation. 

caeli  complexus  :  '  the  all  embrac- 
ing heaven.' 

igneae  formae :  =  stellae. 

multis  partibus:  degree  of  differ- 
ence ;  '  many  times.' 

ab  extreme :  '  from  the  extreme 
limit'  ;  the  summer  and  winter  sol- 
stices. 

tristitia  .  .  .  contrahit:  the  verb 
alone  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense 
of  '  sadfl    , ' 

148.  isdexn  sp:.tiis  :  i.e.  inside  the 
sphere  in  which  are  the  fixed  stars, 
but  not  necessarily  at  the  same  dis- 
tance from  the  earth. 

subiecta  atque opposita  :  'brought 
beneath  and  in  front  of.' 

e  regione :  a  common  adverbial  ex- 
pression ;  'in  a  line  with,  opposite  to.' 
See  note  on  ah  superiore  parte,  Caec. 
11  18. 

deficit :  t.xe  regular  exprccilon  ior 
\n  eclipse. 

vagas  dicimus  :  cf .  §  20,  q^iae  Jalso 
vocantur  errantes.  Nihil  enim  errat 
quod  in  omni  aeternitate  conservat  pro- 
gressus  et  regressus  reliquosque  motus 
constantes  et  ratos. 

descrlpta  . .  .  est:  'marked  off'  ; 
cf.  annum  descripsit,  Eutrop.  I,  3. 
Translate  freely  :  '  whose  varied  forms 
have  been  so  arranged.' 

boOK  III. 

§34.  testimonium  dicere;  'bore 
witness.' 

fanum  .  .  .  lovis  Olympii:  con- 
taining the  celebrated  statue  of  ivory 
and  gold  by  the  artist  Phidias. 


Pages  148-151.] 


LIVY. 


211 


Carthaginiensium :  for  their  pos- 
sessions in  Sicily  cf.  Nepos,  Hamilcar 
1  ;  Eutrop.  II,  18. 

149.  cum  .  .  .  diceret :  note  that 
the  verb  of  saying  is  irregularly  at- 


tracted into  the  subjunctive  ;  =  cum 
esset,  ut  dicebat. 

mensas :  part  of  the  temple  furniture. 

atque  :  for  adversative  force  cf .  note 
on  contemptusque,  Eutrop.  II,  12. 


DE  DIVINATIONE. 


Book  T. 

§  6.  extispicum :  this  and  other 
genitives  limit  praedictione. 

interpretantium :  'interpreters  of ' ; 
governs  monstra  aut  fulgora. 

§  10.  num :  note  its  force  in  these 
directions,  351,  1,  n.  3  :  210,  c :  456. 

fastlgio  lovis:  the  famous  temple 
on  the  Capitoline. 

Hanc  vero  :  '  but  was  it  ?  ' 

150.  §  13.  Casu,  inquis  '  acci- 
dentally, you  will  say.' 

tall :  the  talus^  originally  '  knuckle- 
bone,' was  also  the  name  given  to  dice, 
which  were  at  first  only  the  natural 
bone.  In  playing  four  dice  were  used. 
The  lowest  throw  was  four  aces  ;  the 
highest  was  that  called  Venus^  in 
which  the  numbers  were  all  different, 
their  sum  amounting  to  fourteen. 

Veneris  Coae :  referring  to  a  cele- 
brated painting  by  Apelles. 

res  habet:  cf.  Nepos,  Hannibal  2, 
se  hahentem. 


§  16.  Priscus :  sc.  Tarquinius. 

ille,  augurio  acto:  'he  (Navius), 
having  practised  his  art,  replied  that  it 
could  be  done.'  The  process  is  de- 
scribed De  Div.  I,  31. 

puteal :  a  circular  stone  enclosure, 
like  a  well  curb,  erected  around  any 
hallowed  spot. 

comitio :  the  place  in  the  Eorum 
where  the  voters  assembled. 

151.  §18.  C.  Gracchus:  tlie  fa- 
mous tribune  killed  b.c.  121. 

ipsi :  sc.  moriendum  esse,  '  must 
die.' 

oppetere  mortem  :  '  to  perish ' 
(by  a  violent  death)  ;  cf.  Nepos,  Atti- 
cus,  decessit ;  Eutrop.  VII,  8,  ohiit, 
'  passed  away.' 

African!  filiam :  the  celebrated 
Cornelia,  the  'mother  of  the  Gracchi.' 

§  24.  secundum  quietem  :  '  after 
he  had  gone  to  sleep.' 

eum  quoque  oculum:  cf.  Nrpos, 
Hannibal  4,  iit  postea  numquam  dextro 
aeque  bene  usus  sit. 


LIVY. 

Titus  Ltvius  was  bom  at  Patavium  {Padua)  in  b.c.  59,  and  died  there  in 
A.D.  17,  though  most  of  his  life  was  spent  at  Rome  in  literary  work.  At  about 
the  age  of  thirty-five  he  began  his  great  work  on  the  history  of  Rome,  which 
was  not  completed  until  shortly  before  his  death.  The  history,  originally  in 
142  books,  of  which  all  but  35  have  been  lost,  was  variously  entitled  Ab  Urbe 


212 


NOTES. 


[Pages  152,  153 


Condita  Libri^  Annales^  and  Historiae.  It  begins  with  the  coming  of  Aeneas, 
and  narrates  the  history  of  the  Roman  people  with  great  minuteness  down  to 
B.C.  9.  Livy  is  more  a  story-teller  than  a  historian.  He  makes  no  attempt  to 
sift  historical  evidence  or  to  harmonize  conflicting  statements,  but  sets  down 
fable,  legend,  and  history,  from  various  and  often  contradictory  sources,  with 
only  an  occasional  word  of  doubt  or  explanation.  With  these  faults  as  a  his- 
torian, his  wonderful  skill  as  a  narrator  nevertheless  makes  his  work  a  fascinat- 
ing and  valuable  treasure  house  of  Roman  story.  His  language,  while  often 
careless,  is  always  vivid  and  picturesque.  Through  his  conscious  or  uncon- 
scious imitation  of  the  earlier  sources  from  which  he  derived  his  material, 
archaisms  are  sometimes  copied;  while  the  rapid  flow  of  his  narrative  often 
causes  breaks  in  construction  and  omissions  of  connectives  and  words  which 
must  be  supplied  from  the  context. 

The  standard  text  is  that  of  Weissenborn  (Leipzig,  1878).  Various  editions 
for  school  use  have  been  made  of  special  parts  of  the  Histories.  There  is  a  fine 
translation  in  the  Bohn  Library ;  and  an  excellent  one  of  the  part  relating  to 
the  Punic  War  (Books  XXI-XXV)  by  Church  and  Brodribb  (London,  1883). 

HISTORIAE. 


Book  I. 

[For  fuller  details  of  the  legends 
here  treated,  the  manual  of  mythology 
should  constantly  be  consulted ;  and 
for  their  significance,  Ihne's  Early 
Borne.'] 

152.  §3.  LavTnium:  according  to 
the  legend,  Aeneas,  landing  on  the 
Italian  shore  after  his  wanderings, 
married  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  King 
Latinus,  and  called  the  city  which  he 
founded  by  her  name. 

Albam  Longam  :  founded  by  Asca- 
nius,  son  of  Aeneas.  For  an  interesting 
description  of  its  site,  and  a  discus- 
sion of  the  story  of  the  founding  of 
Rome,  see  Lanciani,  Ancient  Borneo 
chap.  2. 

Silvius :  sometimes  made  the  son 
of  Aeneas.  The  following  reigns  and 
the  whole  dynasty  seem  purely  mythi- 


cal, invented  to  fill  up  the  gap  between 
the  fall  of  Troy  and  the  founding  of 
Rome. 

Tiberlnus,  AventTnus:  as  in  the 

majority  of  cases,  the  explanation  is 
invented  to  account  for  existing  con- 
ditions or  names  the  origin  of  which  is 
unknown. 

stirpis :  partitive  genitive. 

legat:  *left  by  will';  cf.  voluntas 
below. 

153.  per  speciem:  *  under  pre- 
tense.' Cf.  Gellius'  fondness  for 
adverbial  phrases  with  per^  which  are 
freely  used  by  late  writers  with  no 
particular  definiteness  in  the  meaning 
of  the  preposition. 

Vestalem :  cf .  I,  20,  and  Lanciani, 
Ancient  Borne,  p.  135  foil.  The  origin 
of  the  worship  of  Vesta  is  very  simple. 
In  prehistoric  times,  when  fire  could 
be  obtained  only  from  the  friction  of 


Pages  153-155.] 


LIVY. 


213 


two  dry  sticks,  or  from  sparks  of  flint, 
every  village  kept  a  public  fire  burn- 
ing day  and  night,  at  the  disposition  of 
each  family.  In  course  of  time  this 
simple  practice  became  a  kind  of  sacred 
institution,  especially  at  Alba  Longa, 
and  was  transplanted  to  the  foot  of  the 
Palatine  when  the  Alban  shepherds 
fled  from  the  volcanic  eruptions  of  the 
Alban  craters,  and  settled  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tiber.  No  girl  under  six  or 
above  ten  could  be  chosen  as  a  priestess 
of  the  sacred  fire.  The  body  of  the 
candidate  had  to  be  perfect ;  girls  with 
defective  eye-sight,  or  a  lisp,  or  the 
slightest  physical  imperfection  were 
absolutely  excluded.  The  number  of 
the  vestals  was  six.  The  legal  term  of 
office  was  thirty  years ;  after  which 
the  vestal  was  free  to  return  home, 
and  even  to  marry.  But  few  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  permission  to  re-enter 
the  world,  because  their  honors,  privi- 
leges, and  riches  as  vestals  far  ex- 
ceeded any  advantage  of  worldly  or 
married  life.  Broken  vows  were 
punished  by  burial  alive. 

§  4.  forte  quadam  divinitus:  'by 
a  providential  occurrence,'  'providen- 
tially.' 

iusti  cursum  amnis :  =  iustum  cur- 
sum  amnis^  'the  regular  channel  of 
the  river.' 

posse  .  .  .  mergi  .  .  .  infantes : 
depending  on  spem  dahat. 

velut  defunct! :  nom.  plur.  = '  think- 
ing that  they  had  carried  out.' 

turn  solitudines :  later  the  most 
thickly  settled  part  of  Rome. 

154.  puerTlem  :  =  puerorum. 

earn  :  '  and  that  she. ' 

fuisse  nomen :  sc.  ei. 


stabula :  see  note  on  stabulantenif 
Gellius  VIII,  3. 

sub  sistere :  '  faced. ' 

§5.  Palatio  :  for  the  derivation,  see 
Lanciani,  Ancient  Bome^  p.  37. 

Lupercal :  "The  oldest  and  most 
venerable  sanctuary  of  kingly  Rome 
was  the  Lupercal,  a  grotto  consecrated 
by  the  emigrants  from  Alba  to  Fanu, 
called  Lupercus,  that  is  to  say,  the 
'driver-away  of  wolves'  and  the  pro- 
tector of  herds.  This  grotto  . .  .  opened 
under  the  northwest  spur  of  the  Pala- 
tine. On  February  15,  it  was  the 
center  of  great  rejoicings  and  of  relig- 
ious ceremonies  called  the  Lupercalia, 
during  which  the  head  shepherds, 
clothed  with  skins,  used  to  run  around 
the  precincts  of  their  Palatine  village, 
asking  the  protection  of  Faunus  Luper- 
cus  on  their  fiocks  of  sheep"  (Lan- 
ciani). 

Euandrum  .  .  .  instituisse :  sc.  fe- 

runt. 

eo  genere  :  referring  to  a  town  pre- 
viously mentioned. 

tempestatibus :  meaning  ?  Cf .  note 
on  Caes.  IV,  23. 

Pana  :  see  Guerber's  Myths. 

per  lusum,  see  note  on  per  speciem, 
§3. 

deditis  :  dat.  after  insidiatos,  which 
agrees  with  latrories. 

155.  eodem :  '  to  the  same  con- 
clusion' (as  Faustulus). 

haud  procul  quin:  'not  far  from 
recognizing.' 

§  6.  Numitor  .  .  .  ostendit :  notice 
the  various  ways  of  expressing  col- 
lateral circumstances :  by  the  parti- 
ciple agreeing  with  the  subject  of  the 
main  clause  (dictitans),  hy  the  abl.  abs, 


214 


NOTES. 


[Pages  155-159. 


(perpetrata  caede,  advocato  concilio) ; 
and  by  conjunctions  {cum  .  .  .  avocas- 
set,  postquam  .  .  .  vidit). 

gratulantes  :  =  fut.  partic,  'to  con- 
gratulate liim.' 

ratum  .  .  .  efficit :  '  confirms,  rati- 
fies.' 

re  :  '  poAYer. ' 

et  supererat :  '  and  indeed  the 
number  .  .  .  was  excessive.' 

156.  tutelae :  genitive  =  '  under 
whose  protection.' 

ad  inaugurandum  templa :  '  as 
sacred  places  for  observing  the  augu- 
ries.' Templum  originally  means  'a 
thing  cut  off,'  then  ^  a  consecrated 
enclosure,'  and  hence  *an  enclosure 
sacred  to  a  god  =  a  temple.' 

§7.  regem:  'asking.' 

illi  ...  hi:  '  one  side  .  . .  the  other.' 

tempore  .  .  .  praecepto  :  ('basing 
their  claims  on)  the  priority  of  time.' 

sic:  sc.  pereat :  cf.  Booth's  'Sic 
semper  tyrannis ! '  at  the  assassina- 
tion of  Lincoln. 

conditoris  nomine  :  but  see  note 
on  Tiherimis^  §  o. 

Herculum:  cl.Guevhev's  Myths.  On 
his  return  from  his  tenth  labor  (steal- 
ing the  cattle  of  Geryon),  he  passed 
through  Italy.    Cf.  Nepos,  Hannibal  3. 

laeto :  '  grateful, '  '  luxuriant '  (poet- 
ical). 

Cacus :  perhaps  'the  bad  (man).' 
Cf.  Euander,  '  the  good  man.' 

quia  .  .  .  erant:  gives  the  reason 
for  aversos  .  .  .  traxit. 

157,  infesto :  'uncanny.' 
ut  fit :  '  as  is  usual.' 

ex  spelunca :  to  be  taken  with 
reddita;  but  it  suggests  also  in  spe- 
lunca with  inclusarum. 


§  16.  His  .  .  .  operibus:  the  deeds 
of  Komulus  which  are  recorded  in  the 
intervening  chapters. 

campo  :  sc.  Martio  ;  now  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  Rome. 

Caprae  paludem :  the  site  is  not 
certainly  fixed. 

patribus :  =  senatoribus.  Cf.  Nepos, 
Hannibal  12. 

sublimem  raptum :  sc.  eum  esse ; 
suljlimen  =  'on  high.' 

iota:  note  gender  of  piibes  ('the 
youth'  of  Kome),  which  is  the  subject 
of  ohtiniiU. 

deum  .  .  .  salvere  .  .  .  iubent: 
'  they  hail  him  as  god.' 

paoem  precibus  exposcunt:  allit- 
eration often  occurs  in  prayers,  relig- 
ious formulae,  etc. 

consilio :  'by  the  (deliberate)  plan.' 

158.  gravis  .  .  .  auctor :  '  a  man 
of  weight  in  any  affair  however  impor- 
tant.' 

minim  quantum?  sc.  est. 
efferari:  indir.  disc,  depending  on 
videvpt. 

lanum :  cf.  Cic.  De  Nat.  Deor.  II, 
27.  The  temple  was  an  arched  pas- 
sage way  with  doors  at  the  ends.  The 
real  reason  for  this  custom  of  closing 
it  is  not  known. 

ne  luxuriarent:  depends  on  the 
clause  omnium  .  .  .  ratus  est. 

159.  omnium  primum ;  because 
nearly  all  religious  festivals  in  an- 
tiquity were  regulated  by  the  lunar 
calendar.  Cf .  the  ancient  Jewish  regu- 
lations ;  how  is  the  date  for  the  modern 
Easter  fixed  ? 

duodecim  menses:  cf.  Eutrop.  I, 
3.  The  earlier  Roman  year  contained 
ten  months.    Cf.  the  name  December. 


Pages  159-161.  J 


LIVY. 


215 


tricenos  dies :  the  lunar  month  is 
nearly  twelve  hours  less  than  thirty- 
days. 

intercalariis  mensibus:  in  spite 
of  this  remedy  the  Roman  calendar 
was  in  continual  need  of  adjustment. 
It  was  finally  regulated  by  Julius  Cae- 
sar. See  the  article  Calendar  in  Diet, 
of  Antiq. 

nefastos  dies,  properly  days  on 
which  it  was  not  permitted  to  transact 
legal  business  ;  also  days  on  which  the 
assembly  might  not  be  held. 

cum  populo  agi .  to  put  questions 
to  vote  in  the  assembly  of  the  people. 

§  20.  sacerdotibus .  cf .  Eutrop. 
I,  3.  Distinguish  flamines,  priests  of 
individual  gods,  from  pontifices^  gen- 
eral regulators  of  matters  of  religion. 

Dialem  flaminem .  the  priest  of 
Jupiter,  the  highest  of  all  in  rank. 

160.  Quirino :  the  Sabine  Mars, 
often  identified  with  Romulus. 

virgines  Vestae :  cf .  note  on  Vesta- 
lem,  I,  3. 

de  publico :  *  from  the  public 
funds.' 

Book  II. 

§  10.  hostes  :  the  Etruscans  under 
Porsena.    Cf.  Eutrop.  I,  11. 

Pons  Sublicius :  see  Map,  p.  12. 
The  remains  of  an  ancient  wooden 
bridge  are  still  to  be  seen  near  this 
point.  '  No  iron  had  been  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  bridge,  and,  on 
the  strength  of  religious  tradition,  no 
iron  was  ever  used  in  its  subsequent 
restorations,  even  in  the  Christian  era. 
Pliny,  ignorant  as  he  was  of  prehis- 
toric antiquities,  gives  a  wrong  explan- 


ation of  the  fact ;  he  says  the  Romans 
have  always  excluded  iron  from  the 
Sublician  Bridge  because,  at  the  time 
of  its  gallant  defense  by  Horatius 
Codes,  they  had  such  a  hard  time 
cutting  it  down  to  prevent  the  enemy 
from  crossing.  The  explanation  is  ab- 
surd ;  iron  was  proscribed  from  the 
structure  because  iron  was  not  known 
when  the  bridge  was  first  thrown 
across  the  river.'  Lanciani,  Ancient 
Bome^  p.  40. 

Codes  :  qui  altera  lumine  orhi  nas- 
cerentur,  coclites  vocabantur,  Pliny, 
Hist.  Nat.  XI,  150. 

in  statione  :  *  on  guard.' 

deserto  praesidio :  '  deserting  their 
posts.' 

transitum :  *  as  a  passage  way ' ; 
also  explained  as  a  partic.  agreeing 
with  pontem. 

monere  praedicere  :  histor.  infin. ; 
note  the  asyndeton. 

insTgnis :  explained  by  ohversis  .  ,  . 
armis. 

161.  quod  tumultuosissimum 
erat :  '  the  worst  tumult  of  the 
battle.' 

servitia :  =  servi,  as  often  in  Livy. 
It  is  in  appos.  with  eos,  the  omitted 
subj.  of  venire,  with  which  immemores 
agrees. 

alius  . .  .  circumspectant :  note  the 
number.  The  look  was  one  of  urging ; 
hence  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  incipiant. 

Tiberine  pater:  the  god  of  the 
Tiber  was  frequently  invoked  under 
this  name. 

pliis  f amae  :  it  would  be  more  often 
told  than  believed. 

privata  .  .  .  studla :  cf .  a  similar 
case  in  V,  47. 


216 


NOTES. 


[Pages  161-165. 


Book  V. 

§  47.     haec    Veils  agebantur: 

Camillas  was  recalled  from  exile  and 
made  dictator. 

Carmentis :  or  Carmentae  (sc.  sacel- 
lum^  shrine),  a  prophetess,  the  mother 
of  Euander,  who  uttered  oracles  on 
the  Capitoline  hill. 

162.  sacris  lunonis :  '  because  sa- 
cred to  Juno.'  Cf.  Caesar,  V,  12. 

prolapsi :  '  as  he  pitched  headlong. ' 

in  praeceps :  '  over  the  precipice.' 

ad  tribunes:  why  not  (as  usual) 
trihunis  ? 

militarl:  to  avoid  repetition  of 
militum, 

reum  baud  dubium :  *  the  one  un- 
doubtedly responsible. ' 

163.  §  48.  inter  tumulos :  =  colles  ; 
originally  swampy  ground  and  full  of 
malaria,  as  portions  of  the  surround- 
ing country  are  to-day. 

umorique  ac  frigorl :  the  cold  and 
raw  climate  of  Gaul  is  often  mentioned 
by  Latin  writers. 

bustorum  .  .  .  Galliconim:  the 
locality  and  the  real  origin  of  the  name 
are  uncertain. 

dictator:  Camillus,  who  had  been 
exiled  to  Ardea.    Cf.  Eutrop.  I,  20. 

stationibus  vigiliis :  ^  day  and  night 
watches.' 


diem  de  die  :  *  from  day  to  day ' ; 
in  dies,  '  every  day.' 

164.  mille  .  .  .  auri:  sc.  libras. 
populi  .  .  .  imperaturi:  'destined 

soon  to  rule  the  world. ' 

§  49.  diique  et :  a  method  of  con- 
necting often  found  in  Livy,  but  never 
in  Cicero  or  Caesar. 

Infanda  merces :  the  Romans  could 
not  endure  to  think  that  their  country 
had  been  ransomed  in  this  way,  and 
hence  invented  this  addition  to  the 
legend. 

inferioris  iuris :  as  soon  as  a  dicta- 
tor was  appointed,  other  magistrates 
were  entitled  to  act  only  as  commis- 
sioned by  him. 

in  conspectii :  '  in  view '  ;  in  both 
senses,  '  in  sight '  and  '  in  mind.' 

165.  Gabina  via :  *  on  the  road  to 
Gabii,'  towards  the  east. 

omnia  obtinuit :  '  was  universal '  ; 
an  unusual  expression. 

ne  nuntius  quidem :  a  common 
exaggeration. 

iocos  .  .  .  inconditos :  *  rude  jests, 
in  artless  verses.'  The  soldiers  were 
allowed  great  license  of  speech  on  such 
occasions. 

Veios :  limit  of  motion. 

et  .  .  .  et :  'both  .  .  .  and.' 

intentius :  the  plan  of  removal  had 
been  proposed  five  years  before. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


SUGGESTIONS. 

The  object. — As  in  reading  the  Latin  text  the  chief  object 
is  to  understand  the  writer's  thought,  so  in  rendering  English 
sentences  into  Latin  the  student  should  never  forget  that  he  is  to 
clothe  the  thought  (which  is  neither  English  nor  Latin)  in  Latin 
dress  —  not  to  translate  English  words  into  Latin  ivords.  In 
Latin,  just  as  in  English,  it  often  happens  that  the  same  thought 
may  be  expressed  in  several  ways,  which  differ  greatly  in  the 
words  used  as  well  as  in  the  form  and  construction.  When 
expressions  are  peculiar  to  a  language  they  are  called  idioms,  and 
an  idiom  usually  can  not  be  translated  literally  without  a  resulting 
lack  of  clearness,  or,  at  the  least,  awkwardness  of  language. 

Choice  of  expression.  —  In  English  it  is  often  impossible  to 
give  a  reason  for  the  choice  of  one  form  of  expression  in  prefer- 
ence to  others.  Sometimes  the  choice  is  made  consciously  for 
the  sake  of  variety,  or  because  there  is  a  very  slight  shade  of 
difference  in  meaning,  —  so  slight  that  we  can  perhaps  feel  it,  but 
cannot  put  it  into  words ;  sometimes  unconsciously,  because  every 
one  falls  into  the  habit  of  using  certain  phrases  and  manners  of 
speech  with  no  deeper  reason  than  the  habit.  The  same  is  true  of 
Latin  writers.  Their  various  forms  of  expression  have  been  noted 
and  collected,  and  we  find  them  laid  down  in  the  grammars  as 
rules.  Some  of  these  expressions  are  found  to  be  used  by  the  best 
writers  more  frequently  than  others,  and  these  are  considered  the 
best  models. 

217 


218  EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


Variety  of  form.  —  But  the  student  must  avoid  the  error  of  con- 
fining himself  absolutely  to  one  iron-bound  form  because  most 
stress  is  laid  upon  it  by  the  grammars,  if  he  finds  other  modes  of 
expression  in  the  writings  of  good  authors.  By  searching  out  the 
greatest  variety  of  forms  in  which  an  idea  may  be  expressed,  by 
trying  to  discover  the  differences  in  meaning  between  them,  and 
by  placing  yourself  as  far  as  possible  in  the  writer's  place,  you  will 
gain  a  far  greater  grasp  and  appreciation  of  the  language  than  by 
learning  a  single  rigid  rule  and  forcing  it  to  fit  every  case. 

One  of  the  central  ideas  of  the  following  exercises,  then,  should 
be  to  render  the  thought  in  as  many  ways  as  possible,  drawing 
your  authority  from  the  text  on  which  the  exercise  is  based,  as 
well  as  from  your  grammar. 

Examine  the  tables  on  pages  221-228,  where  you  will  find  sev- 
eral of  the  most  important  constructions  treated.  Compare  the 
examples  given  and  try  to  trace  out  the  reasons  for  the  different 
forms.  In  many  cases  you  will  not  be  able  to  do  so,  and  are 
free  to  choose  one  of  several  modes  of  expression.  In  others  the 
meaning  of  the  sentences  and  the  aid  of  the  grammar  will  give 
the  reason  for  your  choice. 

Can  you  see  why  on  p.  14  Eutropius  uses  miUdrid  and  on  p.  16 
in  miliarid;  hello  on  p.  14  and  in  proelid  on  p.  17  ?  Is  there  a 
difference  in  meaning  between  the  two  forms  ?  Does  he  use  them 
only  to  lend  variety  to  his  language,  or  does  he  only  happen  to  use 
these  forms,  without  any  deeper  reason  ? 

Style.  —  If  you  should  examine  a  large  number  of  instances 
drawn  from  different  authors  you  would  find  that  each  one  shows 
preference  for  certain  special  expressions.  These  individual 
preferences  help  to  make  up  what  we  call  the  author's  style; 
but  as  authors  differ  in  style,  although  they  may  all  write  good 
Latin,  you  should  try,  not  to  imitate  any  single  writer,  but  to 
become  familiar  with  the  variations  in  good  Latin. 

Grammatical  laws.  —  It  should  not  be  necessary  to  caution  you 


EXERCISES  IX  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


219 


that  it  is  not  intended  by  what  has  been  said  to  make  yon  regard- 
less of  grammatical  laws.  The  forms  of  words  are  fixed.  The 
general  meaning  of  the  cases,  tenses,  and  modes,  and  the  broad 
principles  of  construction  are  settled ;  and  it  is  only  within  these 
limits  that  the  writer  has  freedom  of  choice.  Therefore,  as  has 
already  been  said  (p.  10),  you  must  acquire  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  forms,  and  a  thorough  familiarity  with  principles,  before  you 
can  exercise  choice  wisely. 

General  vocabulary.  —  In  order  to  vary  constructions  and  to  get 
a  real  mastery  of  the  language^  it  is  necessary  to  have  at  your  com- 
mand a  large  vocabulary,  and  this  comes  by  much  reading  and  by 
practice  in  retranslation.  The  words  which  you  find  occurring 
most  frequently,  and  those  which  have  to  do  with  every-day 
matters^  are  of  course  the  most  important  for  you  to  acquire.  The 
prepositions,  conjunctions,  and  pronouns;  the  verbs  he,  Jiave^ 
come,  go,  say,  do,  etc. ;  the  common  adjectives  good,  had,  large, 
small,  all,  etc.,  are  indispensable  for  writing,  or  even  for  conversa- 
tion in  any  language.  From  these  as  a  basis  we  must  extend  our 
stock  of  common  words  as  rapidly  and  as  widely  as  possible,  and 
so  gain  the  general  vocabulary  which  forms  the  body  of  all  liter- 
ature, without  regard  to  the  subject  treated. 

Special  vocabularies.  —  Further  than  this,  it  is  necessary  to 
become  familiar  with  the  special  vocabulary  of  any  given  sub- 
ject. The  works  of  Eutropius  and  Caesar,  and  of  historical 
writers  in  general,  are  largely  concerned  with  military  affairs,  — 
battles,  expeditions,  arms,  and  tactics.  Cicero  hardly  mentions 
these  matters,  but  treats  of  mental  actions  and  feelings,  of  natural 
and  human  laws ;  and  so  the  words  which  he  employs  are  quite 
different  from  those  used  by  the  other  writers  mentioned.  But 
as  these  special  vocabularies  will  occur  again  and  again  in  your 
later  reading,  they  must  be  learned,  and  as  each  of  the  selec- 
tions treats  in  general  of  only  one  or  two  subjects,  its  special 
vocabulary  is  repeated  so  often  that  you  can  easily  become 


220  EXERCISES  m  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


familiar  with  it  at  the  same  time  that  you  are  acquiring  the  more 
general  vocabulary. 

Choice  of  words.  —  "What  has  been  said  about  the  choice  of 
expressions  applies  also  to  the  choice  of  words.  As  you  should 
try  to  become  familiar  with  different  ways  of  expressing  the  same 
thought,  you  should  also  learn  different  names  for  the  same  things 
as  they  occur.  Pugna,  proelium,  and  certdmen  ;  pugndre,  decernere, 
and  decertdre;  interjicere,  occidere,  and  necdre,  and  many  others, 
are  used  interchangeably,  or  with  slight  differences  in  sense. 
Practice  in  comparing  the  values  of  such  words,  and  in  selecting 
the  one  best  fitted  to  convey  the  meaning,  is  invaluable  in  the 
study  of  the  language. 

The  sentence.  —  The  order  of  words  in  the  Latin  sentence  may 
best  be  learned,  as  suggested  on  p.  11,  by  close  attention  to  the 
usage  of  the  authors,  remembering  that  in  Latin  the  sentence  is  a 
picture,  in  which  the  most  important  feature  is  most  emphasized, 
and  that  the  emphasis  is  obtained  by  giving  the  emphatic  word 
the  most  prominent  position. 

Constructions  peculiar  to  Latin. — Other  peculiarities  of  Latin 
construction  are  the  use  of  the  ablative  absolute  instead  of  a 
dependent  clause  denoting  time,  cause,  accompaniment,  or  con- 
cession; the  employment  of  the  participle  and  a  finite  verb 
instead  of  two  coordinate  verbs,  and  the  use  of  the  relative  in 
connecting  clauses  which  in  English  would  be  independent  sen- 
tences. Attention  is  called  to  these  and  other  features  in  the 
grammatical  references,  notes,  and  exercises,  and  material  for 
further  comparison  and  study  can  be  found  in  the  tables  of 
constructions  which  follow.  These  tables,  while  not  exhaustive, 
will  be  found  to  present  a  fairly  full  summary  of  the  commoner 
constructions  under  the  subjects  treated.    Constructions  marked 

archaic,"  "  post-classical,''  etc.,  are  incorporated  for  purposes  of 
comparison,  not  for  imitation. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


221 


A.  EXPRESSIONS  OF  PLACE. 

THE  FIGURES  REFER  TO  PAGES. 

1.  Place  where : 

in  monte,  13;  in  Italia,  23;  intra  Italiam,  22;  apud  Eplrum,  24;  in 
marl,  25 ;  et  mari  et  terra  (a  formula),  46 ;  in  mHiario,  16 ;  miliario, 
14;  in  proelio,  17 ;  bello  (ca:ise  or  means  as  well),  14;  in  urbe,  17  ; 
Romae  (locative),  13 ;  apud  AUiam,  21 ;  apud  vicum,  29  (near,  at). 

2.  Place  from  which : 

ex  urbe  (migravit),  17;  urbe  (cessisset),  17;  ex  urbe  (expulsus),  19; 
civitate  (expulsus),  20 ;  Carthagine  (name  of  town),  59  ;  a  Tarento, 
25  (colloquial). 

3.  Place  to  which : 

ad  Campaniam,  16;  in  Campaniam,  24 ;  ad  Praeneste,  23  (to  the 
vicinity  of) ;  Tusculum,  1«;  Romam,  22;  Delphos,  46  (names  of 
towns)  ;  Naxum,  53  (small  island). 

4.  Extent  of  space : 
milia  passuum  decern,  42. 

5.  Way  by  which  : 
eodem  itinere  quo,  30. 

B,   EXPRESSIONS  OF  TIME. 

1.  Time  when  :  ^ 

anno,  13 ;  nocte,  25 ;  uno  die,  33  ;  hoc  in  tempore,  44. 

2.  Time  within  which : 
biduo  et  duabus  noctibus,  62. 

3.  Extent  of  time : 

triginta  et  duos  annos,  1 1 ;  per  quTnos  dies,  14  (more  explicit)  ;  annis 
ducentis,  16  (really  B.  2). 


1  See  also  Temporal  Clauses  and  Ablative  Absolute. 


222 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


4.  Time  after :  ^ 

post  vigintT  annos,  20 ;  post  annum,  37 ;  anno  primo  ab  expulsis  rggi- 
bus,  17;  tertio  anno  post  reges  exaotos,  18;  septingentesimo  anno 
quam  condlta  erat,  32 ;  anno  urbis  conditae  sexoentesimo,  35. 

5.  Dates : 

XI.  KalendSs  Maias,  13 ;  VI.  idus  Martias,  27. 

6.  Age: 

octSdecim  annos  natus,  13 ;  annorum  trium  et  viginti,  22  (gen.  of 
qual.)  ;  annum  agens  vicesimum  aetatis,  28. 

T.  in  f uturum  annum,  33,  ^'  for  the  next  year ;  paucis  diebus  post, 

62,  "a  few  days  after"  (abl.  of  degree  of  difference). 

C,    EXPRESSIONS  OF  PURPOSE. 

1.  Pure  purpose : 

nt  alter  eum  coeroeret,  16 ;  ne  Capitolium  obsiderent,  21. 

2.  Relative  clause : 

qui  dictator!  obsequeretur,  18;  quorum  auxilio  ageret^  13;  quo  faci- 
lius  possent  defendere,  52  (with  comparatives). 

3.  Gerundive : 

ad  iniuriam  vindicandam,  1 8 ;  sul  exposcendi  gratia,  63 ;  avertendae 
opinionis  causa,  163. 

4.  Future  participle : 
gesturus  bellum  mitteretur,  32. 

6.  Supine: 

miserunt  consultum,  46 ;  patriam  defensum  revocatus,  62. 
6.  Substantive  clauses : 

placuit  ne  haberent,  16 ;  petiverunt  ut  liceret,  27 ;  praecepit  ne  pugna- 
ret,  22. 

After  verbs  of  command  and  prohibition  this  is  essentially  the 
same  construction  as  a  command  in  Indirect  Discourse. 


1  See  also  Temporal  Clauses  and  Ablative  Absolute. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


223 


D.    EXPRESSIONS  OF  RESULT. 

1.  Pure  result : 

vitia  emeu  data  sunt  adeo  ut  anteferatur  huic  nemo,  45  (present  result 
of  past  action). 

ita  cecidit  ut  signa  revocaret,  21  (regular  sequence)  ;  adeo  pauper  mor- 
tuus  est  ut  habuerit,  18  (a  very  common  sequence  in  later  historians). 

2.  Relative  clauses  (=  characteristic)  : 

qui  duces  esse  deberent,  19 ;  hand  quisquam  qui  dixerit,  136. 

3.  Substantive  clauses : 

quo  factum  est  ut  plus  valeret,  44. 

E.    TEMPORAL  CLAUSES.^ 

L  Cum: 

{a)  Indicative, 
cum  deleta  est,  57 ;  cum  helium  parabis,  59. 

(h)  Subjunctive, 
cum  regnasset,  14 ;  cum  latrocinaretur,  13. 

2.  Post(ea)quani,  ubi,  ut  : 

posteaquam  venerat,  30;  postquam  transactum  frat,  31;  ubi  adfuit, 
56  ;  ut  Carthaginem  venit,  57. 

3.  Antequam,  priusquam : 

nee  ante  reverti  [iussit],  quam  spolia  retulissent,  24 ;  non  prius  .  .  .  quam 
reciperet,  53. 

4.  Dum     while  "),  quamditi : 

dum  haec  geruntur,  33 ;  dum  res  conficiebatur,  59,  quamdiii  in  Italia 
fuit,  61. 

5.  Dum  (^^ until''),  donee,  quoad: 
<lonicum  (archaic)  viclosent,  56. 

quuusque  (post-classical)  Romam  ire  possent,  31. 

1  See  also  Ablative  Absolute,  1. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R,   15 


224 


EXERCISES  m  LATm  COMPOSITION. 


F,    CAUSAL  CLAUSES.1 

1.  Cum : 

cum  uxores  non  haberent,  13. 

2.  Quod^  quoniam,  quia: 

quod  arbitrabatur,  44;  quoiiiam  satisfeci,  74;  quia  latrocinati  fue- 
rant,  28  (reason  stated)  ;  quod  se  vetante  pugnasset,  22 ;  quoiiiam 
non  concederetur,  54 ;  quia  iniuriam  fecissent  (reason  quoted). 

3.  Tamquam,  quasi :  giving  an  assumed  reason  (post-classical) 
tamquam  premeretur,  18 ;  quasi  divisisset,  20. 

G.    CONCESSIVE  CLAUSES.2 

1.  Cum: 

cum  possideret,  16 ;  cum  bene  egissent,  20. 

2.  Quamquam : 

quamquam  numquam  bella  cessassent,  25. 

3.  Etsi: 

etsi  male  rem  gesserat,  49. 

H,    CUM  CLAUSES. 

The  temporal,  causal,  and  concessive  uses  cum  have 
already  been  given  separately.  The  English  when  frequently 
contains  the  idea  of  time  and  cause,  or  time  and  concession 
combined,  and  cum  also  may  represent  these  ideas  in  combi- 
nation as  well  as  separately.  In  many  cases  it  is  impossible 
to  decide  which  meaning  is  most  prominent;  e.g.,  the  clause 
cum  non  comparuisset,  14,  means  both  when  and  because  he  did 
not  appear. 


1  See  also  Ablative  Absolute,  2. 


2  See  also  Ablative  Absolute,  4. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION^. 


225 


/.    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE. 

1.  Time :  compare  Temporal  Clauses,  p.  223. 

condita  civitate,  13 ;  T.  Veturio  et  Sp.  Postumio  consulibus,  22. 

2.  Cause :  compare  Causal  Clauses,  p.  224. 
perditis  navibus,  25. 

3.  Means: 

portis  clausis,  IG;  caesTs  hostibus,  19. 

4.  Concession:  compare  Concessive  Clauses,  p.  224. 
parvis  Romanis  rebus,  21 ;  se  vetante,  22. 

5.  Condition : 

nisi  munitis  castris,  79. 

6.  Attendant  circumstance : 
auxilium  ei  ferente  Porsena,  18. 

As  in  cum  clauses,  more  than  one  idea  may  be  expressed  by  an 
Ablative  Absolute ;  e.g.^  accepto  auro,  21,  —  not  only  '  when  they 
had  received  gold,^  but  also  '  because  they  had  received  it.' 


/.    PRINCIPAL  FORMS  OF  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES. 


Fact  or  Probable  (Logical) 

Possible  (Ideal) 

Contrary  to  Fact  (Unreal) 

Present 

1.  Pres.  Indie. 
SI  controversia  est,  de- 

cernunt,  112. 
desilite,   nisi  vultis, 

95. 

5.  Imperf.  Subj. 
SI    videre  possemus. 
nemo  dubitaret,  147 

Future 

2.  Fut.  or  Fut.  Ferf. 
Indie. 

faciam,  si  mihi  dede- 

ris.  5!). 
sT  ero  adeptus,  habe- 

bis,  54. 

4.  Pres.  or  Perf.  Subj. 

SI  demas,  detraxeris, 

125. 

Past 

3.  Past  Tense  Indie. 
SI  quid  erat,  concurre- 

bant,  120. 
61  coeperant,  depor- 

tabant,  87. 

6.  Pluperf.  Subj. 
(oppuf,''naturus)  nisi  ve 

nissent,  19. 
si  voluisset,  .  .  .  dlmi- 

casset,  64. 

In  actual  occurrence  a  condition  of  one  form  is  often  combined 
with  a  conclusion  of  another  ;  e.g., 

1  and 2,  nisi  caves,  iacebis,  127.  3andl,siest  admissum,  decemunt,112. 
4  and  1,  si  imponas,  non  cedit,  125.        3  and  6,  dedit,  ni  fuisset,  160. 


226 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


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EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITIOjS. 


227 


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Fact 

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Probable 
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Contrary 
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228 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


Indirect  Discourse,  continued, 
c.  Questions. 

In  indirect  questions  the  verb  is  usually  in  the  subjunctive,  but 
the  law  of  the  sequence  of  tenses  seems  to  have  no  existence,  the 
choice  of  tense  in  the  subjunctive  depending  on  the  time  to  be 
denoted. 

EXAMPLES. 

aperit  quis  sit,  53  Direct, 
ut  cognosceretur  quae  copiae  essent,  25 
ut  intellegi  possit  quantus  illc  fuerit,  61 
cognitum  est  quantae  saluti  fuerit,  46 
quaereret  qualem  Romam  comperisset,  24 


est 
sunt 
fuit 
fuit 

comperisti 


d.  Commands  and  Wishes. 

All  forms  of  command  or  exhortation  take  the  subjunctive  in 
indirect  discourse.  The  person  of  the  verb  depends  upon  circum- 
stances ;  the  third  person  is  the  most  often  found. 


EXERCISES. 


The  paragraph  numbers  refer  to  the  pages  on  which  the  exercises  are  based. 
Words  in  round  brackets  are  not  to  be  translated ;  those  in  square  brackets  indi- 
cate the  Latin  rendering.   


13.  Ehea  Silvia,  a  Vestal,  bore  two  sons,  whom  she  called 
Eomulus  and  llemus.  The  small  town  which  Eomulus  built 
was  called  Eome.  Eomulus  was  the  first  king,  and  after  him 
there  were  six  kings.  He  did  everything  by  the  advice  of  the 
senators. 

14.  During  his  reign  [he  reigning]^  the  towns  which  sur- 
rounded Eome  were  conquered.  There  was  no  king  at  Eome^  for 
one  year.^  The  second  king,  Numa,  reigned  many  years  ^  and 
established  good  laws  for  the  people.  Tullius  was  struck  by 
lightning  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  (his)  reign. 

15.  Under  king  Tarquinius  the  Sabines  were  conquered,  and 
their  lands  were  joined  to  the  territory  of  Eome.  A  part*  of 
the  wall  which  Servius  built  [drew]  about  the  city  remains  to 
our  time.  This  wall  surrounded  the  seven  hills  on  which  Eome 
was  built. 

16.  On  the  Capitoline  Hill,  not  far  from  the  Tiber,  the  last  of 
the  kings  built  a  temple  to  Jupiter.  When  Brutus  had  stirred 
up^  the  people,  Tarquinius  lost  his  kingdom.  When  the  king 
had  come  ^  to  Eome,^  he  w^as  shut  out.    When  the  people  were 


1431:  255  :  409.  * 


2  425,  II :  258,  c,  2  :  411. 
«379  :  256  :  336, 


*  pars. 

5  521:  325:  585. 

6  380,  II :  258,  h  :  337. 


229 


230 


EXERCISES  m  LATI]\  JOMPOSITION. 


roused  up/  the  gates  were  shut.  When  the  gates  were  shut/  the 
king  fled  from  Eome. 

17.  The  king,  having  been  shut  out  from  the  city,  collected 
large  forces  in  order  that  he  might  make^  war  on  Kome.  They 
see  that  the  kings  are^  bad.  Eutropius  says  that  Tarquin  was 
driven  out^  because  of  his  son's  misdeeds.*  He  knows  that  after 
a  year  he  will  be^  a  private  (citizen).  He  made  war  in  order  that 
he  might  not  lose^  (his)  kingdom. 

18.  Eor  many  years  after  the  founding  of  the  city^  kings  and 
consuls  ruled  at  Eome.  The  dictator  was  greater  than  the  consul. 
Tribunes  were  elected  in  order  that  the  people  might  be  defended. 
They  selected  tribunes  to  be^  defenders  of  the  common  people. 

19.  Messengers  who  were  sent  from  the  city  to^  Coriolanus  to 
ask^  peace  were  repulsed.  But  when  his  m.other  came  to  him,  he 
removed  his  army  from  the  city.  War  having  been  undertaken 
against  Veii,  a  town  about  twelve  miles  from  Kome,  all  the 
leaders  perished  in  the  conflict.  We  read^  that  the  messengers 
found^  Cincinnatus  plowing  and  made  him  dictator. 

20.  Although  Camillus  [had]  conquered^  the  Veientani  and  had 
taken  their  town  Veii,  the  citizens  expelled  him  from  Eome.^^ 
They  said  that  he  had  divided  the  spoils  wrongly.  Jealousy 
having  been  aroused  against  him,  he  withdrew  into  a  neighboring 
state. 

21.  When  the  Gauls  had  captured  Eome,  the  army  defended 
the  Capitol  a  long  time.  Afterwards,  overcome  by  hunger,  they 
gave  much  gold  to  the  enemy  so  that  they  should  withdraw.  The 
Gauls  took  the  gold,  but  Camillus  followed  them  (as  they  were) 
going  away,"  and  the  gold  was  recovered. 

1  431 :  255  :  409.  «  ^ho  should  be :  497, 1:  317, 2 :  630. 

2  497:  317;  545.  7  not  dative. 
8  523  :  336  ;  650.  8  legimus. 

4  culpa.  9  615,  III :  313,  d :  587. 

6  after  the  founded  city :  cf .  p.  18, 1.  4.       413  :  243  :  390. 

11  present  participle. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITIOK  231 


22.  During  the  absence  of  the  dictator/  Fabius,  when  he  found 
an  opportunity/  fought  with  the  Samnites  and  almost  destroyed 
their  army.  Many  thousand  men^  were  killed  in  these  wars. 
During  these  years^  a  road  130  miles  long  [of  130  miles]*  was 
built  between  Eome  and  Capua  by  Appius  Claudius,  which  from 
his  name^  was  called  the  Appian  Way. 

23.  It  was  said  that  the  Tarentines  wronged  the  ambassadors 
who  had  been  sent^  to  them.  Pyrrhus  is  said  to  have  buried 
the  Eoman  soldiers  (who  had  been)  killed  in  the  battle.  If  the 
Eomans  see  [shall  have  seen]^  the  elephants  which  Pyrrhus  has, 
they  will  flee.  Pyrrhus  believes  that  if  the  Eomans  see  the 
elephants  which  he  has,  they  will  not  fight.^  He  knew  that 
they  would  not  fight  ^  if  they  should  see  the  elephants  which  he 
had. 

24.  Fabricius,  one  of  those  ^  who  had  been  sent  as  ambassadors 
to  Pyrrhus,  was  poor,  but  Pyrrhus  discovered  that  lie^^  could  not 
tempt  him.  Cineas  was  asked  [it  was  asked  from  Cineas]  what 
the  senate  had  said.^^  Having  been  sent  to  Eome  as  an  ambas- 
sador to  ask  peace  [about  asking  peace]  he  found  that  many  of 
the  Eomans^  were  not  willing  to  accept  the  conditions. 

25.  Elephants  were  first  brought  to  Eome  in  the  consulship  of 
Curius,  who  captured  them  in  the  war  with  Pyrrhus.  Although 
many  wars  had  been  undertaken  by  the  Eomans,  they  had  never 
fought  outside  their  own  country.  Appius  Claudius  was  the  first 
to  make  war  [first  made  war]  on  the  Africans.  Fighting  took 
place  first  in  Sicily  and  afterward  in  Africa. 

26.  When  they  had  transferred  the  war  from  Sicily  to  Africa, 


1  ablative  absolute. 

2  397,  2  :  216,  2  :  370. 

3  ablative. 

4  396,  V  :  215  :  365, 
^  see  p.  13. 

6  524  :  336,  b  :  628,  650. 
'  508 :  307,  a  and  c  :  595. 


8  527  :  337  :  656. 

9  397,  N.  3  :  216,  c :  372,  R.  2. 

10  what  pronoun  ?  449,  1 :  196,  2 :  521o 

What  is  the  direct  form  ? 

11  529  :  334  :  467. 

12  see  p.  24,  1.  2. 

13  442:  191:  325,  7. 


232 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


the  consuls  took  many  thousand  of  the  enemy  and  returned  to 
Italy  as  victors.  But  Eegulus,  who  had  been  left  in  Africa  to 
fight  against  the  Carthaginians,  was  conquered.  He  was  after- 
ward sent  to  Eome,  but  persuaded  the  senate  not  to  make^  peace. 

27.  He  said  that  he  had  been  subject  to  the  Carthaginians,  and 
could  now  not  hold  the  rank  of  a  Eoman  citizen.  After  the  Car- 
thaginians had  been  conquered^  in  the  battle  of  ^  Libybaeum,  they 
asked  that  peace  should  be  made,^  and  it  was  decreed^  that  their 
captives  should  be  returned  ^  without  price. 

28.  In  the  second  Punic  war  the  leader  of  the  Carthaginians 
was  Hannibal.  He  attacked  the  inhabitants  of  Saguntum,  (who 
were)  friends  and  allies  of  the  Eomans,  and  when  he  was  com- 
manded^ not  to  make  war  on  them,  he  refused  to  withdraw^  his 
army.  War  having  been  declared,  he  crossed  the  Alps  with  a 
large  army  and  many  elephants. 

29.  The  most  severe  battle  in  the  whole  war  was  the  fight  at^ 
Cannae.  Many  thousand  Eoman  soldiers  were  slain,  and  Hannibal 
himself  lost  a  large  part  of  his  troops.  Although  Hannibal 
offered  (to  do  so)  the  senate  replied  that  they  would  not  ransom 
the  captives.  The  gold  rings  which  were  taken  from  the  hands 
of  the  slain  Eomans  were  sent  to  Carthage. 

30.  The  city  of  Carthage^  in  Spain  was  captured  by  Scipio.  He 
liberated  the  Spanish  nobles  who  had  been  retained  as  hostages. 
Hasdrubal,  whom  Hannibal  had  left  as  commander  in  Spain  when 
he  proceeded^  to  Italy,  was  put  to  flight  by  Scipio.  The  two 
consuls  conquered  and  killed  him  at  Sena  as  he  was  proceed- 
ing^ toward  Eome. 

31.  Scipio  having  been  made  consul  proceeded  to  Africa,  and 


1  498,  1 :  331 :  546.  ^  see  p.  27, 1.  3. 

2  translate  in  two  ways.  ablative  absolute. 
^  apud.  ^  not  genitive. 

*  placere.  ^  present  participle. 

6  301 :  230 :  217.  549,  5  :  292,  R  :  664,  R.  1,  2. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION*  233 


there  conquered  the  army  of  Hanno  and  seized  the  camp  of 
Syphax.  Having  heard  of  these  victories/  almost  all  the  tribes 
of  Italy  who  had  gone  over  to  Hannibal  when  he  was  victorious, 
now  deserted  him.  Fifty  years  later  ^  the  third  and  last  Punic 
war  was  undertaken. 

32.  No  name  was  more  famous  at  Eome  than  (that)  of  the 
Scipios,  one^  of  whom  freed  Italy  from  the  fear  of  Hannibal,  the 
other  ^  destroyed  Carthage,  the  great  enemy  of  Eome.  Scipio  and 
Hannibal  were  the  greatest  men  of  their  time.  One  returned  as 
victor  with  great  glory  to  Eome,  the  other  was  conquered,^  iied, 
and  died  by  poison. 

33.  When  Sulla  [had]  heard  what  Marius  was  doing,^  he  hastened 
to  Eome,  and  having  routed  Marius,  set  out  for  Asia  to  make  war  on 
Mithridates.  The  king  of  Bithynia  was  driven  out  by  Mithridates, 
who  said  that  he  had  been  injured.  Therefore  the  Eomans 
declared  war,  and  sent  an  army  against  him. 

34.  While  the  Eomans  were  conquering^  all  their  enemies  on 
land,  their  ships  were  often  seized  by  pirates.  Cicero  drove 
Catiline  from  the  city  in  order  that  Eome  might  be  safe.  When 
the  war  with  the  pirates  had  been  ended,  and  Mithridates  had 
been  conquered,  a  triumph  was  celebrated^  with  great  pomp  at 
Eome. 

35.  In  no  ^ge  has  a  greater  general  than  Caesar  lived.  Hav- 
ing conquered  almost  all  the  savage  tribes  of  Gaul,  he  twice 
led  his  army  across  to  Britain,  and  a  great  part  of  the  country 
surrendered  to  him.  When  he  refused  to  dismiss^  his  army,  he 
was  declared  an  enemy  of  his  country. 

36.  In  the  civil  war  which  followed,  although  Pompey's  forces 
were  much  greater,  Caesar  was  always  victorious.   If  Pompey  had 

1  what  construction  ?  ^  529 :  834  :  467. 

2  after  fifty  years.  ^  437,  4 :  276,  e  :  571. 

3  alter  —  alter.  impersonal ;  see  p.  18. 

*  549,  5:  292,  R:  664,  R.  1,  2.    ^  ^^at  construction?  See  p.  27, 1.  3. 


234 


EXERCISES  m  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


pursued  ^  Caesar  when  lie  was  routed  in  tlie  first  battle,  lie  would 
not  afterwards  have  been  conquered  and  killed.^  The  king  of 
Egypt  sent  Pompey's  head  that  Caesar  might  see  that  he  ^  had 
been  killed. 

37 -38.  But  the  war  was  renewed  in  Africa,  where  Caesar  fought 
against  the  armies  of  the  Eomans  and  of  king  Juba.  Then  he 
proceeded  to  Spain,  where  he  almost  fell  into  the  hands  of  Pom- 
pey's  sons.  When,  after  routing  his  enemies,  he  had  gained  pos- 
session ^  of  Eome,  so  much  hatred  was  aroused  against  him  that 
he  was  stabbed  ^  in  the  senate  house  by  conspirators. 

39.  Brutus,  one  of  those  who  conspired  to  kill  ^  Caesar,  had 
before  been  his  friend.  Octavianus,  one  of  the  three  generals 
sent  to  overthrow^  Antony,  was  the  heir  of  Caesar  and  bore  his 
name.  If  Antony  had  not  committed  ^  crimes  the  senate  would 
not  have  pronounced  ^  him  a  (public)  enemy. 

40.  (Although)  at  first  conquered  by  Augustus,  Antony  soon 
made  peace  with  him.  Brutus  and  Cassius  having  been  conquered 
in  the  battle  of  Philippi,  they  divided  the  state  between  them.^ 
Antony  divorced  his  wife  in  order  that  he  might  marry  Cleopatra, 
whom  Julius  Caesar  had  made  queen  of  Egypt. 

41-42.  She  is  said  to  have  killed  herself  with  the  poison  of  an 
asp  after  the  famous^  battle  of  Actium.  By  this  battle  the  civil 
war  was  ended,  and  Augustus  ruled  alone  at  Eome  for  many 
years.  During  all  these  years  ^  the  state  was  most  prosperous,  and 
the  name  of  Eome  was  so  renowned  that  even  barbarous  nations 
sent  ambassadors  to  ask  for  friendship. 

43-44.  The  Athenians  were  an  aid  ^  to  the  lonians  when  they 
were  storming  Sardis.  So  a  great  fleet  was  got  together  by  Darius 
and  sent  against  them.    A  messenger  was  sent  to  Sparta  to  ask 

1  510:  308:  597,  *  600,  II:  319:  552. 

2  what  pronoun  ?  ^  gerundive :  see  p.  18. 
^potiri,  with  ablative.                      ^  ablative. 

7  390:  233:  356. 


EXERCISES  IX  LATIX  COMPOSITIOX. 


235 


aid,  but  before  it  arrived  ^  the  Athenians,  relying  -  on  their  own 
valor  and  on  the  help  of  the  Plataeans,  had  fought  with  the  Per- 
sian forces  and  had  routed  them  on  the  plain  of  Marathon.  In 
this  battle  the  number  of  the  Persians  Tvas  so  much  ^  greater  than 
(that)  of  the  Athenians  that  Datis  thought  he  could  easily  over- 
come them. 

45-46.  Themistocles  so  much  surpassed  the  other  Athenians 
that  few  men  were  considered  equal  to  him.  By  correcting  ^  his 
faults  and  by  devoting^  himself  to  the  state  and  to  his  friends  he 
soon  became  famous.  He  saw  that  a  fleet  must  be  built.^  He 
knew  that  by  building'*  it  he  would  be  of  aid^  to  the  state  in  wag- 
ing war.^  A  response  was  given  by  Apollo  (telling  them)  what  was 
to  be  done.^    Xobody  understood  what  the  wooden  wall  meant. 

47-48.  Although  the  Greeks  were  unable  to  sustain  the  attack 
of  the  Persians  at  Thermopylae,  no  struggle  has  ever  been  more 
renowned  than  this  battle.^  For  Leonidas  and  the  Spartans 
fought  so  bravely  to  defend  Greece  that  they  all  perished.  Eury- 
biades,  who  was  in  command  of  the  Spartan  fleet,  could  not  be 
persuaded^  to  remain at  Salamis.  Your  adversaries  are  in  flight; 
and  if  they  depart  [shall  have  departed],  you  will  be  forced  to 
pursue  them  one  by  one ;  but  if  you  [shall]  attack  them  at  once, 
you  will  overwhelm  them. 

49-50.  Believing  that  the  Greeks  were  departing  and  fearing 
that  they  would  escape,^^  Xerxes  thought  that  (he)  ought  to  give 
battle.^  Themistocles,  a  man  of  great  wisdom,  freed  Greece  by 
overcoming  the  Persians.  Eor  Xerxes  feared  that  if  the  bridge 
should  be  destroyed    he  would  be  cut  off    from  a  return.  This 


1  520  :  327  :  577.  '  544,  2  :  301  :  433. 

2  425,11,  1,1),  N:  254,  6  2:  4(?i,N.  6.  ^  417  :  247:  398. 

3  423  :  250  :  403.  Mmpersonal:  384,5;  230:  217 

4  542,  IV  :  301  :  431.  what  construction  ? 

5  466,  N:  294,  b  :  251.  ^  498,  III :  331,/:  550,  2. 
^  what  case  ?  ^-  ablaiive  absolute. 


236 


EXERCISES  m  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


bridge  ^  lie  had  used  for  taking  ^  his  army  across  when  he  came  ^ 
from  Asia.  Themistocles  saw  that  it  was  necessary  to  rebuild  the 
walls  of  Athens. 

51-52.  While  the  ambassadors  were  present^  the  walls  were 
not  built,  but  after  ^  they  had  departed  the  citizens  spared  neither 
shrines^  nor  tombs,  and  finished  the  work  before  the  Spartans 
knew  ^  what  was  being  done.  By  deceiving  the  Spartans  he  pro- 
longed the  time  as  much  as  possible  so  that  ^  the  Athenians  might 
the  more  easily  finish  the  work.  Having  heard  that  he  had  been 
condemned  for  treason  he  fled  in  order  ^  to  be  more  safe. 

63-54.  He  knew  that  Admetus  would  protect  him  because  he 
was  his  friend.^  But  Admetus  saw  that  he  could  not  long  be  safe 
if  he  should  stay  in  a  place  so  near  Athens,  and  sent  him  to 
Ephesus  to  free  him  from  this  danger.  Themistocles  wrote  a 
letter  to  Artaxerxes  asking  that  it  should  be  allowed  him  to  fix  his 
home  in  Asia.  In  Magnesia,  which  the  king  presented  to  him,  his 
statue  could  be  seen  at  the  time  when  [at  which]  jSTepos  wrote. 

55-56.  Although  Aristides  lived  so  blameless  a  life^  that  he 
received  the  title  (of)  Just,  he  did  not  escape  the  enmity  of  The- 
mistocles. For  he  was  driven  out  of  his  country  by  the  votes  of 
the  multitude  who  did  not  understand  how  great  a  man  he  was. 
Hamilcar  never  neglected  an  opportunity  of  attacking  the  Eo- 
mans.  He  waged  war  against  them  with  such  fierceness  that  he 
always  came  out  victorious.  But  feeling  that  the  calamities  of 
war  were  no  longer  to  be  borne,^^  he  decided  that  peace  must  be 
made.^^ 

57-58.  They    had  to  use  mercenary  soldiers,^^  who,  after  peace 

1  421,  1 :  249  :  407.  what  mode  ? 

2  gerundive.  ^  497^      2  :  317,  &  :  545,  2. 

3  present  participle.  ^  with  so  much  blamelessness. 
*  ablative  absolute.  omitto. 

^  postquam.  11  466,  N:  294,  b  :  251. 

6  385  :  227  :  346,  1^  388  :  232  :  355. 

13  3«4.       230  :  21  7. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


237 


had  been  made,  stirred  up  internal  war.  In  these  dangers  the 
Eomans  were  of  aid  to  the  Carthaginians.  Peace  being  restored, 
a  cause  for  [of]  renewing  the  war  was  found  by  Hamilcar,  who,  if 
he  had  lived  longer,  would  have  carried  the  war  into  Italy.  Han- 
nibal was  much  more  famous  than  his  father.  The  Eomans  ^  were 
obliged  to  fight  with  him  a  long  time  in  order  not  to  be  conquered 
by  him. 

69-60.  (When  a)  boy  he  swore  never  to  lay  aside  his  hatred 
toward  the  Eomans.  His  father  promised  to  take  him  to  Spain  if 
he  would  give  him  the  pledge  which  he  asked.  Being  placed  in 
command  of  the  army  after  the  death  of  his  father  and  brother,  he 
crossed  the  Alps  into  Italy  with  large  forces  and  many  elephants. 
No  more  difficult  march  than  this  ^  was  ever  undertaken,  for  ho 
had  to  build  ^  roads  through  the  mountains  and  contend  with  all 
the  inhabitants  as  he  proceeded.^  If  he  had  not  been  a  man  of 
great  courage,  he  would  not  have  attempted  to  cross. 

61-62.  On  this  journey  he  routed  all  the  forces  which  met  him, 
and  after  fighting  many  battles  ^  reached  Eome.  He  easily  sur- 
passed the  greatest  generals  of  the  Eomans  in  war  and  stratagem. 
After  he  had  at  last  been  overcome  ^  in  the  battle  of  Zama  he  was 
forced  to  flee  [to  flight]  and  at  about  the  same  time  peace  was 
made.  The  Eomans,  however,  refused  to  return  the  prisoners 
because  Hannibal  had  not  dismissed  ^  his  army. 

63-64.  (Although)  recalled  home  and  made  king  at  Carthage  he 
was  afterward  forced  to  flee,  first  to  Syria,  and  then,  when  Antio- 
chus  had  been  overcome,  to  Crete.  The  Cretans  heard  that  he 
carried  much  money  with  him  and  he  knew  that  they  were  not  to 
be  trusted.^  Seeing  the  tops  of  the  jars  covered  with  gold,  they 
supposed  that  they  were  filled  with  money  and  guarded  them 

1  what  construction  ?  *  ablative  absolute. 

2  ablative.  5  j^qw  many  v^ays  of  expressing  ? 
8  present  participle.                      ^  what  mode  ?  why  ? 

impersonal. 


238 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


with  the  greatest  care,  fearing  that  Hannibal  would  try  to  remove 
them. 

65-66.  He  was  not  less  shrewd  when  he  had  to  fight  with 
Eumenes.  Knowing  that  he  was  not  equal  to  him  in  arms,  he 
tried  to  overcome  him  by  stratagem.  Having  filled  earthen 
vessels  with  a  great  number  of  live  serpents,  he  ordered  them  to 
be  cast  into  the  enemy's  ships.  This  having  been  done,  the 
sailors  were  so  terrified  that  they  withdrew  from  the  battle  in 
order  to  escape  the  serpents.  The  Eoman  senate,  knowing  that 
they  would  never  be  safe  while  he  was  alive,  sent  messengers  to 
seize  ^  him. 

67-68.  At  last,  when  they  had  discovered  where  he  was 
dwelling,  and  had  surrounded  the  building,  seeing  that  he  was 
cut  off  from  all  escape,  he  took  poison.  AYhen  Scipio  tried  to 
drive  Cato  out  of  the  province  which  he  had  obtained  by  lot,  so 
that  he  might  succeed  him,  he  found  that,  although  he  was  a  man 
of  great  influence  in  the  state,  he  could  not  persuade  the  senate 
to  do  this.  As  censor,  Cato  did  so  much  for  the  repression  of 
luxury,  and  punished  some  of  the  nobles  so  severely,  that  he 
incurred  much  hatred. 

69-70.  He  was  so  fond  of  literature  that  he  began  to  write  a 
history  (when  he  was)  already  an  old  man.  Atticus  was  instructed 
by  his  father,  and  even  when  a  boy  excelled  his  fellow-students 
in  zeal.  Among  them  was  Cicero,  with  whom  he  lived  on  so 
familiar  terms  that  not  even  Cicero's  brother  was  dearer  to  him. 
His  uncle  was  a  rich  man,  but  so  morose  in  disposition  that  few 
could  endure  his  roughness.  Yet  Atticus  was  able,  by  his  own 
sweetness  of  nature,  to  retain  his  good  will  as  long  as  he  lived. 

71-72.  (As)  a  citizen,  he  always  had  regard^  to  the  laws  more 
than  to  his  own  dignity,  so  that^  every  one  trusted  him,  knowing 
that  he  acted  for  the  advantage  of  the  state.    Although  he 


1  bow  many  ways  of  expressing  ?  2  servio. 

2  quo  fiehat  ut  or  quo  factum  est  ut. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


239 


received  much  wealth  by  his  uncle's  will,  he  always  lived  with 
great  moderation.  When  his  friends  were  invited  to  dinner  at 
his  house,  they  knew  that  they  would  hear  some  reading  during 
the  feast. 

73-75.  In  those  times  many  of  the  nobles  possessed  magnificent 
country  houses  on  the  seashore/  where  they  were  accustomed  to 
live  during  a  portion  of  the  year.  At  Baiae^  the  foundations  of 
many  such  villas  may  be  seen  under  the  water,  from  which  it  can 
be  judged  how  splendid  they  were  before  they  were  destroyed. 
It  was  not  permitted  at  Eome  to  bury  the  dead  inside  the  city 
walls.  Many  tombs  were  situated  on  the  Appian  Way,  but  only 
their  foundations  now  remain. 

7G-78.  If  we  wish  to  find  out  what  sort  of  a  man  Caesar  was, 
we  must  read  the  books  which  he  wrote  about  the  wars  he  waged. 
We  all  know  that  Ije  was  a  man  of  the  greatest  bravery  and 
renowned  for  his  many  victories.  But  while  we  admire  his 
exploits  we  cannot  approve  all  his  deeds.  Those  on  whom  he 
made  war  were  brave  men  who  fought  to  defend  their  country 
and  homes ;  yet  often,  when  he  had  conquered  them,  he  put  them 
to  death  or  made  them  slaves.  The  Nervii  persuaded  their  neigh- 
bors not  to  surrender  to  him,  and  Caesar  himself  says  that  they 
fought  with  so  much  valor  that  they  almost  conquered  him. 

79-81.  In  the  fight  which  followed,  the  enemy  attacked  with 
such  speed  and  courage  that  if  the  Komans  had  not  been  well 
drilled  they  would  have  been  overcome.  For  they  were  scattered 
some  in  one  direction  and  some  in  another,  and  time  was  wanting 
for  doing  the  necessary  things.  So  each  man  fought  where  he 
stood,  and  lost  no  time  in  looking  for  his  own  standard.  At  first 
the  legions  were  so  hard  pressed  that  they  could  hardly^  with- 
stand the  attack,  and  a  part  of  them  took  to  flight. 


^  maritimus. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R. 


3  aegre. 

—  16 


2  Baiae  (pi.). 


240 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


82-84.  In  one  place  the  soldiers  were  so  crowded  together  that 
they  were  in  their  own  way/  and  could  hardly  use  their  swords. 
When  matters  were  at  a  critical  point,  Caesar's  arrival  inspired 
the  soldiers  with  hope  and  renewed  their  courage.  At  last,  when 
another  legion  had  been  sent  to  their  assistance  by  Labienus,  the 
Nervii  were  overcome ;  and  they  had  fought  so  fiercely  and  so 
long  that  their  tribe  was  almost  destroyed. 

85-87.  The  Veneti,  one  of  the  maritime  tribes  of  Gaul,  inhab- 
ited the  region  near  the  Eiver  Liger.  They  relied  so  much  on 
the  nature  of  their  position  and  on  their  skill  in  nautical  affairs, 
that  although  they  had  given  hostages  they  dared  to  stir  up  the 
other  states  to  rebel.  Their  towns  were  so  situated  that  they 
were  protected  on  both  sides  by  the  tide,  which  hindered  the 
approach  both  by  land  and  sea  [feet  and  ships].  Caesar  knew 
how  great  the  difficulties  were,  yet  resolved  to  attack  them. 

88-90.  At  first  he  tried  to  overcome  them  with  the  foot  forces. 
But  although  he  captured  several  (of  their)  cities,  they  always 
escaped  on  their  ships  and  defended  themselves  in  another  place. 
Therefore  he  waited  until  the  fleet  which  he  had  gathered  arrived. 
As  soon  as  it  had  come  the  forces  joined  battle.  The  whole  war 
was  finished  in  one  day,  and  when  the  Veneti  had  been  conquered 
and  had  surrendered,  Caesar  showed  [used]  them  no  mercy.^ 

91-93.  Although  Britain  is  so  near  to  Gaul,  it  was  almost  alto- 
gether unknown  before  Caesar  went  there.  He  set  down  in  his 
Commentaries  everything  that  he  was  able  to  find  out  about  the 
island,  the  tribes  which  inhabited  it,  and  their  customs.  All  these 
he  describes  with  much  care,  but  we  know  that  many  things  are 
otherwise  than  ^  (as)  he  reported.  He  says  that  this  was  the  cause 
of  his  going,  because  the  Britons  had  been^  of  aid  to  the  Gauls  in 
former  wars. 


1  notice  carefully  the  construction,  p.  82, 1. 6.     ^  see  p.  78,  1.  11 . 
see  p.  74,  1.  9.  *  what  mode  ?  why  ? 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION.  241 


94-96.  Many  things  were  a  hindrance  to  the  Eomans  to  [for] 
landing.  The  depth  of  the  water  hindered  them  from  using  ^  their 
weapons,  and  the  enemy  surrounded  and  attacked  them  before  they 
could  get  a  footing  on  land.  When  Caesar  saw  in  how  great  dan- 
ger ^  his  men  were,  he  sent  assistance  to  them,  and  the  Britons  were 
driven  back  and  put  to  flight.  When  they  sent  messengers  to  beg 
for  peace,  Caesar  pardoned  them,  although  he  said  they  had  made 
war  without  cause. 

97-99.  The  sea  on  which  the  Eomans  were  accustomed  to  sail 
has  almost  no  tide,  and  the  high  tides  of  the  ocean  were  unknown 
to  them.  The  barbarians  perceiving  that,  as  many  of  Caesar's 
ships  had  been  lost,  he  had  few  with  which  to  carry  back^  his 
army,  resolved  to  renew  the  war,  thinking  that  if  they  should 
overcome  him  they  would  prevent  the  Eomans  from  making  war 
on  them  again.  Having  suddenly  fallen  upon  some  soldiers  who 
were  cutting  grain,  they  would  have  destroyed  them  if  Caesar  had 
not  come  to  their  aid. 

100-102.  Meantime  the  ships  which  had  been  shattered  by  the 
tide  and  storm  had  been  repaired,  and  in  them  he  transported  all 
his  army  in  safety  to  the  continent.  The  next  year  he  returned 
to  Britain  with  a  larger  number  of  ships.  The  Britons  collected 
with  large  forces  on  the  shore,  but  the  number  of  ships  tejrified 
them  so  that  they  retreated,  and  when  Caesar  reached  the  spot  not 
an  enemy  was  to  be  seen. 

103-105.  Having  followed  them  to  the  place  where  they  had 
concealed  themselves,  he  was  informed  that  his  ships  had  again 
been  shattered  and  he  was  obliged  to  return  to  the  coast  in  order 
to  take  measures  for  repairing*  them.  Caesar  says  that  tin  is  pro- 
duced in  the  inland  parts  of  the  island,  but  it  had  long  been  known 
that  the  mines  were  situated  very  near  the  sea.  He  thinks  that 
Britain  is  a  half  larger  than  Ireland. 


1  see  p.  93,  1.  3. 
"  «5ee  p.  83, 1.  9. 


3  603,  1 :  320  :  631,  2. 
*  see  p.  86,  last  line. 


242  EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


106-108.  The  Britons'  method  of  fighting  was  very  different 
from  that  of  the  Eomans.  When  they  fought  with  the  Romans 
they  always  tried  by  retreating  to  draw  the  cavalry  away  from  the 
legions,  so  that  there  should  be  no  aid  to  send  [which  might  be 
sent]  to  them.  They  lay  in  hiding  so  that  they  themselves  could 
not  be  harmed,  and  prevented  the  cavalry  from  leaving  the  legions 
on  the  march. 

109-111.  Having  found  out  where  Caswallon  was  keeping  him- 
self, Caesar  captured  the  town ;  but  the  leader  escaped  and  per- 
suaded the  kings  of  Kent  to  attack  the  naval  camp  which  Caesar 
had  caused  to  be  made  ^  for  the  protection  ^  of  the  ships.  After- 
wards, when  he  heard  that  they  had  been  overcome,  Caswallon, 
perceiving  that  he  could  not  easily  prolong  the  war  further, 
surrendered.  The  war  being  ended,  Caesar  took  his  army  back 
to  Gaul,  and  never  afterward  returned  to  Britain. 

112-114.  It  is  uncertain  where  the  Druids  originated,^  but 
many  mounds  and  ruined  temples  and  altars  have  been  discovered 
in  Britain  which  are  said  to  have  been  created  by  them.  Their 
power  over  the  common  people  in  Gaul  was  very  great,  because 
they  had  charge  of  all  religious  matters.  In  the  sacrifices,  they 
burned  men  alive  in  order  to  appease  the  gods,  and  it  often 
happened  that  the  victims  were  innocent  men. 

115-117.  In  those  days  the  slaves  had  no  rights.  Their  mas- 
ters were  permitted  to  torture  them  and  put  them  to  death. 
Even  in  Rome,  the  father  had  the  power  of  putting  his  children 
to  death,  but  this  right  was  afterward  taken  away,  and  never 
restored.  The  Germans  differed  in  many  things  from  the  Gauls. 
They  had  few  gods  and  no  Druids,  and  from  boyhood  up  they 
were  trained  to  undergo  hardship  and  to  make  war. 

118-121.  As  the  Germans  had  no  [nothing  of]  private  lands, 


1  see  p.  86,  last  line.  ^  gerundive. 

3  orior. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION-.  243 


they  did  not  pay  much  attention^  to  agriculture,  but  lived  princi- 
pally by  hunting.  In  the  forests  which  extended  over  a  great 
part  of  their  country  there  were  many  kinds  of  wild  beasts,  some 
of  which  differed  greatly  from  those  which  were  known  to  the 
Komans.  Caesar  makes  mention  of  them,  and  tells  what  he  had 
heard  of  each.  But  it  is  not  to  be  believed  that  any  of  these 
animals  had  legs  without  joints.  He  says  that  the  Germans 
were  accustomed  to  use  as  drinking  cups  the  horns  of  the  animals 
called  bisons. 

122-124.  Gellius  began  to  write  his  books  when  he  was  living 
at  Athens,  and  for  that  reason  they  were  called  the  Attic  Nights. 
They  are  of  great  use  to  us  because  they  contain  many  things 
about  the  lives  and  books  of  ancient  writers  whose  works  have 
been  lost.  He  says  that  when  he  was  returning  from  Greece  to 
Italy,  he  purchased  some  old  Greek  books  at  a  low  price,^  and 
found  in  them  some  stories  which  seemed  worthy  of  being  handed 
down.^ 

125-126.  Put  the  direct  discourse  of  p.  125  into  the  indirect 
form,  after  dicit  and  dicebat. 

Put  the  indirect  discourse  of  p.  126  into  the  direct  form. 

127-130.  It  is  related  of  the  elder  Scipio  that  twice,  when 
accused  by  his  (private)  enemies'^  in  the  senate,  he  bore  himself 
with  great  dignity,  and  refused  to  render  the  accounts  which 
were  demanded.  Alexander  would  never  have  escaped  from  the 
fight  alive,  if  his  horse  had  not  carried  him  out  of  range  of 
the  enemy's  weapons.  The  greatest  reward  which  could  be 
given  to  a  Eoman  general  was  the  golden  triumphal  crown.  It 
was  originally  made  of  laurel,  which  was  considered  a  symbol  of 
victory. 

131-134.  Two  of  these  crowns  commanders  alone  could  use, 
but  soldiers  were  presented  with  the  others  on  account  of 


studeo.  2  ablative.  ^  g^e  p.  118,  1.  24.  *  inimicus. 


244 


EXERCISES  IN  LATm  COMPOSITION 


some  brave  deed  done  [something  bravely  done]  in  battle.  How 
sacred  (a  thing)  an  oath  was  to  the  Eomans  can  be  seen  from  the 
story  of  the  captives  who  swore  to  return  to  Hannibal  if  they 
should  not  be  able  to  effect  an  interchange  of  captives.  The  two 
who  remained  at  home  were  so  hated  and  despised  by  the 
citizens  that  they  committed  suicide. 

135-138.  The  ancient  writers  seem  to  have  believed  almost 
everything  that  they  heard.  It  is  not  now  believed  by  educated 
persons  that  the  Cyclops  ever  existed,  or  that  men  were  born 
whose  eyes  were  situated  in  their  shoulders.  But  some  still 
suppose  that  there  are  men  who  are  able  to  harm  others  by 
looking  (at  them).  The  rings  which  the  Eomans  and  Greeks 
used  to  wear  were  very  similar  to  those  which  we  use  now. 

139-142.  In  former  times  it  was  a  great  honor  to  an  athlete  to 
be  crowned  at  the  games.  These  crowns  were  made  of  leaves, 
but  were  considered  of  not  less  worth  ^  than  the  golden  crowns 
given  to  victors  in  war.  The  credulity  of  the  soldiers  was  so 
great  that  they  believed  that  the  deer  conversed  with  Sertorius 
and  advised  him  what  to  do.  In  many  other  things  also  he 
deceived  them,  both  by  lying  and  by  forging  letters,  yet  they 
always  obeyed  him,  thinking  that  he  was  instructed  by  a 
divinity. 

143-145.  Who  can  now  be  found  of  such  credulity  as  to 
suppose  that  the  gods  and  monsters  of  Avhom  the  poets  wrote 
ever  existed?  Yet  even  at  Cicero's  time  it  was  believed  that 
there  were  many  gods,  that  they  often  appeared  to  men,  and 
declared  their  will  by  signs  and  omens.  Statues  of  the  gods, 
made  of  marble  and  gold,  and  images  of  Centaurs  and  Cyclops, 
may  be  seen  in  Greece  and  Italy;  but  these  false  beliefs  have 
been  destroyed  by  time,  and  now  exist  only  among  savage 
tribes. 


1  See  p.  68,  1.  3. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATm  COMPOSITION.  245 


146-148.  The  gods  of  the  Greeks  and  of  the  Eomans  were 
about  the  same,  some  of  the  names  only  being  changed.  In 
ancient  times  all  peoples,  seeing  the  greatness  and  power  of  the 
sun,  considered  it  a  god  and  gave  it  various  names.  Among  the 
Greeks  and  Eomans  he  was  called  Apollo,  and  was  believed  to 
have  the  power  of  driving  away  diseases.  He  is  represented  in 
statues  as  a  beardless  youth  of  great  beauty.  Afterwards  it  was 
discovered  that  the  sun  was  a  star  set  in  the  midst  of  the 
universe,  revolving  about  itself. 

149-151.  When  the  Greeks  were  about  to  make  war  or  to 
undertake  some  affair,  they  considted  the  oracle ;  but  the  Eomans 
inquired  of  the  augurs  whether  the  thing  could  be  done.  In 
private  affairs  they  made  use  also  of  astrologers  and  soothsayers, 
and  believed  that  portents  and  dreams  were  sent  to  men  to  warn 
them.  Augursliip  was  supposed  to  have  been  instituted  by 
Eomulus,  who  appointed  three  augurs.  These  priests  were  in 
great  honor  at  Eome,  and  had  freedom  from  military  service.^ 

152-154.  When  we  go  to  Eome,  we  can  see  the  ancient  bronze 
statue  of  the  wolf  which  Avas  said  to  have  preserved  Eomulus  and 
Eemus  when  they  were  exposed  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber.  It  is 
not  possible  to  discover  how  many  kings  there  were  at  Eome,  or 
what  they  did,  but  we  know  now  that  many  of  the  names  were 
fictitious,  and  that  the  stories  were  invented  in  later  times. 

155-157.  It  is  now  supposed  that  the  true  founders  of  Eome 
were  shepherds  who  for  some  reason  were  forced  to  leave  Alba,  and 
found  by  the  Tiber  a  place  better  fitted  for  them.  For  the  river 
furnished  water  for  drinking,  on  the  grassy  banks  was  excellent 
fodder,  and  they  used  the  caves  in  the  hills  as  houses  and  folds. 
They  had  often  to  fight  with  their  neighbors,  and  hence  arose 
the  wars  the  accounts  of  which  are  handed  down  by  the  ancient 
writers. 


1  See  p.  112,  1.  22. 


246  EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


158-160.  It  can  be  seen  that  Livy  himself  does  not  believe  an 
the  matters  which  he  relates.  He  thinks  that  Numa  only  pre- 
tended to  be  instructed  by  Egeria.  The  temple  of  Vesta  was 
situated  in  the  Forum.  In  it,  on  an  altar,  was  the  sacred  fire  of 
the  goddess,  which  was  never  suffered  to  be  extinguished.  The 
foundations  of  this  temple  and  of  the  houses  in  which  the  priest- 
esses lived  are  still  to  be  seen. 

160-165.  The  Sublician  bridge  was  the  oldest  of  the  Eoman 
bridges.  It  was  built  by  Ancus  Martins  one  hundred  and  fourteen 
years  after  the  founding  of  the  city.  It  was  entirely  of  wood, 
and  they  never  allowed  iron  to  be  used  even  in  repairing  it.  The 
reason  of  this  [thing]  was  that  iron  was  unknown  at  the  time 
when  the  bridge  was  built. 


IIPOKTANT  GRAMMAR  REFERENCES  IN  THE  TEXT. 


Ablative. 

Absolute  431 :  255  :  409-10. 
Accompaniment  419,  I:  248,7:  392. 
Cause  416  :  245  :  408. 
Characteristic  419,  11:  251:  400. 
Comparison  417  :  247:  398. 
Degree  of  Difference  423  :  250  :  403. 
Manner  419,  III :  248  :  399. 
Means  420:  248,  8  :  401. 
Penalty  410,  III:  220,  6,  1:  378, 
R.  2. 

Place  425  :  258,  c,  1 :  385. 

Place  (figurative)  425,  II,  1,  2): 

259,  a :  384,  389. 
Place  (w.  totus,  etc.)  425,  II,  2: 

258,  /,  2  :  388. 
Place  (locative)  425,  II:  258,  c,  2: 

411. 

Place  {domi,  etc.)  426 :  258,  d :  411, 

R.  1  and  2. 
Separation  413  :  243  :  390. 
Specification  424  :  253  :  397. 
Time  429  :  256  :  393. 
Time  (duration)  379,  1:  256,  2,  h: 

393,  R.  2. 
Time  (since,  ^.  quam)  430,  last  ex. : 

262,  N.  2 :  403,  n.  4. 
Time  (before,  w.  ante)  430:  259,  d: 

403,  N.  4. 
With  (^/^ym^s  421,  III:  245,  a:  397, 

N.  2. 

With  /re^zis  425,  II,  1,  1),  n.:  254, 

h,  2  :  401,  N.  6. 
With  utor  ^21,  I:  249:  407. 
Accusative. 

Person  through  whom  (w.  per)  415, 

I,  1,  N.:  246,  b:  403. 
Extent  379 :  257  :  335. 


Accusative  —  continued. 

Limit  380,  II :  258,  b  :  337. 

Subject  of  Inf.  535  :  330 :  343,  2. 

Subject  of  Inf.  (omitted)  523,  foot- 
note 2:  336,  a,  1,  N.  :  527,  R.  3. 

Time  379  :  256  :  336. 

and  Abl.  (w.  donare)  384,  II,  2: 
225,  d:  348. 
Amplius,  etc.,  without  qua7n  417,  1, 

N.  2:  247,  c:  296,  4. 
Antequam,  see  Temporal  Clauses. 
Apposition  363  :  184  :  320-1. 
Causal  Clauses. 

Relative  517  :  320,  e  :  633. 

With  cum  517  :  326  :  586. 

With  quod,  etc.  516:  321 :  539-541. 
Coepi,  passive  297, 1, 1:  143,  a:  423,  k.  3. 
Concessive  Clauses. 

With  cum  515,  III:  313,  d:  587. 

With  quamquam  515, 1,  and  III,  n.  1 : 
313,  g :  605. 
Conditional  Sentences  507-512:  304- 

308:  589-602. 
Contraction. 

Conjugation  235:  128:  131,  1. 

Declension  51-52 :  40,  b,  e :  33. 
Cum. 

Causal,  see  Causal  Clauses. 
Concessive,  see  Concessive  Clauses. 
Temporal,  see  Temporal  Clauses. 
Dative. 

Agent  388  :  232  :  354-5. 
Purpose  (service)  390 :  233 :  356. 
Reference  384,  4,  n.  2 :  235 :  350,  1 
and  2. 

Reference  (point  of  view)  384,  4, 

N.  3 :  235,  b  :  353. 
With  adjectives  391 :  234  :  359. 


GKAMMAR  KEFEKENCES. 


249 


Dative  —  continued. 

With  compounds  386  :  228-9:  347. 

With  impers.  pass.  384,  5:  230:  217. 

With  special  verbs  385  :  227  :  346. 

Verbs  of  depriving  385,  II,  2 :  229 : 
345,  31.  1. 
Dum,  see  Temporal  Clauses. 
Epistolary  Tenses  472,  1 :  282  :  252. 
Foret  for  esset  204,  2  :  119,  n.  :  116, 
Future. 

Infinitive  passive  248 :  147,  c,  1 : 

435,  N.  4. 
Participle,  denoting  purpose  549,  3 : 

293,  h  :  670,  3. 
Conclusion  549,  3 :  293,  5,  3  :  670, 

4(2). 
Genitive. 

Partitive,  with  adverbs  397,  4 :  21G, 
4:  369. 

Partitive,  with  numerals  397,  2  :  2\6, 
2:  370. 

Partitive  =  ex  with  abl.  397,  n.  3 : 

216,  c:  372,  R.  2. 
Price  405  :  252,  a :  380. 
Quality  396,  V:  215:  365. 
With  adjectives  399  :  218:  374. 
With  verbs  of  plenty  410,  V :  223 : 

383. 

With  verbs  410:   221,  223:   37 6y 
405. 

Gerund  and  Gerundive  542-544:  294- 
301:  427-433. 

Necessity  466,  n.  :  294,  b  and  c:  251. 
tdem  =  also  451,  3  :  195,  e  :  310. 
tmpersonal  Passive  of  intrans.  verbs 

301,  384,  5:  146,  d,  230  :  208,  21  7. 
Indirect  Discourse. 

Conditions,  527 :  337  :  656. 

Imperative  523,  III :  339 :  652. 

Question  529,  1 :  334  :  467. 

Statement,  523, 1 :  336  :  650. 

Subordinate  Clause  524  :  336  :  628, 
R.,  650. 
Infinitive. 

Historical  536,  1 :  275  :  647. 


Infinitive  —  continued. 

Future,  see  Future. 
Ipse  agreeing  with  subject  452,  1 : 

195,  l:  311,  2. 
Participle. 

For  coordinate  verb  549,  5,  and  n. 
2:  292,  R.,  and  a:  664,  r.  1,  2. 

Future,  see  Future. 
Personal  Construction  534,  1,  n.  1; 

330,  &:  528,  1. 
Purpose  Clauses. 

Pure  497,  II:  317,  2:  545, 

Relative  497,  I:  317,  2  :  630. 

Substantive  498,  1 :  331 :  546. 

Substantive  w.  verbs  of  fearing  ^98, 
III:  331,/:  550. 

See  Future  and  Gerimd. 
Quod,  see  Causal  Clauses. 
Relative  Clauses. 

Causal  517  :  320,  e  :  633. 

Characteristic  503,  1 :  320  :  631. 

Purpose,  see  Pin^pose. 
Result. 

Pure  500,  II :  319  :  552. 

Substantive  501 :  332  :  553-4. 

After  quam  502,  2  :  332,  h  :  644. 
Sequence  of  Tenses.    Perfect  495,  6; 

287,  c:  513. 
Subjunctive. 

Attraction  529,  II :  342  :  663. 

Hortatory  484,  II:  266  :  263. 

With  tamquam  513,  II:  312:  604. 

See  Causal,    Concessive,  Belative, 
and  Temporal  Clauses,  Purpose, 
Indirect  Discourse,  Besult. 
Supine. 

In  urn  546  :  302  :  435, 

In  u  547  :  303  :  436. 
Temporal  Clauses. 

With  antequam,  priusquam   520 : 
327:  574-577. 

With  cum  521  :  325  :  585. 

With  dum  467,  4 :  276,  e :  571. 

With  quousque  519,   II,  2:  328: 
572. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


abl. 

ablative. 

i.e. 

that  is. 

abs. 

absolute.  - 

imp. 

imperfect. 

acc. 

— 

accusative. 

impers. 

impersonal. 

act. 

active. 

incep. 

inceptive. 

adj. 

— 

adjective. 

ind. 

indirect. 

adv. 

adverb. 

-  indecl. 

indeclinable 

cf. 

compare. 

indef. 

indefinite. 

comp. 

comparative. 

iter. 

iterative. 

conj. 

conjunction. 

m. 

masculine. 

contr. 

contraction. 

n. 

neuter. 

dat. 

dative. 

nom. 

nominative. 

dem. 

demonstrative. 

num. 

numeral. 

desid. 

desiderative. 

pass. 

passive. 

dim. 

diminutive. 

pers. 

personal. 

disc. 

discourse. 

pi. 

plural. 

e.g. 

for  example. 

prep. 

preposition. 

end. 

enclitic. 

pres. 

present. 

f. 

feminine. 

pron. 

pronoun. 

freq. 

frequentative. 

sc. 

supply. 

gen. 

genitive. 

sup. 

superlative. 

The  only  case  in  which  the  meanings  of  a  compound  verb-form  are  given  in  the 
alphabetical  position  of  the  compound,  is  v^hen  neither  the  simple  verb  nor  any 
other  compound  formed  from  it  occurs  in  the  text;  otherwise,  the  meanings  will 
be  found  only  under  the  simple  verb.  The  student  will  therefore  save  time  and 
labor  if  he  accustoms  himself  when  reading  to  analyze  the  composition  of  such 
verb-forms  before  consulting  the  Vocabulary.  This  analysis  will  often  make 
plain  the  meaning  of  the  compound,  and  render  it  unnecessary  to  seek  the  aid 
of  the  Vocabulary  at  all. 

In  a  lexicon  of  this  kind  it  would  of  course  be  impracticable  and  unfruitful 
to  attempt  to  give  all  stages  in  the  derivation  of  words.  The  editors  have  as 
a  rule  confined  themselves  to  one  step  in  the  process,  using  their  discretion  in 
selecting  that  step  which  appeared  to  shed  most  light  on  the  force  of  the  deriva- 
tive. The  bracketed  words  when  not  translated  occur  independently  in  the 
Vocabulary. 

250 


VOCABULARY. 


A.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Aulus. 
a,  ab,  abs,  prep.  w.  abl.,  from^  by,  on, 

near,  because  of. 
abalieno,  are,  avi,  atus  [alius],  to 

alienate,  sell,  remove. 
abdico,  see  dico. 
abditus,  see  abdo. 
abdo,  see  do. 
abduco,  see  duco. 
abeo,  see  eo. 
abhorreo,  see  horreo. 
abicio,  seeiacio. 
abies,  ietis,  i.,Jir-tree,  spruce, 
abigo,  see  ago. 
abiungo,  see  iungo. 
abripio,  see  rapio. 
abscido,  see  caedo. 
absconds,  see  do. 

absens,  entis  [absum],  adj.,  absent. 
absimilis,  e  [ab  +  similis] ,  unlike. 
absisto,  see  sisto. 

abstinentia,  ae   [abstineo],  f.,  absti- 
nence, self-control ;  disinterestedness. 
abstineo,  see  teneo. 
abs tr alio ,  see  traho. 
abstuli,  see  aufero. 

absum,  see  sum.  [abound. 
abundo,  are,  avi,  —  [unda,  a  wave],  to 
ac,  see  atque. 

Acarnana,  ae,  f .,  a  woman  of  Acarnania, 
a  district  in  the  western  part  of  Greece, 
accedo,  see  cedo. 

accelero,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  celer], 

to  quickeny  make  haste. 


acceptus  [accipiol,  adj.,  acceptable, 
dear. 

accessio,  onis  [accedo J  ,i.,an  approach ; 

increase ;  reinforcement. 
accido,  see  cado. 
accido,  see  caedo. 
accipio,  see  capio. 

acclivitas,  atis  [acclivis,  up-hill],  f.,  an 
ascent. 

accola,  ae  [ad  +  colo],  m.,  a  neighbor. 

accommodo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  corn- 
modus,  fit],  to  fit,  accommodate  to. 

accresco,  see  cresco. 

accurate  [ad  +  cura],  adv.,  carefully^ 
precisely. 

accuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  causa],  to 

call  to  trial,  accuse,  blayne. 
acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.,  sharp,  fierce, 
severe. 

acerbe  [acirbus],  adv.,  harshly ,  severely. 
acerbus,  adj.,  harsh,  hitter,  crabbed, 

severe. 
acerrime,  see  acriter. 
acervatus  [acervo,  to  heap],  adj.,  heaped. 
acervus,  i,  m.,  a  heap,  pile. 
Achaia,  ae,  f.,  a  district  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus.  Later,  the  Roman  province  of 

Southern  Greece. 
Achilles,  is,  m.,  the  champion  of  the 

Greeks  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  the  hero 

of  Homer's  Iliad, 
acies,  ei  (e),  f.,  the  sharp  point  of  a 

sword,  spear,  etc.;  fierce  expression; 

battle-line  of  men  or  ships;  battle. 


252 


YOCABULAKY. 


acriter  [acer],  adv.,  sharply ^  fiercely, 
vigorously  f  courageously ;  super,  acer- 
rime. 

acritudo,  inis  [acer],  f.,  sharpness,  ardor, 
fierceness. 

acroama,  atis  [Greek],  n.,  music  ;  enter- 
tainment ;  performance. 

Actiacus,  Sid].,  pertaining  to  Actium. 

Actium,  i,  11.  1.  A  town  in  Epirus. 
2.  A  promontory  near  the  town. 

acutus  [acuo,  sharpen],  adj.,  sharp, 
shrill,  acute. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  in  the  direction  of, 
to,  towards ;  in  accordance  with ;  in 
the  vicinity  of;  with  numerals,  about, 
almost. 

adaequo,  see  aequo. 

addo,  see  do. 

adduco,  see  duco. 

adeo,  see  eo. 

adeo  [ad  +  is],  adv.,  to  this  point  (of 
space  or  time)  ;  so  very,  so  much. 

adeptus,  see  adipiscor. 

adfecto,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  facio],  to 
strive,  aspire  to. 

adfero,  see  fero. 

adficio,  see  facio. 

adfigo,  see  figo. 

adfinis,  is  [ad  +  finis],  m.,  a  neighbor, 
relation. 

adfinitas,  atis   [adfinis],  f.,  relation- 
ship (by  marriage), 
adfirmo,  see  firmo. 

adflicto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  adfligo] , 

to   dash   against,  toss  about,  hurt, 
trouble,  wreck. 
adfligo,  see  fligo. 

adfluenter  [ad  +  fluo],  adv.,  abundantly 

(only  in  comparative), 
adfluentia,  ae  [ad  +  fluo],  f .,  abundance. 
adhibeo,  see  habeo. 

adhuc  [ad  +  hue] ,  adv. ,  up  to  this  time 

ov place,  hitherto ;  still;  besides. 
adicio,  see  iacio. 
adigo,  see  ago. 
adimo,  see  em5. 


adipiscor,  i,  adeptus  sum  [ad  +  apiscor, 

to  gain],  to  get,  obtain,  reach. 
aditus,  us  [adeo],  m.,  a  drawing  near; 

access,  way  or  right  of  approach. 
adiungo,  see  iungo. 
adiuvo,  see  iuvo. 
adligo,  see  ligo. 
adluvies, — ,  f.,  an  inundation. 
Admetus,  i,  m.,  king  of  the  Molossi  in 

Epirus. 

administer,  tri  [ad  +  minister,  servant], 
m.,  a  servant,  helper. 

administro,  see  ministro. 

admirabilis,  e  [admirer],  adv.,  admi- 
rable, wonderful. 

admirabilitas,  atis  [admirabilis],  f., 
adinirableness. 

admiratio,  onis  [admirer],  f.,  admira- 
tion, wonder,  astonishment. 

admirer,  see  miror. 

admitto,  see  mitto. 

admodum  [ad  +  modus],  adv.,  exceed- 
ingly, very;  with  numerals,  fully, 
at  least. 

adnuo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  nod  to,  consent, 
grant. 

adolesco,  ere,  olevi,  ultus  [ad  +  ole- 
sco,  to  grow],  to  grow  up,  become 
mature. 

adoptio,  onis  [adopto],  f.,  adoption. 
adopts,  see  opto, 
adorior,  see  orior. 
adorno,  see  orno. 

adquiesco,  ere,  quievi,  —  [ad  +  quiesco, 
from  quies],  to  become  quiet;  be  con- 
tent. 

adripio,  see  rapio. 
adrogo,  see  rogo. 

adsecla,  ae  [adsequor],  m.,  an  attendant. 
adsiduus  [ad  +  sedeo],  adj.,  constant, 

diligent,  assiduous. 
adsisto,  see  sisto. 

adsuefacio,  ere,  feci,  f actus  [ad+suesc6 

+  facio] ,  to  accustom. 
adsuesco,  see  suesco. 
adsurgo,  see  surgo. 


VOCABULARY. 


253 


adsum,  see  sum. 

Aduatuci,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  Belgic 
Gaul. 

adulescens,  entis  [adolesco],  m.  and  f., 

a  young  man  or  woman  (usually  be- 
tween the  ages  of  fifteen  and  twenty- 
five). 

adulescentia,  ae  [adulescens],  f.,  youth. 
adulescentulus,  i  [dim.  of  adulescens], 

m.,  a  very  young  man. 
adveho,  see  veho. 

adventus,  us  [ad -f  venio] ,  m.,  arrival, 
coming. 

adver sarins,  i  [ad  +  verto],  m.,  oppo- 
nent, enemy. 

adversus  [adverto],  adj.,  turned  to- 
wards, opposite;  opposed  to,  adverse, 
unfavorable. 

adversus  and  adversum,  prep,  with  ace, 
facing,  in  opposition  to,  against. 

adverto,  see  verto. 

advolo,  see  volo. 

aedificator,  oris  [aedifico],  m.,  a  builder; 

one  eager  to  build. 
aedificium,  i  [aedifico],  n.,  building. 
aedifico,  are,  avi,  atus  [aedis  +  facio], 

to  build. 

aedilis,  is  [aedis],  m.,  aedile,  a  police 
magistrate  at  Rome  who  had  charge 
of  public  buildings,  kept  certain  rec- 
ords, and  exhibited  games. 

aedis  (es),  is,  f.,  a  house,  dwelling, 
temple  (usually  plural). 

Aegates,  um,  f.,  three  small  islands  off 
the  west  coast  of  Sicily. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  adj.,  sick,  fee- 
ble. 

aegre  [aeger],  adv.,  with  difficulty, 
scarcely. 

Aegyptiacus,  adj.,   Egyptian  (a  late 

form  for  Aegyptius) . 
Aegyptus,  i,  f.,  Egypt. 
Aemilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Lepidus,  Papus,  Paulus. 
aemuiatio,  onis  [aemulor,  rival],  f., 

zeal;  rivalry,  jealousy. 


Aeneas,  ae,  m.,  a  Greek  name. 

(1)  A  Trojan  prince,  son  of  Venus 
and  Anchises,  the  hero  of  Vergil's 
Aeneid,  considered  the  founder  of  the 
Roman  state. 

(2)  Aeneas  Silvius,  2l  legendary  king 
of  Alba  Longa,  grandson  of  (1). 

aeneus  [aes] ,  adj.,  of  bronze  or  copper. 
aequalis,  e  [aequus] ,  adj.,  of  the  same 

age  ;  as  noun,  a  contemporary. 
aequaliter   [aequalis],  adv.,  equally ^ 

regularly. 
aeque  [aequus],  adv.,  equally. 
aequinoctium,  i  [aequus +  nox],  n.,  the 

equinox. 

aequiperatio,  onis  [aequipero],  f.,  an 

equalizing,  a  comparison,  (rare). 

aequipero,  are,  avi,  atus  [aequus -h 
par],  to  equal,  rival;  compare. 

aequitas,  atis  [aequus],  f.,  evenness, 
fairness;  animi  aequitate,  loith  equa- 
nimity. 

aequo,  are,  avi,  atus  [aequus] ,    eg z/aZ, 

make  equal. 
ad  —  adaequo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

equalize,  attain  to. 
aequus,  adj.,  equals  level;  even,  easy; 

favorable,  just. 
aer,  aeris,  m.,   the  air,  atmosphere ^ 

sky. 

aerarium,  i  [aes],  n.,  treasury ,  fund. 
aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  bronze;  money; 
aes  alienum,  debt;  aes  grave,  old 

standard. 

Aesculapius,  i,  m.,  the  god  of  the  medi- 
cal art,  son  of  Apollo. 

aestas,  atis,  f.,  summer. 

aestimatio,  onis  [aestimo] ,  f.,  valua- 
tion, esteem ;  value. 

aestimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [aes] ,  to  reckon, 
esteem,  judge. 

ex  — existimo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
compute,  value,  judge,  think. 

aestuarium,  i  [aestus],  n.,  an  estuainf^ 
marshy  land. 

aestus,  us,  m.,  heat,  glow  ;  tide. 


254 


YOCABULAEY. 


aetas,  atis  [contr.  from  aevitas,  from 

aevum,  age],  i.,  time ;  age  ;  old  age. 
aether,  eris  [Greek],  m.,  the  upper  air, 

Jirma)ient. 
Afer,  Afri,  m.,  an  African. 
Afranius,  i,  m.;  L.,  an  adherent  of 

Pompey,  killed  in  Africa  B.C.  46. 
Africa,  ae,  f.,  Africa  ;  of  ten  the  northern 

part  of  the  continent,  especially  near 

Carthage. 

Africanus,  adj.,  African;  a  surname 
first  assumed  by  the  conqueror  of 
Hannibal.    See  Scipio. 

Africus,  i,  m.  (sc.  ventus),  the  S.  W. 

wind. 

ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  land;  pL,  lands, 
country. 

agger,  eris  [ad  +  gero] ,  m.,  mass,  mate- 
rials for  a  mound,  mound,  dike. 
aggredior,  see  gradior. 
aggrego,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  grex, 

flock],  to  assemble,  join. 
agito,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  ago] ,  to  set 

in  motion,  drive;  trouble;  discuss; 
consider. 

con  —  cogito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  think, 
consider,  intend. 

ex  —  exagito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  drive 
out;  rouse,  disturb  ;  attack. 

ex  +  con  — excogito,  are,  avi,  atus, 
to  thiu'C  out,  devise. 
agmen,  inis  [ago],  n.,  an  army  (on  the 
march)  ;  band,  column;  novissimum 
agmen,  th'i  rear. 
agnosco,  see  nosco. 

ago,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  set  in  motion ; 
drive,  chass  ;  move  for wai^d,  extend; 
do, perform ;  spend  (time)  ;  treat,  nego- 
tiate;  agere  gratias,  to  thank. 

ab  — abigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 
away. 

ad  — adigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 
to,  drive  in;  bring  up;  compel;  ius- 
iurandum  adigere,  to  bind  by  oath. 

circum— circumago,  ere,  egi,  actus, 

to  drive  around. 


con  — cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactus,  to 

drive  together,  collect ;  force. 

ex  — exig6,ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 
out ;  complete,  pass,  end. 

per  —  perago,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  do 
thoroughly,  finish. 

re  —  redigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 
back;  reduce;  render,  bring  into. 

sub  —  subigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to 
drive  under,  put  down,  conquer. 

trans  — transigo,  ere,  egi,  actus, 
to  carry  through,  finish. 
agricola,  ae  [ager  +  colo],  m.,  a  farmer, 

husbandman. 
agricultiira,  ae  [ager  +  colo],  f.,  agri- 
culture. 

.  Agrippa,  ae,  m.,  (1)  son  of  Tiberinus,  a 
legendary  king  of  Alba  Longa ;  (2)  M. 
Vipsanius,  son-in-law  of  Atticus,  the 
powerful  minister  of  Augustus. 

aio  (def.  verb),  to  say. 

ala,  ae,  f.,  a  wing ;  flank. 

alacritas,  atis  [alacer,  cage?-'],  f.,  eager- 
ness, spirit. 

Alba,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Latinus,  a  legendary 
king  of  Alba  Longa. 

Alba  Longa  (sc.  urbs),  f.,  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Latins,  founded  by  Asca- 
nius,  son  of  Aeneas;  destroyed  by  T. 
Hostilius,  and  its  inhabitants  removed 
to  Rome. 

Albania,  ae,  f .,  a  district  on  the  shore  of 

the  Caspian  Sea. 
Albanus,  ^id].,  pertaining  to  Alba  Longa, 

Albanian. 
Albinus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  at  Rome. 

(1)  *S^.  PoUumius  Albinus,  consul 
B.C.  334  and  321. 

(2)  A.  Postumius  Albinus,  consul 
B.C.  242. 

Albula,  ae,  f.,  an  ancient  name  for  the 

river  Tiber, 
albus,  adj.,  ivhite;  plumbum  album,  tin. 
alces,  is,  f.,  the  elk. 

Alcibiades,  is,  m.,  an  Athenian  states- 
man, a  pupil  of  Socrates ;  died  B.C.  404. 


VOCABULARY. 


265 


ales,  itis  [ala],  m.  and  f.,  a  bird. 

Alexander,  dri,  m.,  king  of  Macedonia, 
the  conqueror  of  Persia;  B.C.  356-323. 

Alexandria  (ia),  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Egypt 
founded  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Alexandrinus,  adj.,  Alexandrine,  per- 
taining to  Alexandria. 

Algidus,  i,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Latium. 

alias  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  elsewhere, 
at  another  time;  alias  .  .  .  alias,  at 
one  time  .  .  .  at  another;  partly  .  .  . 
partly. 

alienus  [alius],  adj.,  foreign,  hostile; 

unfavorable  ;  aes  alienum,  debt. 
alimentum,  i  [alo],  n.,  nourishment, 

food. 

•alio  [alius],  adv.,  elsewhere,  to  another 

place,  person,  or  thing. 
aliquamdiu  [aliquis  +  diu],  adv.,  a 

while,  for  some  tim^. 
aliquando,  adv.,  sometimes. 
aliquanto,  aliquantum,  adv.,  somevjhat, 

rath'^r. 

aliquantus  [alius +quantus],  adj.,  .some, 
some  Kj]  I  at. 

aliqui,  qua,  quod  [alius  +  qui] ,  indef . 
pronoun,  ordinarily  used  adjectively; 
see  aliquis. 

aliquis,  qua,  quod  [alius  +  quis] ,  indef. 
pronoun,  ordinarily  used  substan- 
tively, some,  any;  some  one,  some- 
thing; any  one,  anything. 

aliquot  [alius -h  quot] ,  indef.  indecl. 
alj.,  som^",  several. 

aliquotiens  [aliquot],  adv.,  several  times, 

aliter  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  differ- 
ently ;  aliter  ac,  otlier  than,  differently 
from. 

alius,  a,  ud  (gen.  alius),  adj.,  another, 
otJier,  different,  else ;  alius  .  .  .  alius, 
one  .  .  .  one,  another  .  .  .  another; 
pi.,  some  .  .  .  others;  longe  aliam 
(alio)  atque,  very  different  from. 

Allia,  ae,  f.,  a  small  river  flowing  into 
the  Tiber  from  the  east  about  eleven 
miles  north  of  Rome. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  17 


alo,  ere,  ui,  (i)tus,  to  nourish^  augment ^ 

keep,  foster,  support. 
Alpes,  ium,  f.,  the  Alps. 
Alpici,  orum,  m.,  those  who  live  among 

the  Alps. 

alter,  era,  erum  (gen.  alterius),  adj., 

one  of  two,  the  other,  a  second ;  alter 
.  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other; 
alteri  .  .  .  alteri,  the  one  party  .  .  . 
the  other. 

altercatio,  onis  [alter] ,  t,  a  debate,  dis- 
pute. 

alternus  [alter],  adj.,  alternate,  mutual. 
altitude,  inis  [altus],  f.,  height,  depth, 

thickness. 

altum,  i  [altus],  n.,  the  deep,  the  high 
sea. 

altus  [alo],  adj.,  high,  deep. 
aliita,    ae,  f.,  leather,  softened  with 
alum. 

alveus,  i,  m.,  a  basket,  trough. 
ambactus,  i  [Celtic],  m.,  a  vassal,  depen- 
dant. 

ambiguus,  adj.,  ivavering,  doubting. 
Ambiliati,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  the 

northern  part  of  Gaul, 
ambitus,  us  [ambio,  go  around],  m., 

canvassing  for  public  office;  bribery. 
ambo,  ae,  o,  adj.,  both. 
Ambraciensis,  e,  adj.,  pertaijiing  to 

Ambracia,  a  city  in  Epirus. 
amentia,  ae  [a  +  mens],  f.,  madness, 

folly. 

amice  [amicus],  adv.,  kindly. 

amicitia,  ae  [amicus],  i.,  friendship. 

amiculum,  i  [amicio,  wrap] ,  n.,  an  outer 
cloak,  mantle. 

amicus,  [amo],  did].,  friendly. 

amicus,  i  [amo],  m.,  a  friend,  ally. 

amitto,  see  mitto. 

amnis,  is,  m.,  river,  torrent. 

amo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  love. 

amoenitas,  atis  [amoenus],  f., pleasant- 
ness, agreeableness. 

amoenus  [amo],  adj.,  pleasant,  charm- 
ing. 


256 


VOCABULARY. 


amor,  oris  [amo],  m.,  luoe,  affection. 

amphora,  ae,  f.,  a  jar, with  two  handles. 

ample  [amplus],  adv.,  largely. 

amplector,  i,  amplexus  sum,  to  embrace. 

amplexor,  ari,  atus  sum  [freq.  of  am- 
plector], to  embrace;  be  fond  of, 
value. 

amplifico,  are,  avi,  atus  [amplus + 
f acio] ,  to  increas"^,  e)ilarge. 

amplio,  are,  avi,  atus  [amplus],  to  en- 
large, amplify. 

amplitlido,  inis  [amplus] ,  f.,  size,  great- 
ness, dignity. 

amplius  [amplus],  adv.  (comp.of  ample), 
more,  further. 

amplus,  adj.,  large^  distinguished,  no- 
ble. 

Amulius,  i,  m.,  son  of  Proca,  a  legen- 
dary king  of  Alba  Longa. 

an,  Interrog.  conj.,  or,  or  rather,  or 
indeed;  ne  .  .  .  an,  utrum  .  .  .  an, 
lohether  .  .  .  or. 

anagnostes,  ae  [Greek],  m.,  a  reader, 
slave  that  read  aloud. 

Anartes,  ium,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the  Dacians. 

anatome  [Greek],  a  cutting  up;  anat- 
omy. 

Ancalites,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 

anceps,  cipitis  [ambo  +  caput],  adj.,  two- 
headed,  twofold,  doubtful. 

ancilla,  ae,  f.,  a  female  sei-'vant. 

ancora,  ae,  f.,  an  anchor;  a  support, 
refuge. 

Ancus,  i,  m.,  see  Marcius. 

Andromache,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Hector 
in  Homer's  Iliad,  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  by  Ennius. 

angor,  oris  [ango,  squeeze^,  m.,  stran- 
gling, choking. 

anguis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  snake. 

angulus,  i,  m.,  an  angle,  corner. 

anguste  [angustus] ,  adv.,  closely,  nar- 
rowly, scantily. 

angustiae,  arum  [angustus],  f.,  nar- 
row pass,  narrows;  difficulties^  per- 
flezityf  want 


angustus,  [ango,  squeeze],  adj.,  narrov), 
tight,  steep;  in  angusto,  in  a  tight 
place,  at  a  crisis. 

anima,  ae,  f.,  breath,  soul,  life. 

animadverto,  ere,  i,  versus  [animus  + 
advertoj ,  to  turn  the  7nind  to,  per- 
ceive;  in  aliquem  animadvertere,  to 
punish. 

animal,  alis  [anima],  n.,  a  living  thing, 
an  animal. 

animus,  i,  m.,  soul,  mind;  disposition, 
feelings;  courage,  spirit;  will,  resolu- 
tion; esse  in  animo,  to  intend;  animi 
causa,  for  pleasure. 

annalis,  e  [annus],  adj.,  relating  to  a 
year;  as  pi.  noun  (sc.  libri),  chroni- 
cles, annals. 

annotinus,  [annus],  adj.,  a  year  old, 
last  year's. 

annus,  i,  m.,  a  year. 

annuus,  [annus] ,  adj.,  annual;  lasting 
for  a  year. 

anser,  eris,  m.,  a  goose. 

ante  (1)  as  adv.,  previously,  in  front; 
(2)  as  prep,  with  ace,  before,  in  front 
of,  in  advance  of. 

antea,  ^diY.,  formerly ,  once, 

antecedo,  see  cedo. 

antefero,  see  fero. 

antemna,  ae,  f.,  a  sail-yard. 

Antemnates,  ium,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Antemnae,  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Sabines,  three  miles  from  Rome. 

antepono,  see  pono. 

antequam,  conj.  [often  separated],  be- 
fore. 

anthropophagus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  man- 
eater,  cannibal. 

Antias,  atis,  adj.,  of  Antium,  a  seacoast 
town  in  Latium. 

Antiochinus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Anti- 
ochus. 

Antiochus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Syria,  sur- 
named  the  Great,  b.c.  223-187. 

antiquitus  [antiquus],  adv.,  of  old,  for- 
merly, anciently. 


VOCABULAKY. 


257 


antiquus,  [ante],  adj.,  old,  belonging 

to  a  former  time. 
antistes,  stitis  [ante  +  sto],  m.  and  f., 

a  priest,  attendant. 
antisto,  see  sto. 

Antonius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

1.  M.  Anto)iius,  the  friend  of  Caesar 
and  a  member  of  the  second  trium- 
virate. He  was  defeated  by  Octavianus 
in  the  battle  of  Actium  b.c.  31,  and 
killed  himself  the  following  year. 

2.  C.  Antonius,  uncle  of  M.,  consul 
with  Cicero  B.C.  63. 

3.  L.  Antonius,  brother  of  M.,  con- 
sul B.C.  41 ;  conquered  by  Augustus  at 
Perusia. 

anulus,  i,  m.  [dim.  of  anus,  circle],  a 
ring. 

anus,  us,  f.,  an  old  woman;  sibyl. 
aperio,  ire,  ui,  pertus,  to  open,  disclose, 
uncover. 

aperte  [apertus],  adv.,  openly,  clearly. 
apertus  [aperioj,  adj.,?io^  defended,  open, 
exposed. 

Apion,  onis,  m.,  a  Greek  grammarian 
and  author  who  lived  at  Rome  in  the 
first  century  of  our  era. 

Apollo,  inis,  m.,  the  Greek  god  (wor- 
shiped by  the  Romans)  of  poetry  and 
music,  divination  and  medicine,  and  of 
archery. 

apparatus,  us  [apparo],  m.,  supplies, 

engines,  implemerits. 
appareo,  see  pareo. 
apparo,  see  paro. 
appello,  see  pello. 
appends,  see  pendo. 
Appenninus,  i,  m.,  the  Apennines. 
App. ,  Appius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  praenomen 

especially  common  in  the  Claudian 

gens. 

Appius,  adj.,  Appian;  especially  Via 

Appia,  the  Appian  Way. 
applico,  see  plico. 
appono,  see  pono. 


apprime  [primus],  adv.,  most  of  all,  in  the 
approbo,  see  probo.  [highest  degree. 
appropinquo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  pro- 

pinquus],  to  draw  near,  approach. 
Aprilis,  is,  adj.,  of  April. 
apto,  are,  avi,  atus  [aptus],  to  fit, 

adjust. 

aptus,  adj.,  joined,  fitted,  suitable. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace,  near,  by ;  at  the 
house  of;  in  the  worfci  of;  in  the 
presence  of;  with,  clos^>  to,  among. 

Apulia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Italy. 

Siqusi,  die,  t.,  water;  aqueduct;  mensurae 
ex  aqua,  water-clocks. 

aquila,  ae,  f.,  an  eagle ;  standard. 

Aquitania,  ae,  f.,  the  south-western  part 
of  Gaul. 

ara,  ae,  f.,  an  altar. 

arbitrium,  i  [diTloiter,  judge],  n.,  judg- 
ment ;  IV ill ;  poiner. 

arbitror,  ari,  atas  sum  [arbiter],  to 
think,  suppose,  consider. 

arbor,  oris,  f.,  a  tree, 

a  .'bustum,  i  [arbor] ,  n., a  grove,  orchard. 

Arcadia,  ae,  f.,  a  mountainous  country 
in  the  center  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Areas,  dis,  adj.,  Arcadian. 

arceo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  inclose;  prohibit, 
keep  off;  prevent,  impede. 

con  — coerceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  shut 
in,  restrain,  check. 

ex  —  exerceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  exer- 
cise, drill. 

arcesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus  [accedo] ,  to  send 

for,  summon,  invite. 
Ardea,  ae,  f.,  the  capital  of  the  Ru- 

tuli,  about  eighteen  miles  south  of 

Rome. 

ardeo,  ere,  arsi,  arsus,  to  be  hot,  burn; 
be  eager  or  excited. 

Srdesco,  ere,  arsi,  — ,  to  take  fire;  be- 
come violent. 

ex— -exardesco,  ere,  arsi,  arsus,  to 
take  fire;  be  angry. 

arduus,  adj.,  highy  arduous. 


258 


VOCABULARY. 


Aretinus,  adj.,  of  Arctium ,  an  Etrurian 
town. 

argenteus,  [argentum],  adj.,  of  silver. 
argentum,  i,  n.,  silver,  silver-plate. 
Argi,  orum,  m.,  the  city  of  Argos,  in  the 

eastern  part  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
Argiletum,  i,  n.,  a  street  in  Rome,  near 

the  Forum, 
argumentum,  i  [arguo],  n.,  argument, 

proof. 

arguo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  show,  maintain. 

aridus  [areo,  he  dry],  adj.,  dry. 

Arimaspi,  orum,  m.,  a  Scythian  tribe. 

Ariminum,  i,  n.,  a  town  in  Northern 
Italy  on  the  Adriatic. 

Ariobarzanes,  is,  m.,  king  of  Cappa- 
docia,  dethroned  by  Mithridates. 

Aristides,  is,  m.,  a  famous  statesman  of 
Athens.  He  was  archon  (ruler)  b.c. 
489,  and  died  about  468. 

Aristobulus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Judaea,  taken 
captive  by  Pompey  B.C.  63. 

Aristoteles,  is,  m.,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  Greek  philosophers,  a  pupil  of  Plato. 
He  lived  b.c.  384-322. 

arma,  orum,  n.  pi.,  arms,  weapons; 
equipment. 

armamenta,  orum  [armo],  n.  pL,  im- 
plements, rigging. 

armatura,  ae  [armo],  f.,  armor,  equip- 
ment ;  levis  armaturae,  light-armed. 

Armenia,  ae,  f .,  a  country  in  Asia  south- 
east of  the  Black  Sea.  Armenia 
Minor  is  the  portion  west  of  the 
Euphrates. 

armentum,  i,  n.,  cattle. 

armo,  are,  avi,  atus  [arma],  to  arm, 
equip,  fit ;  armati,  armed  men,  sol- 
diers. 

aro,  are,  avi,  atus,  toploiv. 

circum  —  circumaro,  are,  avi,  — , 

to  plow  around. 
ars,  artis,  f.,  skill ,  art,  knowledge. 
Artaphernes,  is,  m.,  the  nephew  of 

Darius ;  commander  of  the  Persians  at 

Marathon. 


Artaxerxes,  is,  m.,  surnamed  Longi- 
manus,  king  of  Persia,  reigned  b.c. 
465-425. 

arte  [artus  from  arceo],  adv.,  closely, 
tightly. 

Artemisium,  i,  n.,  a  cape  on  the  northern 

coast  of  Euboea. 
articulus,  i  [dim.  of  SiXtus,  joint],  m., 

small  joint,  knot. 
artifex,  icis,  m.,  a  ivorkman,  artist. 
artificium,  i  [artifex],  n.,  art,  trade; 

trick;  cunning. 
Aruns,  untis,  m.,  the  son  of  Tarquinius 

Superbus. 

Arverni,  orum,  m.,  an  important  Gallic 
tribe.  Their  territory  is  now  known 
as  Auvergne. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  a  fortress,  citadel. 

Ascanius,  i,  m.,  son  of  Aeneas,  founder  of 
Alba  Longa;  also  called  lulus  and 
regarded  as  the  ancestor  of  the  Julian 
gens. 

ascendo,  see  scando. 

ascensus,  us  [ascendo],  m.,  an  ascent. 

ascisco,  see  scisco. 

Asia,  ae,  f.  (1)  The  continent  of  Asia, 
(2)  Asia  Minor. 

Asiaticus,  adj.,  Asiatic;  see  Scipio  (4). 

aspectus,  us  [aspicio],  m.,  appearance. 

aspergo,  see  spargo. 

asperitas,  atis  [asper],  f.  roughness; 
harshness,  severity. 

aspernor,  ari,  atus  sum  [ab  +  spernor, 
despise],  to  scorn,  despise. 

aspersio,  onis  [aspergo],  f.,  a  scatter- 
ing, spattering. 

aspicio,  see  *specio. 

aspis,  idis,  f,,  an  asp,  viper. 

asporto,  see  porto. 

astrologus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  an  astrono- 
mer, astrologer. 

astu  [Greek],  n.  indecl.,  a  city;  the 
CITY,  Athens. 

at,  conj.,  hut,  yet,  at  least. 

Atella,  ae,  f.,  a  small  town  in  C^ir^- 
pania. 


VOCABULARY. 


259 


Athgnae,  arum,  f .,  Athens,  the  chief  city 
of  Attica. 

Atheniensis,  e,  adj.,  Athenian;  pi.,  the 

Athenians. 
athleta,  ae  [Greek],  m.,  a  wrestler, 

athlete. 

athleticus  [athleta],  adj.,  athletic. 
Atilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 

See  Regulus. 
atque,  ac,  conj.,  and,  and  especially, 

and  even ;  than,  as ;  simul  ac,  as  soon 

as;  idem  (par)  ac,  the  same  as;  alius 

ac,  other  than;  contra  atque,  dlfe^- 

ently  from  loha*. 
Atrebas,  atis,  m.,  pi.  Atrebates  (abl.  tis, 

B.  G.  ii,  1(3),  a  tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul. 
Atrius,  i,  m.,  Q.,  an  officer  in  Caesar's 

army. 

atrox,  ocis,  adj.,  fierce,  harsh,  terri- 
hie. 

attentus  [attendo,  to  strive^,  adj.,  atten- 
tive, striving  after,  carefid. 

Attica,  ae,  f .,  a  peninsula  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Greece.  Area  about  700  sq.  m. 
Its  capital  was  Athens. 

Atticus,  i,  m.,  the  surname  of  T.  Pom- 
ponius,  a  friend  of  Cicero,  given  be- 
cause of  his  long  residence  in  Athens. 

attineo,  see  teneo. 

attingo,  see  tango. 

attribuo,  see  tribuo. 

Attus,  i,  m.,  a  Sabine  praenomen.  See 
Navius. 

Atys,  yos,  m.,  son  of  Alba  and  king  of 
Alba  Longa. 

auctor,  oris  [augeo],  m.,  a  promoter, 
founder,  author,  doer,  cause. 

auctoritas,  atis  [augeo],  f.,  influence, 
authority,  powrr. 

audacia,  ae  [audax],  f.,  boldness. 

audacter  [audax],  adv.,  boldly,  pre- 
sumptuously. 

audax,  acis  [audeo],  adj.,  bold,  auda- 
cious. 

audeo,  ere,  ausus  sum,  to  dare,  at- 
tempt 


audio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  to  hear,  hear  of, 

listen  to. 

ex  —  exaudio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  to  hear 

clearly. 

auditio,  onis  [audio],  f .,  hearing,  report. 
aufero,  see  fero. 

augeo,  ere,  auxi,  auctus,  to  increase, 
spread;  praise,  honor;  enrich. 

augur,  uris  [avis],  m.,  a  soothsayer, 
diviner,  augur. 

augur  atus,  us  [augur],  m.,  augur  ship, 

augurium,  i  [augur],  n.,  augury,  omen. 

Augustus,  i,  m.,  properly  an  adjective 
meaning  majestic.  It  was  given  as  a 
title  of  honor  to  Octavianus,  the  grand- 
nephew  of  Caesar,  B.C.  27,  and  borne 
by  subsequent  emperors. 

Aulus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 

Aurelius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Cotta. 

aureus  [aurum] ,  adj.,  golden. 

auriga,  ae  [aurea,  headstall -\-  di%6],  m.. 
charioteer,  driver. 

auris,  is,  f.,  ear. 

aurora,  ae,  f.,  the  dawn. 

aurum.  i,  n.,  gold,  money. 

Aurunculeius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  gens.    See  Cotta. 

auspicium,  i  [avis  +  *  specio] ,  n  ,  an 
omen;  auspices. 

aut,  conj.,  or ;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either  .  .  . 
or. 

autem,  conj.,  but,  moreover,  yet;  also, 

71010. 

auxiliarius  [auxilium],  adj.,  assistant, 
auxiliary . 

auxilior,  ari,  atus  sum  [auxilium],  to 

assist. 

auxilium,  i  [augeo],  n.,  help,  remedy; 

pi.,  auxiliary  troops  (usually  foreign 

and  light-armed  troops), 
avaritia,  ae  [avarus],  f.,  greed. 
avarus,  adj.,  avaricious,  greedy;  cove- 

tons,  eager ;  as  noun,  a  miser. 
Aventinus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Romulus  Silvius 

and  king  of  Alba  Longa. 


260 


VOCABULARY. 


Aventinus,  i,  m.  (sc.  mons),  the  Aven- 

tine,  one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome, 
averts,  see  verto. 
avis,  is,  f.,  a  bird. 
avitus  [avus],  adj.,  ancestral. 
avoco,  see  voco. 

avunculus,  i,  m.  [dim.  of  avus] ,  uncle, 

another's  hi^other. 
avus,  i,  m.,  grandfather ,  ancestor, 

B. 

Baculus,  i,  m.,  P.  Sextius,  a  centurion 

in  the  army  of  Caesar. 
Bagrada,  ae,  m.,  a  river  near  Carthage. 
Balbus,  i,  L.  Cornelius,  consul  b.c.  40, 

a  friend  of  Atticus  and  of  Caesar, 
ballista,  ae,  f.,  an  engine  for  hurling, 
"balteus,  i.,  m.,  a  girdle,  sivord-belt, 
barba,  ae,  f.,  a  beard.  [barian. 
barbarus,  adj.,  foreign,  barbarous,  bar- 
barbatus  [barba],  adj.,  bearded. 
Barca,  ae,  m.,  the  cognomen  of  Hamil- 

car,  the  father  of  Hannibal, 
beatus  [beo,  bless],  adj.,  blessed,  happy, 

prosperous. 
Belgae,  arum,  m.,  one  of  the  three 

divisions  of  the  Gallic  race.  They 

dwelt  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Seine. 
Belgium,  i,  n.,  the  country  of  the  Belgae. 
bellicosus,    [bellicus],    adj.,  warlike, 

fond  of  war,  fierce. 
bellicus  [bellum],  adj.,  pertaining  to 

war,  military,  martial. 
bello,  are,  avi,  atus  [bellum],  to  wage 

vjar,  fight. 
re  — rebello,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  wage 

loar  again,  rebel. 
bellum,  i  (for  duellum,  from  duo),  n., 

IV ar,  loarfare. 
belua.  ae,  f.,  a  wild  beast. 
bene  [bonus],  adv.,^oeZ^;  comp.  melius, 

sup.  optime. 
benevole  [benevolus],  adv.,  kindly. 
benevolentia,  ae  [bene  +  volo] ,  f .,  good- 
will, kindly  feeling. 
bestia,  ae,  f .,  a  beast,  animal. 


bibo,  ere,  bibi,  — ,  to  drink, 
Bibroci,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 
Bibulus,  i,  m.,  L.   Calpurnius,  consul 

with  Caesar  b.c.  59. 
biduum,  i  [bis  +  dies],  n.,  two  days' 

time. 

biennium,  i  [bis  +  annus] ,  n.,  two  years' 
time. 

bini,  ae,  a  [bis],  adj.,  two  by  two,  two 
each. 

bipartito   [bis  +  pars],  adv.,  in  two 

divisions. 

bis  [duis,  duo],  num.  adv.,  twice. 

Bithynia,  ae,  f .,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor, 
on  the  Propontis  and  the  Black  Sea. 

Bithynii,  orum,  m.,  the  people  of  Bi- 
thynia. 

Boduognatus,  i,  the  chief  leader  of  the 
Nervii  at  the  battle  of  the  Sabis 
River. 

bonitas,  atis  [bonus],  f.,  goodness. 
bonus,  adj.  (comp.  melior,  sup.  optimus) , 

good,  advantageous,  friendly ;  bono 
animo  esse,  to  feel  friendly .  As  noun, 
bonum,  n.,  pjrofit ;  pi.,  bona,  orum, 

goods. 

Borysthenes,  is,  m.,  the  river  Dnieper. 
bos,  bovis,  m.  and  f.,  the  ox,  cow. 
Bosporus,  i,  a  name  given  to  several 
straits. 

1.  Thixicius ;  between  Thrace  and 
Bithynia  (Straits  of  Constantinople) . 

2.  Cimmerius ;  the  strait  leading 
from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Sea  of  Azof. 
The  name  is  also  used  to  denote  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus  on  the  north 
shore  of  the  Black  Sea. 

bracchium,  i,  n.,  an  arm. 

Brennus,  i,  m.,  chief  of  the  Gauls  who 

burned  Rome,  B.C.  390. 
brevis,  e,  adj.,  shoi^t. 
brevitas,  atis  [brevis],  f.,  shortness. 
Britanni,  orum,  m.,  the  Britons. 
Britannia,  ae,  f.,  the  country  of  the 

Britons,  England  and  Scotland. 
Britannicus,  adj.,  British, 


TOCABULARY. 


261 


bruma,  ae  [contr.  from  brevissima,  sc. 

dies],  f.,  the  lointer  solstice ;  iviiiter. 
Bruttii  (Brittii),  orum,  m.,  a  people  in 

the  south-western  part  of  Italy. 
Brutus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  at  Rome. 

1.  L.  lunius  Brutus,  nephew  of 
Tarquinius  Superbus,  consul  with  Col- 
latinus  b.c.  509. 

2.  M.  Tuuius  Brutus,  one  of  the 
murderers  of  Caesar  b.c.  44. 

3.  D.  lunius  Brutus,  an  officer  with 
Caesar  in  the  war  against  the  Veneti, 
who  afterwards  conspired  against  him, 
B.C.  44. 

Bucephalas,  ae,  m.,  the  horse  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 
.  Bucephalos,  i  (acc.  on),  f.,  a  town  in 
India  named  for  the  horse  of  Alex- 
ander. 

bucula,  ae  [bos],  f.,  a  heifer, 
bustum,  i,  n.,  a  funeral-pyr^ 

C. 

C,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Gaius. 
C.  =  centum. 

Cacus,  i,  m.,  a  giant  slain  by  Hercules, 
cadaver,  eris  [cado],  n.,  a  corpse. 
cado,  ere,  cecidi,  casurus,  to  fall,  be 
killed,  die;  happen. 

ad  —  accido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall  to,  \ 
happen,  fall  to  the  lot  of;  impers., 
accidit,  it  happens. 

con  —  concido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall, 
perish. 

de  —  decido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall 
doivn  or  from. 

in  — incido,  ere,  cidi,—,  to  fall  in 
with,  meet ;  occur. 

inter  —  intercido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to 
fall,  perish. 

ob  — occido,  ere,  cidi,  casus,  to 
fall;  set  (of  the  sun). 

re  —  recido,  ere,  cidi,  casurus,  io 
fall  back. 

super  +  in  —  superincido,  ere,  — , 
— ,  to  fall  on  from  above. 


caduceus,  i,  m.,  a  staff  carried  by  her- 
alds, the  sign  of  peace. 

Caecilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

1.  Q.  Caecilius,  the  uncle  of  Atticus. 

2.  Caecilius  Statius,  an  ancient  Latin 
dramatic  poet.    See  also  Metellus. 

Caecus,  i,  m.,  App.  Claudius,  a  Roman 
statesman  ;  censor  B.C.  312,  consul  307. 

caedes,  is  [caedo],  f.,  killing,  slaughter. 

caedo,  ere,  cecidi,  caesus  [root  sac, 
to  split],  to  cut,  cut  up;  kill,  con- 
quer, rout. 

ab  —  abscido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  cut 
off- 

ad  —  accido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  cut 

into,  fell. 

con  — concido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to 

cut  up,  cut  to  pieces,  dcsti^oy. 

in  — incido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  cut 
into,  hew  air  ay . 

ob  — occido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  kill. 

prae  — praecido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to 
cut  short,  cut  off. 

sub— succido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to 
cut  down, ;  destroy,  pillage. 
caelestis,  e  [caelum],  adj.,  celestial, 
heauenlt/. 

Caelius,  i,  m.,  L.  Caelius  Antipater,  a 
distinguished  historian  of  the  second 
century  B.C. 

Caelius,  i,  m.  (sc.  mons),  the  Caelian  hill, 
one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome. 

caelum,  i,  n.,  heaven,  sky. 

Caeninenses,  ium,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Caenina,  a  town  of  the  Sabines. 

caerimonia,  ae,  f.,  a  sacred  rite,  cere- 
mony. 

caeruleus  [caelum],  adj.,  dark  blue. 
Caesar,  aris,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Julian  gens. 

1.  C.  lulius  Caesar,  the  famous  dic- 
tator; born  B.C.  100,  conquered  Gaul 
58-50,  killed  by  conspirators  44. 

2.  The  grandson  of  Caesar's  sister, 
C.  Octavius,  was  adopted  by  Caesar 


262 


VOCABULARY. 


and  became  C.  Julius  Caesar  Octavia- 
7ms.  Born  B.C.  63,  died  a.d.  14.  See 
Augustus. 

Caesarea,  ae,  f.,  the  name  given  to 
several  cities  founded  in  honor  of 
Augustus. 

calamitas,  atis,  f.,  calamity,  defeat. 

calliditas,  atis  [callidus],  f.,  shrewd- 
ness, skill. 

callidus,  adj.,  shrewd,  skillful. 

calo,  onis,  m.,  a  cami^  servant. 

Calpurnius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.   See  Bibulus. 

Calvinus,  i,  m.,  T.  Veturius,  consul  b.c. 
321. 

Camillus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Furian  gens. 

1.  M.  Furius  Camillus,  a  famous 
hero  of  republican  Rome ;  defeated  the 
Gauls  shortly  after  the  burning  of 
Rome  B.C.  390. 

2.  L.  Furius  Camillus,  son  of  (1), 
was  consul  b.c.  319. 

Campania,  ae,  f.,  a  district  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  Italy  south  of  Latium. 

campus,  i,  m.,  a  plain. 

Campus  Martius,  the  level  space  north 
of  the  Capitoline  hill  at  Rome;  in 
earliest  times  outside  the  walls  and 
used  as  a  place  of  exercise, 

candeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  shine,  gloiv. 

in  — incendo,  ere,  i,  census,  to  set 
on  fire,  burn;  excite. 

sub  —  succendo,  ere,  i,  census,  to 
kindle  beneath,  set  on  fire. 

canesco,  ere,  — ,  —  [caneo,  to  be  graij], 
to  turn  white  (of  the  hair). 

caninus  [canis],  adj.,  of  a  dog,  canine. 

canis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  dog. 

Cannae,  arum,  f.,  a  small  town  in  Apu- 
lia. 

Cannensis,  e,  d^di]., pertaining  to  Cannae. 

Cantium,  i,  n.,  a  district  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  England,  modern  Kent. 

cantus.  us  [cano,  sing] ,  m.,  a  song,  sing- 
ing. 


capesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus  [desid.  of  capio] , 

to  seize,  take  part  in,  administer; 
undertake. 
Capetus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Capys  and  king 

of  Alba  Longa. 
capillus,  i  [caput],  m.,  the  hair. 
capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus,  to  take,  get, 
seize,  capture,  arrive  at;  consilium 
capere,  to  form  apian. 

ad  — accipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 
accept,  receive;  listen  to,  learn. 

ex  — excipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 
take  out,  except,  take  up ;  intercept, 
capture ;  receive. 

in  — incipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 
begin,  undertake. 

inter  —  intercipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus, 
to  seize  in  passing,  intercept. 

ob  —  occipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 
begin. 

per  —  percipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus, 

to  seize,  receive;  recover,  save  (late 
for  recipio) . 

prae  —  praecipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus, 
to  take  beforehand,  foresee  ;  instruct. 

re  —  recipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 
take  back,  receive;  admit;  se  reci- 
pere,  to  retreat. 

sub  —  suscipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 
take  up;  admits  support;  undertake, 
incur,  undergo. 
Capitolinus,   adj.,  pertaining  to  the 
Capitol. 

Capitolium,  i,  n.,  the  chief  temple  of 
Jupiter  in  Rome.  Also  the  hill  on 
which  this  temple  stood,  the  Mons  Capi- 
tolinus, the  citadel  as  well  as  the  chief 
sanctuary  of  Rome. 

capitulatim,  [capitulum  from  caput], 
adv.,  briefly,  by  topics. 

Cappadocia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  in  Asia 
Minor. 

capra,  ae  [caper,  goat]  ,t.,a  she-goat. 
Caprae  Palus,  see  paliis. 
captivus,  i  [capio],  m.,  a  captive,  priS' 
oner. 


VOCABULAKY. 


Capua,  ae,  f.,  a  Greek  city  near  Na- 
ples, renowned  for  its  wealth  and 
luxury. 

caput,  itis,  n.,  the  head;  a  person,  man; 
mouth  (of  a  river) ;  life. 

Capys,  yos,  m.,  son  of  Atys,  king  of 
Alba  Longa. 

career,  is,  m.,  prison. 

carina,  ae,  f.,  a  keel. 

caritas,  atis  [carus] ,  f .,  dearness,  favor. 

Carmentis,  is,  f.,  a  prophetess,  the 
mother  of  Euander. 

Carneades,  is,  m.,  a  skeptical  Greek 
philosopher,  B.C.  213-129. 

Carnutes,  um,  m.,  a  Gallic  tribe  living 
on  the  banks  of  the  Liger  {Loire). 

caro,  carnis,  t.,  flesh. 

carpo,  ere,  psi,  ptus,  to  pick,  gather. 
con  — concerpo,  ere,  psi,  — ,  to  tear 
apart,  read  (rare). 

dis  —  discerpo,  ere,  psi,  ptus,  to 
tear  in  pieces,  mangle,  mutilate. 

Carthaginiensis,  e,  adj.,  Carthaginian. 

Carthago,  inis,  f.  1.  Carthage,  a  city 
founded  by  the  Phoenicians  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Africa.  Destroyed 
by  the  Romans  B.C.  146.  2.  Carthago 
Nova,  a  city  founded  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians on  the  east  coast  of  Spain. 

carus,  adj.,  dear,  costly,  beloved. 

Carvilius,  i,  m.,  a  chief  of  the  Britons 
in  Cantium. 

Casca,  ae,  m.,  P.  Servilius,  a  conspirator 
a2:ainst  Caesar  B.C.  44. 

caseus,  i,  m.,  cheese. 

Cassi,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 

Cassius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Longinus,  Viscellinus. 

Cassivellaunus,  i,  m.,  Casivallon,  a 
prominent  chief  of  the  Britons. 

castellum,  i  [dim.  from  castrum],  n., 
a  stronghold,  castle,  fort. 

castitas,  atis  [castus,  chaste"],  f.,  chas- 
tity, purity. 

Castor,  oris,  m.,  a  hero  in  Greek  my- 
thology, the  twin  brother  of  Pollux. 


263 

They  were  especially  worshiped  as  the 
protectors  of  travelers  by  sea. 
castrensis,  e  [castra],   adj.,   of  the 

camp. 

castrum,  i,  n.,  fortified  place,  town;  pi., 
castra,  orum,  n.,  a  camp;  a  cam- 
paign. 

casu  [casus],  adv.,  by  chance. 

casus,  us  [cado] ,  m.,  that  which  befalls; 

event,  chance,  misfortune,  death. 
catapulta,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  catapult,  an 

engine  for  hurling  missiles.    See  cut, 

p.  134. 

catena,  ae,  f.,  a  chain, fetter. 
caterva,  ae,  f.,  a  ci^oiod,  mob;  band, 
flock. 

Catilina,  ae,  m.,  L.  Sergius,  a  conspira- 
tor during  the  consulship  of  Cicero 
B.C.  63. 

Cato,  onis,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Porcian  gens. 

1.  M.  Porcius  Cato,  the  famous 
censor,  lived  from  B.C.  234-149. 

2.  M.  Porcius  Cato,  the  great-grand- 
son (1),  was  defeated  by  Caesar,  and 
committed  suicide  at  Utica  B.C.  46. 

Catulus,  i,  m.,  C.  Lutatius,  consul  b.c. 
242,  defeated  the  Carthaginians  in  a 
battle  off  the  Aegates  Islands. 

Cauda,  ae,  f.,  a  tail. 

Caudex,  icis,  m.,  App.  Claudius,  was 

consul  B.C.  264. 
causa,  ae,  f.,  reason,  motive;  pretext; 

case,  state  ;  causa  [with  gen.],  for  the 

sake  of,  on  account  of ;  causam  dare, 

to  occasion,  cause. 
cautes,  is,  f.,  a  ragged  cliff,  crag. 
cavea,  ae,  f.,  a  cage,  coop. 
caveo,  ere,  cavi,  cautus,  to  take  care, 

beware,  guard  against. 
caverna,  ae  [cavus,  hollow'],  f.,  a  hollow, 

cavity.  {irony, 
cavillatio,  onis  [caviller],  f.,  raillery, 
caviller,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  mock,  jest, 

satirize.  [retreat. 
cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to  rnove,  yield. 


264 


VOCABULARY. 


ad  —  accedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  to 

move  towards,  draio  near;  be  added; 
agree  to,  enter  into. 

ante  —  antecedo,  ere,  cessi,  — ,  to  go 
in  front ;  precede ;  surpass. 

con  —  concede,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
withdraw;  submit;  allow. 

de  —  decedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
retirs ;  avoid;  die. 

dis  —  discedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
depart;  leave;  come  off. 

ex  —  excedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
leave,  remove. 

in  —  incedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to  ad- 
vance, move. 

inter  —  intercede,  ere,  cessi,  cessus, 
to  go  betiveen  ;  intervene  ;  occur. 

pro  —  procedo,  ere,  cessi,  — ,  to  ad- 
vance, press  forioard. 

re  —  recedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to  go 
back,  withdraiv,  y^eturn. 

sub  —  succedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
come  up,  advance;  succeed , follow , 
celeber,  bris,  bre,  ^di].,  famous. 
celebro,  are,  avi,  atus  [celeber],  to 

practise,  repeat:  celebrate. 
celer,  eris,  ere  [cello,  impel],  adj.,  rapid, 
sudden. 

celeritas  atis  [qqIqt],!.,  speed,  rapidity . 
celeriter  [celer],  adv.,  quickly,  at  once. 
celo,  are,  avi.  atus,  to  hide. 
Cenimagni.  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons, 
ceno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dine. 
censeo,  ere,  sui,  sus,  to  value,  estimate ; 

hold  or  expj^ess  an  opinion ;  think,  vote. 
re  —  recenseo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  count. 
censio,  onis  [censeo],  f.,  an  estimating, 

rating  (late), 
censor,  oris  [censeo],  m.,  a  censor,  a 

Roman  magistrate, 
censorius  [censor],  adj.,  pertaining  to  a 

censor;  as  noun,  an  ex-censor. 
Censorinus,  i,  m.,  L.  Manlius  (Marcius), 

was  consul  B.C.  149. 
censura,  ae  [censeo],  f.,  the  censorship ; 

censure. 


census,  us  [censeo],  m.,  a  census,  enu- 
meration. 

centeni,  ae,  a  [centum],  distrib.  adj., 

a  hundred  each. 

Centenius,  i,  m.,  C,  propraetor  b.c.  217; 
defeated  by  Hannibal. 

centesimus,  [centum],  adj.  hundredth. 

centies  [centum],  adv.,  a  hundred  times. 

centum,  num.  adj.,  a  hundred  (C). 

centurio,  onis  [centum],  m.,  a  centu- 
rion. 

Ceres,  Cereris,  f.,  the  Latin  goddess  of 

the  earth  and  agriculture, 
cerno,  ere,  crevi,  certus,  to  separate, 

perceive,  decree. 
de  —  decerns,  ere,  crevi,  cretus,  to 

ordain,  decree;   strive,    contend  in 

battle. 

certamen,  inis  [certo,  to  fight],  n.,  a 

struggle,  battle,  engagement. 

certe  [certus],  adv.,  certainly,  at  least. 

certus  [cerno],  adj.,  certain,  positive, 
sure,  true ;  certiorem  facere,  to  in- 
form ;  certior  fieri,  to  be  infoi^med. 

cerva,  ae  [cervus],  f.,  a  hind,  deer. 

cervix,  icis,  f.,  the  neck,  shoulders, 
throat. 

cervus,  i,  m.,  stag. 

cesso,  are,  avi,  atus  [cedo],  to  pause, 

come  to  an  end,  cease. 
ceterus  [nom.  sing.  m.  lacking],  adj.,  the 

?^est,  the  other,  others. 
Chares,  etis,  m.,  a  court  official  who 

wrote  a  history  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
chimaera,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  fabulous 

monster. 

Chius,  adj.,  of  Chios,  a  Greek  island  in 

the  Aegean, 
chronicus  [Greek],  adj.,  X)ertaining  to 

time ;  sc.  libri,  chronicles,  records, 
cibatus,  us  [cibo,/eec?],  m.,food. 
cibus,  i,  m.,food. 

Cicero,  onis,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 
1.  M.  Tullius,  the  famous  Roman 
orator,  born  at  Arpinum  B.C.  106; 
consul  in  63 ;  killed,  43. 


VOCABULARY. 


265 


2.  Q.  Tullius,  the  younger  brother 
of  M.,  was  with  Caesar  in  Gaul  and 
Britain.    He  was  put  to  death  B.C.  43. 

cicur,  uris,  adj.,  tame. 

cieo,  ere,  civi,  citus,  to  stir,  rouse. 

ex  —  excieo,  ere,  civi,  citus,  to  call 
out,  summon. 

Cincinnatus,  i,  m.,  L.  Quintius,  a  cele- 
brated hero  of  the  early  Republic, 
consul  B.C.  460;  dictator  458,  439. 

Cineas,  ae,  m.,  the  friend  and  trusted 
minister  of  Pyrrhus,  famous  for  his 
wit  and  eloquence. 

Cingetorix,  igis,  m.,  a  chief  of  the 
Britons  in  Cantium. 

cingo,  ere,  cinxi,  cinctus,  to  surround, 
enclose,  besiege. 

Ginna,  ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  consul 
B.C.  87,  80. 

circa,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  about, 
around. 

circinus,  i,  m.,  a  pair  of  compasses. 
circiter  [circus],  adv.,  and  prep,  with 

ace,  about,  not  far  from,  near. 
circuitus,  us  [circumeo],  m.,  a  going 

round,  circuit,  ivindi)ig  way. 
circum  [circus],  adv.,  and  prep,  with 

ace,  around,  near,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of,  about. 
circumago,  see  ago. 
circumaro,  see  aro. 
circumcludo,  see  claudo. 
circumdo,  see  do. 
circumeo,  see  eo. 
circumplico,  see  plico. 
circumfero,  see  fero. 
circumsisto,  see  sisto. 
circumspecte  [circumspicio] ,  adv.,  with 

consideration,  cautiously  (very  rare), 
circumspecto,  see  specto. 
circumsto,  see  sto. 
circumvenio,  see  venio. 
circus,  i,  m.,  a  circle;  circular  or  oval 

race-course,  circus. 
citerior,  ius  [cis],  adj.,  on  this  side^ 

hither. 


citissime  [cito,   quickly],  adv.,  very 
rapidly. 

cito,  are,  avi,  atus  [cieo],  to  rouse. 
con  — concito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

arouse,  urge,  excite. 

ex  —  excito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  rouse 
forth,  excite,  stimulate. 

in  —  incito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  urge 
on,  incite,  encourage. 

civicus  [civis],  adj.,  civic. 

civilis,  e  [civis],  adj.,  of  a  citizen,  poUt- 
iccd ;  civil;  polite,  moderate. 

civis,  is,  m.,  a  citizen. 

civitas,  atis,  f.,  citizenship ;  state,  com- 
munity ;  city  (late). 

clades,  is,  f.,  disaster,  harm. 

clam  [celo],  adv.,  secretly. 

clamor,  oris  [clamo,  cry  out],  m.,  out- 
cry, 7ioise,  clcDUor. 

clandestinus  [clam],  adj.,  secret,  con^ 
cealed. 

clangor,  oris,  m.,  noise. 

Clare  [clarus],  adv.,  c/ea?'/?/ ;  loudly. 

claritas,  atis,  f.  [clarus],  clearness,  bril- 
liancy,  fame. 

clarus,    adj.,    clear;    loud,  glorious, 
fainous. 

classiarius  [classis],  adj.,  of  a  fleet;  as 

noun,  classiarii,  orum,  m.,  marines. 
classicum,  i,  n.,  a  trumpet  call. 
classis,  is,  f.,  a  class  of  citizens;  the 

navy  ;  a  fleet. 
Clastidium,  i,  n.,  a  fortified  town  near 

the  Po  River. 
Claudius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  one  of  the 

oldest  and  most  famous  of  the  Roman 

gentes.   See  Caecus,  Caudex,  Crassi- 

nus,  Marcellus,  Nero,  Pulcher,  Qua- 

drigarius,  Tiberius. 
Claudius,  adj.,  Claudian. 
claudo,  ere,  clausi,  clausus,  to  shut, 

close,  enclose. 
circum  —  circumcliido,  ere,  clusi, 

clusus,  to  shut  in,  surround. 
con  —  concludo,  ere,  clusi,  clusus, 

to  shut  up,  confine. 


266  * 


VOCABULARY. 


dis  —  discludo,  ere,  clusi,  clusus, 

to  keep  apart,  separate. 

ex  — exclude,  ere,  clusi,  clusus,  to 
shut  out,  cut  off,  exclude. 

in  —  include,  ere,  clusi,  clusus,  to 
shut  in. 

inter  —  inter cludo,  ere,  clusi,  clu- 
sus, to  shut  off,  hinder. 

prae  —  praecludo,  ere,  clusi,  clu- 
sus, to  close,  shut,  block. 

clava,  ae,  f.,  a  club. 

clavus,  i,  m.,  a  nail. 

Cleopatra,  ae,  f.,  a  common  name  in  the 
families  of  the  Macedonian  kings  of 
Egypt.  The  famous  Cleopatra  lived 
B.C.  69-30. 

cliens,  entis  [cluens  from  clueo,  hear], 

m.  and  f.,  a  vassal,  dependant,  client. 
clientela,  ae   [cliens],  f.,  vassalage; 

alliance,  protection. 
Clypea,  ae,  f.,  a  fortified  town  near  the 

seacoast  in  the  territory  of  Carthage, 
cloaca,  ae,  f.,  a  sewer,  drain. 
Cn.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Gnaeus. 
coacervo,  are,  avi,  atus  [con  +  acervus], 

to  heap  up,  collect. 
Codes,  itis,  m.,  Horatius,  who  defended 

the  Sublician  bridge  in  the  war  with 

Porsena. 
coeo,  see  eo. 

coepi,  isse,  coeptus,  began.  The  passive 

form  is  used  with  a  passive  infinitive, 
coerceo,  see  arceo. 

cogitatio,  onis  [cogito],  f.,  a  design, 

plan. 
cogito,  see  agito. 

cognatio, onis  [con+  (g)nascor], f ., rela- 

tions'iip. 

cognatus  [con  +  (g)nascor],  adj.,  re- 
lated by  blood,  kindred;  as  noun,  a 
kinsman,  blood  relation. 

cognomen,  inis  [con+  (g)nonien],  n.,  a 
surname,  nickname. 

cognomentum,  i  [cognomen],  n.,  a  sur- 
name (rare). 

cognosco,  see  nosco> 


cogo,  see  ago. 

cohaereo,  see  haereo. 

cohors,  hortis,  f .,  a  cohort  (the  tenth  part 

of  a  legion) . 
cohortatio,  onis  [cohortor] ,  f .,  the  act  of 

encouraging,  exhortation. 
cohortor,  see  hortor. 
Collatinus,  i,  m.,  L.  Tarquinius,  the 

husband  of  Lucretia  and  one  of  the 

first  two  consuls  B.C.  509. 
collis,  is,  m.,  a  hill. 

colo,  ere,  ui,  cultus,  to  cultivate;  dioell; 
cherish,  worship,  honor. 

in  — incolo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  dwell,  set- 
tle, inhabit. 

colonia,  ae  [colo],  f.,  a  colony,  settle- 
ment. 

color,  oris,  m.,  color,  complexion. 
columna,  ae,  f.,  a  column,  pillar. 
comburo,  see  uro. 
comedo,  see  edo. 

comes,  itis  [con  +  eo],  m.  and  f .,  a  com- 
panion. 

comitas,  atis  [comis,  friendly],  f.,  good 
nature ,  frioidliness. 

comitium,  i  [con  +  eo],  n.,  the  place 
near  the  Roman  Forum  where  the 
voters  assembled;  comitia,  the  as- 
sembly of  the  people. 

comitor,  ari,  atus  [comes],  to  accom- 
pany. 

commeatus,  iis  [commeo],  m.,  passing 

back  and  forth,  trip  ;  provisions. 
commemoro,   are,   avi,  atus   [con  + 

memor] ,  to  call  to  mind,  mention,  tell. 
commendo,  see  mando. 
commentarius,  i  [commentor,  to  think 

ovei^],  m.,  a  note-book;  usually  plur., 

memoirs,  records. 
commenticius  [comminiscor,  to  invent] , 

adj.,  invented,  feigned,  imaginary, 

forged. 

commentus  [comminiscor],  adj.,  false, 

feigned. 

commeo,  are,  avi,  atug,  to  pass  to  and 
fro. 


VOCABULARY. 


267 


comminus  [con  +  manus],  adv.,  hand-to 
hand,  at  close  quarters. 

committo,  see  mitto. 

Commius,  i,  m.,  a  chief  of  the  Atrebates. 

commodate  [commodo,  adjust],  adv., 
jitthigly  (only  one  occurrence). 

commode  [commodus],  adv.,./?^/?/,  easily, 
conveniently  (very  rare). 

commodum,  i  [commodus],  n.,  conven- 
ience, advantage,  utility. 

commodus,  adj.,  convenient,  easy. 

commoveo,  see  moveo. 

communico,  are,  avi,  atus  [commu- 
nis] ,  to  shai^e  with,  communicate, 
plan. 

communis,  e  [con  +  munus],  adj.,  com- 
mon; ordinary;  public;  res  com- 
munis, the  public  interest. 

commutatio,  onis  [commuto],  f.,  a 
change. 

commuto,  see  muto. 

comoedia,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  comedy. 

compared,  see  pareo. 

1.  comparo,  see  paro. 

2.  comparo,  are,  avi,  atus  [compar, 
like] ,  to  compare. 

compavesco,  see  pavesco. 
compello,  see  pello. 

comperio,  ire,  peri,  pertus,  to  learn, 
discover. 

compertus   [comperio],   adj.,  known, 

certain. 
jompleo,  see  pleo. 

complexus,  iis  [complector,  to  em- 
brace], m.,  surrounding,  embrace. 

complures,  a  or  ia  [con  +  pliis],  adj., 
several,  many,  very  many. 

compono,  see  pono. 

comporto,  see  porto. 

compositus  [compono],  adj.,  invented, 
pjretended. 

comprehendo,  see  prehendo. 

compresse  [comprimo,  to  compress], 
adv.,  presslngly,  urgently  (only  comp.). 

comprobo,  see  probo. 

concavus  adj.,  hollow. 


concedo,  see  cedo. 
concerpo,  see  carpo. 
concido,  see  cado. 
concido,  see  caedo. 

concilio,  are,  avi,  atus  [concilium], 

to  10 in  over,  reconcile ;  obtain,  bring 
about. 

concilium,  i  [con  +  calo,  call],  n.,  as- 
sembly, council. 

concito,  see  cito. 

concliido,  see  claudo. 

concupisco,  ere,  pivi  (ii),itus  [cupio], 
to  long  for,  strive  for. 

concurro,  see  curro. 

concursus,  us  [concurro],  m.,  a  con- 
course; charge,  engagement. 

condemn©,  see  damno. 

condicio,  onis  [condico,  to  agree],  f., 
a  condition,  state ;  terms,  stipula- 
tion. 

condiscipulatus,  us  [condiscipulus] ,  m., 

coiiipanlonship  at  school. 

condiscipulus,  i  [con  +  discipulus, 
scholar],  m.,  schoolmate. 

conditor,  oris  [condo],  m.,  a  founder,  in- 
ventor, writer. 

condo,  see  do. 

conecto,  see  necto. 

confercio,  ire,  fertus  [farcio,  to  stuff], 

to  croivd  together. 
confero,  see  fero. 

confestim,  adv.,  immediately,  at  once, 

ivithout  delay. 
conficio,  see  facio. 

confidentia,  ae  [confido],  f.,  confidence, 
boldness. 

confido,  see  fido. 

configo,  see  figo. 

confirmo,  see  firmo. 

confiteor,  see  fateor. 

conflictatio,  onis  [conflicto],  f.,  a  con- 
flict, struggle. 

conflictio,  onis  [confligo],  f.,  a  collision, 
conflict. 

conflicto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  con- 
fligo], to  strike  together;  annoy. 


268 


VOCABULARY. 


confligo,  see  fligo. 
confluo,  see  fluo. 
confodio,  see  fodio. 
confugio,  see  fugio. 
confundo,  see  fundo. 
congero,  see  gero. 

conglobo,  are,  avi,  atus  [globus,  ball], 

to  roll  together. 
congredior,  see  gradior. 
congrego,  are,  avi,  atus  [con  +  grex], 

to  collect,  unite. 
congressus,  us  [congredior],  m.,  aii 

encounter,  meeting. 
congruo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  coincide. 
conicio,  see  iacio. 
conitor,  see  nitor. 

coniuncte,  adv.  [coniunctus],  together, 
conjointly  ;  in  friendly  manner. 

coniunctim  [coniungo],  adv.,  jointly, 
together. 

coniungo,  see  iungo. 

coniunx,  coniugis  [coniungo],  m.  and  f., 
a  husband,  lolfe. 

coniuratio,  onis  [coniuro],  f.,  a  conspir- 
acy, plot. 

coniuro,  see  iuro. 

conlabefio,  fieri,  f actus  sum,  to  totter, 

be  overthrown  (rare), 
conlaudo,  see  laudo. 
conlega,  ae  [conligo],  m.,  one  chosen  at 

the  same  time,  a  colleague. 
conligo,  see  lego, 
conloco,  see  loco. 

conloquium,  i  [conloquor],  n.,  an  inter- 
view, conference. 

conloquor,  see  loquor. 

conluceo,  ere,  — ,  —  [con  +  lux],  to  shine, 
glow. 

Conor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  try. 
conquiro,  see  quaero. 
conscendo,  see  scando. 
conscientia,  ae  [con+  scio] ,  f .,  conscious- 
ness, knowledge ;  conscience. 
conscisco,  see  scisco. 
conscribo,  see  scribo. 
conscriptus  [conscribo],  adj.,  enrolled; 


plur.  with  patres  or  as  noun,  sena- 
tors. 

consecro,  see  sacro. 

consector,  ari,  atus  sum  [con  +  sector 
from  sequor],  to  follow  hard^  chase, 
pursue. 

consenesco,  ere,  senui  [senex],  to  grow 
old  or  weak ;  waste  away ;  fade. 

consensus,  us  [consentio],  m.,  consent, 
assent,  united  opinion;  ex  communi 
consensu,  by  common  consent. 

consentio,  see  sentio. 

consequor,  see  sequor. 

consero,  see  2,  sero. 

conservo,  see  servo. 

considero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  inspect,  re- 
flect, consider. 
consido,  sidere,  sedi,  sessus  [con  +  sido, 

sit],  to  sit,  stop,  encamp;  establish 
one's  self,  settle. 
consilium,  i  [consulo],  n.,  apian,  advice; 
counsel,  to  isdom  ;  authority;  council; 
consilium  capere  or  inire,  to  form  a 
plan. 

consimilis,  e  [con  +  similis],  adj.,  ZiA:e, 

similar. 
consist©,  see  sisto. 

conspectus,  us  [conspicio],  m.,  sights 

presence. 
conspicio,  see  *specio. 
conspicor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  see,  observe. 
conspiro,  see  spiro. 

constantia,  ae  [consto],  f.,  firmness; 

constancy,  resolution. 
consterno,  are,  avi,  atus  [con  -j-sterno, 

strike],  to  terrify,  alarm. 
constituo,  see  statuo. 
consto,  see  sto. 
consuesco,  see  suesco. 
consuetiido,  inis  [consuesco],  f.,  habit, 

custom,  manner. 
consul,  ulis,  m.,  a  consul.   The  usual 

name  of  the  two  highest  officials  of  the 

Roman  republic.    They  were  elected 

annually,  and  their  names  were  used 

in  place  of  a  date. 


VOCABULARY. 


269 


consularis,  e  [consul],  adj.,  of  a  consul, 
of  consular  rank;  as  noun,  an  ex- 
consul. 

consulatus,  us  [consul],  m.,  consulate, 
consulship. 

consulo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  aonsult,  con- 
sider;  counsel,  give  advice  to ;  provide 
for ;  asJc  advice  of. 

consulto  [consulo],  adv.,  purposely. 

consults,  are,  avi,  atus  [consulo],  to 
consider,  deliberate. 

consult um,  i  [consulo],  n.,  resolution, 
decree. 

consultus  [consulo],  adj.,  experienced, 
learned ;  iuris  consultus,  a  lawyer. 

consumo,  see  sumo. 

consurgo,  see  surgo. 

contagio,  onis  [contingo],  f.,  contact, 
contagion. 

contemno,  see  temno. 

contemplatio,  onis  [contemplor,  to  gaze 
at'],  f.,  survey,  contemplation. 

contemptus,  us  [contemno],  m.,  con- 
tempt. 

contendo,  see  tendo. 

contentio,  onis  [contendo],  f.,  exertion, 
struggle ;  contest,  contention. 

contentus  [contineo],  adj.,  content,  sat- 
isfied. 

contestor,  see  testor. 

contexo,  see  texo. 

continens,  entis  [contineo],  adj.,  lying 
near,  continuous;  connected,  uninter- 
rupted; temperate. 

continens,  entis  (sc.  terra),  f.,  the  con- 
tinent, mainland. 

continenter  [continens],  adv.,  continu- 
ally, without  interimption. 

continentia,  ae  [continens],  f.,  self-re- 
straint, moderation. 

contineo,  see  teneo. 

contingo.  see  tango. 

continuus  [con  +  teneo],  adj.,  succes- 
sive, uninterrupted. 

contio,  onis  [contr.  from  conventio, 
assembling],  f.,  assembly  ;  an  address. 


contra,  prep,  with  ace,  against,  opposite 
to,  contrary  to;  adv.,  on  the  other 
hand;  contra  atque,  contrary  to 
what. 

contradico,  see  dico. 

contraho,  see  traho. 

contrarius  [contra],  adj.,  opposite,  co7i- 
trary. 

controversia,  ae  [contra  +  verto],  f., 

dispute,  controversy . 
contumelia,  ae,  f.,  insult,  indignity; 

violence,  rudeness. 
convenio,  see  venio. 

conversio,  onis  [converto],  i.,  a  return, 

turning  back. 
converto,  see  verto. 
convexo,  see  vexo. 

conviva,  ae  [con- vivo],  m.,  a  table-guest, 
guest. 

convivium,  i  [con-vivo],  n.,  a  feast. 
convoco,  see  voco. 
coorior,  see  orior. 

copia,  ae  [co(n)+ops],  f.,  abundance, 

supply;        troops,  supplies;  means, 

force,  wealth. 
copula,  ae  [con  +  apo,  bind],  f.,  a  bond 

of  union ;  grappling  iron. 
cor,  cordis,  n.,  the  heart ;  cordi  esse,  to 

be  dear. 

coram  [con  +  os],  adv.,  in  presence  of, 
before  the  eyes  of,  in  person. 

Corcyra,  ae,  f.,  a  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  Epirus,  modern  Corfu. 

Corcyraeus,  adj.,  pe7^taining  to  Cor- 
cyra. 

Coriolanus,  i,  m.,  the  surname  of  Q. 
Marcius,  the  conqueror  of  Corioli  B.C. 
493. 

Corioli,  orum,  m.,  an  ancient  town  in 
Latium  belonging  to  the  Volscians. 

corium,  i,  n.,  a  skin,  hide. 

Cornelius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  large 
and  important  gens  at  Rome.  See 
Balbus,  Cinna,  Faustus,  Gallus,  Len- 
tulus,  Merula,  Nepos,  Rufinus,  Scipio, 
Sulla. 


270 


VOCABULARY. 


cornu,  us,  n.,  a  horn;  trumpet ;  wing  (of 
an  army) . 

corona,  ae,  f.,  a  croii^n;  garland;  sub 
corona  vendere,  to  sell  into  slavery. 

coronarius  [corona],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
a  wreath. 

corono,  are,  avi,  atus  [corona],  croivn. 

corpus,  oris,  n.,  a  body. 

corrumpo,  see  rumpo. 

Corvinus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

See  Corvus. 
corvus,  i,  m.,  a  raven. 
Corvus,  i,  m.,  M.  Valerius,  a  celebrated 

Roman  hero,  twice  dictator,  six  times 

consul;  born  about  371  B.C. 
cos,  cotis,  f .,  a  whetstone. 
coss.,  contraction  for  consulibus. 
cotidianus  [cotidie],  adj.,  daily ;  usual, 

customary . 
cotidie  [quot  +  dies],  adv.,  daily,  each 

day. 

Cotta,  ae,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

1.  C.  Aurelius  Cotta  was  consul  b.c. 
200. 

2.  L.  Aurunculeius  Cotta  was  an 
officer  in  Caesar's  Gallic  army. 

Cous,  adj.,  of  Cos,  an  island  near  the 

coast  of  Caria. 
Crassinus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 

Claudian  gens. 

1.  App.  Claudius  Crassinus  was  one 
of  the  decemviri  b.c.  451,  the  hero  in 
the  famous  story  of  Virginia. 

2.  App.  Claudius  Crassinus  was 
consul  B.C.  349. 

crassitude,  inis  [crassus,  thick],  f., 

thickness. 
Crassus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

1.  P.  Licinius  Crassus,  a  lieuten- 
ant in  Caesar's  army,  son  of  the  tri- 
umvir. 

2.  M\  Otacilius  Crassus  was  consul 
the  second  time  B.C.  246. 

3.  M.  Licinius  Ci-assus,  the  trium- 
vir, consul  B.C.  70,  famous  for  his 
enormous  wealth. 


creber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  crowded,  nu- 
merous, frequent. 

credo,  ere,  credidi,  itus,  to  believe, 
trust,  think  ;  intrust,  commend  to. 

credulitas,  atis  [credo]  f.,  credulity. 

cremo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  burn. 

creo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  create,  ynake,  be- 
get; elect,  declare  elected. 

pro  — procreo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
beget. 

crepitus,  us  [crepo,  to  sound],  m.,  a  ?mst- 
ling. 

cresco,  ere,  crevi,  cretus,  gi^ow,  in- 
crease;  become  influential,  prosper. 
ad  — accresco,  ere,  crevi,  cretus, 

to  grow,  increase. 
Creta,  ae,  a  large  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, south  of  Greece,  modern 
Candia. 

Cretenses,  ium,  m.,  Cretans,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Crete. 

crimen,  inis  [cerno],  n.,  accusation, 
slander ;  fault,  crime,  offense. 

Crotoniates,  ae,  m.,  an  iyihabitant  of 
Croton,  a  Greek  town  in  southern 
Italy. 

Crotoniensis,  is,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Cro- 
ton. 

cruciatus,  us  [crucio],  m.,  torture, 
cruelty,  suffering. 

crucio,  are,  avi,  atus  [crux,  cross],  to 
crucify,  torment. 

ex  —  excrucio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
torment,  torture. 

criidelitas,  atis  [criidelis,  cruel],  f.. 
cruelty. 

crus,  cruris,  n.,  a  leg. 

Crustumini,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants 
of  Crustumeria,  21.  town  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Sabines,  north  of  Rome. 

cubiculum,  i  [cubo,  lie  down],  m.,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

cubile,  is  [cubo,  lie  down],  n.,  a  bed. 
cubitum,  i,  n.,  the  elbow. 
culmen,  inis,  n.,  height,  top. 
culpa,  ae,  f.,  blame,  fault. 


VOCABULARY. 


271 


cultor,  oris  [colo],  m.,  a  cultivator ;  wor- 
shipper. 

cultus,  us  [colo],  m.,  cultivation,  wor- 
ship ;  culture,  training ;  mode  of  life ; 
dress,  splendor. 

cum,  prep.,  loith,  together  ivith. 

cum,  conj.,  ivhen,  after,  since,  although ; 

cum  primum,  as  soon  as;  cum  .  .  . 
.  tum,  both  .  .  .  and,  not  only  .  .  .  but 
also. 

*cumbo,  same  root  as  cubo,  are,  ui, 
itum,  to  lie. 
6b  —  occumbo,  ere,  cubui,  cubitum, 

to  fall  (in  death) . 

pro  —  procumbo,  ere,  cubui,  cubi- 
tum, to  lie  doiun,  sink,  fall  forward ; 
fall,  sink  down,  be  beaten  doion. 

sub  —  succumbo,   ere,    cubui,  to 
yield,  succumb. 
cumulus,  i,  m.,  a  heap,  pile,  mass. 
cunctatio,  onis  [cunctor],  f.,  delay ,  hesi- 
tation. 

cunctor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  linger,  hesi- 
tate, doubt. 
cunctus  [coniunctus,  con  +  iungo],  adj., 

all  together,  all. 

cuneus,  i,  m.,  a  ivedge ;  wedge-shaped 
body  of  troops. 

cupide  [cupidus],  adv.,  eagerly,  zeal- 
ously. 

cupiditas,  atis  [cupidus],  f.,  desire^ 
longing ;  greediness,  avarice. 

cupido,  inis,  f.,  wish,  longing. 

cupidus  [cupio],  adj.,  desirous,  fond, 
eager. 

cupio,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  long  for, 

desire,  covet;  loish  well  to. 
cur,  adv.,  ivhy?  for  lohat  purpose? 
cura,  ae,  f.,  care,  concern. 
curatio,  onis  [euro],  f.,  the  taking  care 

of,  administration ;  cure. 
curia,  ae,  f.,  the  senate-house  at  Rome. 
Curiosolites,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the 

north-western  coast  of  Gaul. 
Curius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 

See  Dentatus. 


euro,  are,  avi,  atus  [cura,  care],  to  care 
for,  provide  for ;  attend  to,  arrange. 

pro  —  prociiro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
look  after,  superintend. 
curro,  currere,  cucurri,  cursus,  to  run. 

con  —  concurro,  currere,  (cu)curri, 
cursus,  to  run  together,  run  up,  rush, 
chargz;  meet,  coincide. 

de  — decurro,  currere,  (cu)curri, 
cursus,  to  run  down,  hasten. 

ob  —  occurro,  currere,  (cu)curri, 
cursus,  ran  to  meet;  meet  ivith,  en- 
counter; withstand;  occur. 

per  —  percurro,  currere,  (cu)curri 
or  curri,  cursus,  to  run  through. 

pro  —  procurro,  ere,  (cu)curri,  cur- 
sum,  to  run  forward. 

sub  —  succurro,  curri,  cursus,  to 
run  to  help,  succor. 
currus,  iis  [curro],  m.,  a  chariot. 
cursor,  oris   [curro],  m.,  a  runner, 
courier. 

Cursor,  oris,  m.,  L.  Papirius,  a  cele- 
brated general ;  consul  six  times  ; 
dictator  the  second  time  B.C.  309. 

cursus,  us  [curro],  m.,  running,  speed; 
course,  voyage;  cursum  tenere,  to 
hold  a  straight  course. 

curulis,  e  [currus],  adj.,  of  a  chariot; 
sella  curulis,  official  chair. 

custodia,  ae  [custos],  f.,  care,  guard, 
custody. 

custodio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [custos],  to  guard, 

defend,  keep. 
custos,  odis,  m.  and  f.,  a  guards  keeper, 

defender,  attendant.         [but  one  eye. 
Cyclops,  opis,  m.,  mythical  giants  having 
Cynicus,  i,  m.,  Cynic. 
Cyrenaei,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 

Cyrene,  a  Greek  city  on  the  coast  of 

Africa,  west  of  Egypt. 

D. 

D.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Decimus. 
D.  =  500. 


272 


VOCABULARY. 


Daci,  orum,  m.,  the  Dacians,  a  people 

living  on  the  north  of  tlie  Danube, 
damno,  are,  avi,  atus  [damnum],  to 

condemn,  sentence;  bind,  compel; 
censuj^. 

con  —  condemno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

sentence,  condemn. 
damnum,  i,  n.,  injury,  loss,  fine,  pen- 
alty. 

Danuvius,  i,  m.,  the  Danube. 

Dareus  (Darius),  i,  m.,  the  name  of 
several  Persian  kings.  Darius  I.,  the 
son  of  Hystaspes,  reigned  b.c.  521- 
485. 

Datis,  idis,  m.,  a  Persian  commander, 

defeated  at  Marathon, 
de,  prep,  with  abl.,/rom;  in;  of,  about, 

C07ice7ming,  afte?^  in  accordance  with, 

for. 

debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus  [de+habeo],  oioe, 
ought;  pass.,  be  due;  debet,  debuit 
+  inf.,  ought. 

debilito,  are,  avi,  atus  [debilis,  loeak'], 
to  weaken;  dishearten. 

decedo,  see  cedo. 

decem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten  (X.). 

decemplex,  icis  [plico],  adj.,  tenfold. 

decemvir,  i,  m.,  one  of  a  commission  of 
ten  7nen,  decemvir. 

deceo,  ere,  decui,  — ,  to  be  suitable,  be- 
coming. 

decerno,  see  cerno. 

decerto,  are,  avi,  atus,  -  [decerno] ,  to  go 

through  a  contest,  fight  it  out. 
decessus,  us  [de  +  cedo],  m.,  retreat, 

ivithdrawal ;  ebb. 
decido,  see  cado. 

decimus  [decem],  num.  adj.,  tenth. 
Decimus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 
Decius,  i,  m.,  a  gens  name.    See  Mus. 
declaro,  are,  avi,  atus  [de  +  clarus], 

to  make  clear,  declare,  proclaim. 

declivis,  e  [de  +  clivus,  slope'],  adj.,  slop- 
ing dow7iwards,  descending . 

decoro,  are,  avi,  atus  [decus,  honor],  to 
decorate,  distinguish. 


decretum,  i  [decerno],  n.,  a  decree,  deci- 
sion; decreto  stare,  to  abide  by  the 
decision. 

decumanus  [decimus],  adj.,  decuman; 
decumana  porta,  the  main  gate  of  the 
camp  near  the  quarters  of  the  tenth 
cohort. 

decurro,  see  curro. 

dedecus,  oris  [de  + decus,  honor],  n., 

disgrace,  dishonor. 
dedico,  see  dico. 

dediticius  [dedo],  adj.,  having  surren- 
dered; as  noun,  one  who  has  surren- 
dered, a  subject. 

deditio,  onis  [dedo] ,  f.,  a  surrender. 

dedo,  see  do. 

deduco,  see  duco.  • 
defatigo,  see  fatigo. 

defectio,  onis   [deficio],  f.,  defection, 

revolt ;  deficiency,  failure. 
defends,  ere,  fendi,  fensus,  to  wa^xl 

off,  i^epel ;  defend,  protect. 
defensor,  oris  [defendo],  m.,  a  defender. 
defero,  see  fero. 
deficio,  see  facio. 
defigo,  see  figo. 
definio,  see  finio. 
defodio,  see  fodio. 

deformis,  e   [de  + forma],   adj.,  de- 
formed, inisshapen. 
defugio,  see  fugio. 
defungor,  see  fungor. 
degredior,  see  gradior. 
dehortor,  see  hortor. 
deicio,  see  iacio. 

deiectus,  iis  [deicio],  m.,  a  descent ^  slope, 

depression. 
deiero,  see  iuro. 

deinceps  [deinde  +  capio] ,  adv.,  one 

after  the  other,  successively;  next, 
moreover. 

deinde  or  dein  [de  +  inde],  adv.,  after- 
ivards,  next,  then,  thereafter. 

deiurium,  i  [de  +  iuro],  n.,  an  oath 
(occurs  only  once  in  Latin). 

delabor,  see  labor. 


VOCABULARY. 


273 


delecto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  de- 

licio],  delight y  please. 
delego,  see  lego. 

deleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  destroy,  overthrow, 
ruin. 

delibero,  are,  avi,  atus    [de  + libra, 

balance],  weigh  (consider)  well,  delib- 
erate, ponder,  consult. 

deligo,  see  lego. 

deligo,  see  ligo. 

deliro,  are,  — ,  —  [delirus  from  lira, 

a  fwToiv],  to  be  deranged,  rave. 
delitisco,  ere,  ui— [de  +late6,  hide],  to 

lark,  he  concealed,  lie  in  wait. 
Delphi,  orum,  m.,  a  town  of  Phocis  in 

Central   Greece,  renowned   for  the 

oracle  of  Apollo, 
delubrum,  i,  n.,  a  sanctuary,  shrine. 
demergo,  see  mergo. 
demeto,  see  meto. 
demigro,  see  migro. 
demiror,  see  miror. 
demo,  see  emo. 
demonstro,  see  monstro. 
denarro,  see  narro. 

deni,  ae,  a  [decem],  distrib.  num.,  ten 

by  ten,  ten  each. 
denique,  adv.,  at  last,  finally  ;  briefly,  in 

fine. 

densus,  adj.,  thick,  dense,  crowded. 

Dentatus,  i,  m.,  M,  (M\)  Curius,  a 
Roman  general  in  the  wars  with  the 
Samnites  and  Pyrrhus,  renowned  for 
his  simplicity  and  frugality.  Died 
B.C.  270. 

denuntio,  see  nuntio. 

denuo  [de  +novo],  adv.,  anew,  again. 

deorsum  [de  +  vorsum,  verto],  adv., 
downwards,  doion  beloio. 

depello,  see  pello. 

depereo,  see  eo. 

depono,  see  pono. 

deporto,  see  porto. 

deprecatio,  onis  [deprecor,  to  pray],  i., 
warding  off  by  prayer;  supplication; 
intercession. 


deprehendo,  see  prehendo. 
deprimo,  see  premo. 
depugno,  see  pugno. 
derideo,  see  rideo. 
derogo,  see  rogo. 
descendo,  see  scando. 
descisco,  see  scisco. 
describo,  see  scribo. 
desero,  see  2.  sero. 

desertor,  oris  [desero],  m.,  a  deserter. 
desertus  [desero],  adj.,  desert,  solitary. 
desiderium,  i  [desidero],  n.,  desire,  long- 
ing. 

desidero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  wish,  want ; 

lack;  long  for;  demand. 
desidia,  ae  [de  +  sedeo],  f.,  idleness. 
desilio,  see  salio. 
desino,  see  sino. 

desipio,  ere,  — ,  —  [sapio,  tohe  wise],  to 

be  foolish,  trifl,e. 
desisto,  see  sisto. 

despectus,  iis  [despicio],  m.,  a  looking 
doion  upon,  view. 

desperatio,  onis  [despero],  f.,  despair. 

despero,  see  spero. 

despicio,  see  *specio. 

destino,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  fasten,  hirid. 

destituo,  see  statuo. 

desuetiido,  inis  [de  +  suesco],  f.,  dis- 
use. 

desum,  see  sum. 
detego,  see  tego. 

deter geo,  ere,  tersi,  tersus  [de  +  tergeo, 

rub],  to  ivipe  off,  remove,  cleanse, 
empty. 

determinatio,  onis  [terminus,  end],  f., 

a  limit,  boundary. 
deterreo,  see  terreo. 
detineo,  see  teneo. 
detraho,  see  traho. 

detrimentum,  i  [de  +  tero,  loear  away], 

n.,  loss;  ha7vn,  defeat. 
detriido,  see  trudo. 
deturbo,  see  turbo, 
deuro,  see  uro. 
deus,  i,  m.,  a  god,  divinity,  ■ 


274 


VOCABULARY. 


devenio,  see  venio. 
devincio,  see  vincio. 
devinco,  see  vinco. 
devoveo,  see  voveo. 

dexter,  era,  erum,  and  tra,  trum,  adj., 

r igli t ;  0 n  th e  ri glith a n d . 

dextra,  ae  [dexter],  f.,  the  right  hand ; 
a  promise,  pledge. 

Diablintres,  um,  m.,  a  Gallic  tribe,  allies 
of  the  Veneti. 

Dialis,  e,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Jupiter. 

Diana,  ae,  f.,  the  goddess  of  the  chase, 
sister  of  Apollo,  and  identified  with 
the  goddess  of  the  moon. 

dico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dedicate,  conse- 
crate, vow;  dicare  in  clientelam,  to 
proclaim  themselves  clients. 

ab  — abdico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dis- 
oivn,  reject,  abandon. 

de —  dedico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dedi- 
cate. 

prae  —  praedico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

say  openly,  assert,  proclaim,  report; 
boast. 

dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  to  say,  speak, 
tell;  assent,  promise;  appoint,  call; 
causam  dicere,  to  plead  a  case. 

contra  —  contradico,  ere,  dixi,  dic- 
tus, to  contradict,  oppose. 

ex  —  edico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  to  make 
knoicn,  command.  . 

in  —  indico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  to  pro- 
claim, declare  ;  appoint. 

inter  —  inter  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus, 
to  forbid,  exclude,  interdict. 

prae  —  praedico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus, 
to  predict,  foreioarn;  charge,  com- 
mand. 

dictator,  oris  [dicto],  m.,  a  dictator ;  a 
magistrate  with  supreme  power,  chosen 
at  times  of  extreme  peril. 

dictatura,  ae  [dictator],  f.,  the  office  of 
dictator. 

dictito,  are,  avi,  atus  [dico],  to  assert. 
dicto,  are,  avi,  atus  [iter,  of  dico],  to 

say  often,  declare. 


diduco,  see  diico. 

dies,  diei,  m.  and  sometimes  in  the  sing, 
f.,  day,  time;  multo  die,  late  in  the 
day  ;  in  dies,  from  day  to  day. 

differ© ,  see  fero. 

difficilis,  e  [dis  neg.  +facilis],  adj.,  dif- 
ficult, hard ;  morose,  moody. 

difficultas,  atis  [difficilis],  f.,  difficulty. 

diffissus  [diffindo,  cleave],  adj.,  split, 
cloven. 

diffugio,  see  fugio. 

diffundo,  see  fundo. 

digitus,  i,  m.,  a  finger. 

dignitas,  atis  [dignus],  f.,  value,  merit; 
rank,  dignity. 

dignor,  ari,  atus  sum  [dignus],  to  deem 
luorthy,  deign,  condescend. 

dignus,  adj.,  loorth,  luorthy,  deserving. 

digredior,  see  gradior. 

diiudico,  see  iudico. 

dilacero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tear  in  pieces 
(late). 

dilectus,  iis  [diligo],  m.,  a  .selection,  levy. 

diligens,  entis  [diligo],  adj.,  careful, 
diligent;  attentive;  sparing ;  fond  of . 

diligenter  [diligens],  adv.,  carefully,  ex- 
actly. 

diligentia,  ae  [diligens],  f.,  diligence,  ac- 
tivity, ear  nes  t  ness . 

diligo,  see  lego. 

dimetior,  see  metior. 

dimicatio,  onis  [dimico],  f.,  a  combat, 
struggle. 

dimico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  fight. 

dimidius  [dis  +  medius],  adj.,  half;  as 
noun,  dimidium,  i,  n.,  a  half. 

dimitto,  see  mitto. 

Diogenes,  is,  m.,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
the  fourth  century  B.C.,  surnamed  the 
Cynic. 

Dionysius,  i,  m.,  the  tyrant  of  Syracuse, 

B.C.  431-367. 
directe  [directus],  2idY., straight,  directly. 
directus  [dirigo],  adj.,  direct,  straight, 

.steep. 
diripio,  see  rapio. 


VOCABULARY. 


275 


iiruo,  see  ruo. 

Dis,  itis,  m.,  the  god  of  the  lower  world, 
the  Greek  Pluto. 

discedo,  see  cedo. 

discerpo,  see  carpo. 

discindo,  see  scindo. 

disciplina,  ae  [disco],  f.,  learning ^  in- 
struction, discipline ;  system. 

discludo,  see  claudo. 

disco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  to  learn. 

ex  —  edisco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  to  learn 
thoroughly ,  commit  to  memory. 

per  —  perdisco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  to 
learn  thoj^oughly ,  get  by  heart. 

discrimen,  inis  [dis  +  cerno],  n.,  dis- 
tinction, difference. 

disicio,  see  iacio. 

dis-palor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  wander 
about,  straggle,  he  scattered  (rare). 

dispar,  paris  [dis  +  par],  adj.,  unequal, 
unlike,  different. 

dispenso,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  manage, 

dispergo,  see  spargo.  [adjust. 

displiceo,  see  placeo. 

dispono,  see  pono. 

disputo,  see  puto. 

dissensio,  onis  [dissentio],  f.,  diference 

of  opinion,  dissension. 
dissentio,  see  sentio. 
dissideo,  see  sedeo. 

dissimilis,  e  [dis  +  similis] ,  adj.,  dis- 
similar, unlike. 

dissimulo,  see  simulo. 

dissipo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  scatter,  dissi- 
pate. 

dissolvo,  see  solvo. 

distinctio,  onis  [distinguo],  f.,  difference , 

variation. 
distinguo,  see  stinguo. 
distribuo,  see  tribuo. 
diu,  adv.,  long,  for  a  lo7ig  time;  quam 

diu,  as  long  as. 
diutius,  comp.  of  diu. 
diuturnitas,  atis  [diuturnus],  f.,  long 

continuance,  length  of  time. 
diuturnus  [divi],  adj., prolonged. 


divello,  ere,  velli,  vulsus  [dis  +  vello, 

pull],  to  rend,  tear  apart. 

diversus  [diverto],  adj.,  scattered,  sep- 
arate; different;  contrary ,  opposed  to. 

dives,  itis;  comp.  ditior  or  divitior; 
sup.  ditissimus,  adj.,  rich. 

Dives,  itis,  m.,  the  personification  of 
wealth. 

divide,  ere,  visi,  visus,  to  divide,  sepa- 
rate. 

divinitus  [divinus],  adv.,  by  divine 
ag?ncy,  by  inspiration ;  pi^ovidentially . 

divino,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  prophesy. 

divinus  [divus],  adj.,  divine,  saci^ed. 

divisor,  oris  [divido],  m.,  one  who  dis- 
tributes, an  executor. 

divitiae,  arum  [dives],  f.,  wealth,  riches. 

divus,  adj.,  divine  ;  as  noun,  a  god.  An 
epithet  given  to  the  Roman  emperors 
after  death. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  to  give,  put, place ; 
furnish,  yield;  dare  negotium,  to 
commission,  direct ;  dare  in  fugam, 
to  put  to  flight ;  dare  manus,  to  yield ; 
dare  operam,  to  attend  to ;  dare  poe- 
nas,  to  pay  the  penalty  ;  dare  verba, 
to  deceive. 

ab  — abdo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
aivay,  hide. 

ab  +  con  — abscondo,  dere,  di,  di- 
tus, to  hide. 

ad  — addo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  add, 
join  to. 

circum  —  circumdo,    dare,  dedi, 
datus,  to  place  around,  surround. 
con  — condo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 

together,  compose,  build,  found ;  con- 
ceal. 

de  —  dedo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  give 
up,  surrender ;  devote. 

ex  —  edo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
forth,  shoiv,  elevate;  bear,  pi^oduce. 

in  —  indo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
into,  confer,  apply. 

per  — perdo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  to  lose^ 
destroy,  ruin,  waste. 


276 


VOCABULARY. 


pro  — prodo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to 

give  ov  put  forth,  make  knovm ;  hand 
down;  hetray,  surrender. 

re  — reddo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to 
give  hack,  return:  render. 

re  +  con  —  recondo,  dere,  didi, 
ditus,  to  lay  up,  hide. 

trans  —  tr ado,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  to 
give  over,  give  up,  deliver,  surrender ; 
intrust;  transmit;  traditur,  it  is 
said. 

doceo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  teach,  point  out. 

docilitas,  atis  [docilis,  teachable],  f., 
do cillty,  te a ch ableness. 

doctrina,  ae  [doceo],  f.,  teaching ;  knowl- 
edge ;  principle. 

dodrans,  antis  [de  +  quadrans] ,  m., 
a  quarter  off ;  three-fourths;  hires  ex 
dodrante,  heir  to  three-fourths. 

dolor,  oris  [doleo,  feel  pain],  m.,pain, 
sorrovj,  distress,  vexation. 

dolus,  i,  m.,  fraud,  guile,  stratagem. 

domesticus  [domus],  adj.,  private,  do- 
mestic; domesticum  bellum,  civil  war. 

domicilium,  i  [domus],  n.,  a  dwelling, 
abode. 

dominatio,  onis  [dominor,  to  rule],  f., 
rule,  control. 

dominus,  i  [domo],  m.,  a  master,  lord. 

Domitius,  i,  m.,  Cn.,  consul  b.c.  32. 

domo,  are,  ui,  itus,  to  tame,  conquer. 
per  — perdomo,  are,  ui,  itus,  to 
subdue,  vanquish. 

domus,  us,  f.,  a  house,  home;  house- 
hold. 

donicum,  conj.,  until  (archaic  and  rare). 

dono,  are,  avi,  atus  [donum],  to  give, 
present,  confer. 

donum,  i  [do],  n.,  a  gift. 

dos,  dotis  [do],  f.,  dowry. 

Druides,  um,  m.,  the  Druids,  priests  of 
the  Gauls  and  Britons. 

dubietas,  atis  [duhius],  f.,  doubt,  hesi- 
tation (late). 

dubitatio,  onis  [dubito],  f.,  doubt,  hesi- 
tation. 


dubito,  are,  avi,  atus  [dubius],  to  he 

unce7'tain,  doubt,  hesitate. 
dubius  [for  du-hibius,  duo-habeo],  adj., 

doubtful,  uncertain. 
ducenti,  ae,  a  [duo  +  centum] ,  adj.,  two 

hundred. 

duco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to  lead;  think, 
consider;  protract,  put  off;  uxorem 
ducere,  to  marry;  vitam  ducere,  to 

live. 

ab  — abduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 

lead  away,  loithdraw. 

ad  — adduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  to,  bring ;  induce,  influence. 

de  — deduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead,  ivithdraiv ;  induce;  launch,  dis- 
embark; uxorem  deducere,  to  bring 
home  as  a  bride. 

dis  — diduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
draw  apart,  separate,  relax. 

ex— educo,  ere,  duxi.  ductus,  to 
lead  out. 

in  — induco,  ere,  diixi,  ductus,  to 

leal  in  or  up;  induce ;  cover,  put  on. 

ob  —  obduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  towards  or  against ;  pass,  spend. 

per  —  perdiico,  ere,  duxi,  ductus, 
to  lead  through,  conduct;  persuade; 
constinict ;  protract. 

pro  —  produco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus, 
to  lead  forward  or  out ;  prolong. 

re  — reduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  back;  draw  back;  remove. 

sub  — subduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus, 
to  draw  away ;  draw  up  on  shore. 

trans —  traduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus, 
to  lead  across,  transport. 
ductus,  lis  [duco],  m.,  leadership. 
dum,  conj.,  while,  until. 
duo,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.,  two  (II.). 
duodecim  [duo  +  decem],  num.  adj., 

twelve  (XII.). 
duodecimus     [duo  +  decimus],  adj., 
tv:elfth. 

duodeni,  ae,  a  [duo  +  deni],  adj.,  twelve 
at  a  time,  by  twelves. 


VOCABULARY. 


277 


duodeviginti,  ae,  a  [duo  +  de+  viginti] , 

num.  adj.,  eighteen  (XVIII.). 

duplex,  icis  [duo  +  plico,  fold],  adj., 
tioofold,  double. 

duplico,  are,  avi,  atus  [duo  +  plico, 
fold],  to  double. 

duritia,  ae  [durus],  f.,  hardness y  hardi- 
ness. 

duro,  are,  avi,  atus  [durus],  to  harden, 

make  hardy. 
durus,  adj.,  hardy  harsh,  difficult. 
Durus,  i,  m.,  Q.  Laberius,  a  tribune  in 

Csesar's  array, 
dux,  ducis  [duco],  m.,  a  leader,  guide, 

commander. 

E. 

e,  ex,  prep.,  with  abl.,  out  of,  from,  in 
accordance  with,  instead  of,  in  conse- 
quence of,  on;  ex  equo  or  equis,  on 
horseback ;  ex  usu,  of  advantage,  ad- 
vantageously. 

ea  [abl.  of  is,  sc.  parte],  adv.,  there,  on 
that  side. 

ecquid  [ecquis],  inter,  adv.,  whether. 
ecqui,  quae(a),  quod,  inter,  adj.  pro., 

is  there  any  ?  any  f 
edico,  see  dico. 

edictum,  i  [edico],  n.,  ayi  edict,  procla- 
mation. 

edisco,  see  disco. 

edo,  ere  (esse),  edi,  esus,  to  eat. 

con  —  comedo,  ere  (esse),  edi,  esus, 
to  eat  up,  devour. 

edo,  see  do. 

1.  educo,  are,  avi,  atus  [2.  educo],  to 
educate. 

2.  educo,  see  duco. 
effascino,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  bewitch. 
effemino,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  f emina] , 

to  make  feminine,  enerva*^,  iv^aken. 

1.  effero,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  ferus],  to 
make  wild. 

2.  effero,  see  fero. 
efficio,  see  facio. 
effugio,  see  fugio. 


effundo,  see  fundo. 

effusus  [effundo],  adj.,  extended,  broad, 
profuse. 

egeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  poor  or  in  need. 
in  —  indigeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  need,  want. 

Egeria,  ae,  f.,  the  nymph  from  whom 
king  Numa  received  revelations. 

egestas,  atis  [egeo],  t.,  poverty,  need. 

ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  I. 

egomet,  pi.  nosmet  [ego  +  met,  inten- 
sive suffix],  emphatic  form  of  ego. 

egredior,  see  gradior. 

egregie  [egregius],  adv.,  unusually  ivell, 
excellently. 

egregius  [e  +  grex,  herd] ,  adj.,  eminent, 
distinguished. 

egressus,  see  egredior. 

egressus,  us  [egredior],  m.,  a  going  out, 
departure,  landing. 

eicio,  see  iacio. 

eiusmodi   [is  +  modus],  adv.,  of  this 

kind,  such. 
elegans,  antis  [elego,  are  for  eligo], 

adj.,  select,  elegant,  polite. 
elegantia,  ae  [elegans],  f.,  taste,  refine^ 

ment,  elegance. 
elephantus,  i,  m.,  the  elephant. 
eligo,  see  lego. 

eloquentia,  ae  [eloquor],  f.,  eloquence. 
eludo,  see  ludo. 

emax,  acis  [emo],  adj.,/o?i(i  of  bmjing. 
emendo  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  mendum, 

fault],  to  amend,  correct. 
emineo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  conspicuous. 
emitto,  see  mitto.  [gain,  take. 

emo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  to  buy, purchase; 
ad  —  adimo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  to 
take  away,  destroy,  deprive  of. 

de  —  demo,  ere,  dempsi,  demptus, 
to  take  away,  remove. 

inter  —  interim© ,  ere,  emi,  emptus, 
to  take  from  the  midst  of,  kill. 

re  — redimo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  to 
buy  back,  redeem,  ?^ansom, 
emorior,  see  morior. 
enascor,  see  nascor. 


278 


YOCABULAEY. 


enim  [nam],  conj.,  for,  in  fact;  fre- 
quently in  the  phrase  sed  enim. 
Ennius,  i,  m.,  Q.,  one  of  the  earliest 

Roman  poets,  B.C.  239-li)9. 
enumero  [numerus],  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

reckon  up,  recount,  enumerate. 
enuntio,  see  nuntio. 
eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  to  go,  march. 

ab  —  abeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itiirus,  to  go 
avmy,  depart. 

ad  — adeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  go 
to,  approach ;  reach,  visit ;  attack, 
encounter;  undertake. 

circum  —  circumeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii) ,  itus, 
to  go  around ;  surround. 

con  —  coeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  come 
together,  assemble,  combine. 

de  +  per  —  depereo,  ire,  ii,  iturus, 
to  perish,  he  lost. 

ex  — exeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  to  go  forth, 
leave. 

in  — ineo,  ire,  ivi  (ii).  itus,  to  enter, 
begin;  inire  numerum,  to  estimate 
the  number. 

inter —  inter eo,  ire  (ii),  iturus,  to 
go  to  waste  ;  die. 

intro  —  introeo,  ire,  ivi,  to  enter. 

ob  —  obeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  to  attend  to, 
perform;  die,  perish. 

per  — pereo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  iturus,  to 
perish,  be  lost,  die. 

praeter  —  praetereo,  ire,  ivi  (ii), 
itus,  to  pass  over,  pass,  omit. 

pro  —  prodeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to 
go  forward,  advance,  come  out. 

re  — redeo,  ire,  ii.  itus,  to  go  back, 
return. 

sub  —  subeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  to  come 
''dp,  draic  near  :  undergo,  suffer. 
trans —  transeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus, 

to  go  across,  cross;  pass  through  or 

by ;  desert. 
eo  [is],  adv.,  thither,  there;  to  such  an 

extent ;  before  comp.,  .so  much  the  — . 
eodem  [idem],  adv.,  to  the  same  place 

ox  purpose. 


epbemeris,  idis  [Greek],  f.,  a  day-book, 

diary. 

Epbesus,  i,  f.,  a  Greek  city  near  the 

coast  of  Asia  Minor. 
Epidaurus,  i,  f.,  a  city  in  Greece  on  the 
Saronic  Gulf,  famous  for  its  temple  of 
Aesculapius, 
i  ephippiatus  [ephippium],  adj.,  using 
I  saddles. 

I  ephippium,  i  [Greek],  n.,  a  saddle. 
]  ephorus,  i  [Greek] ,  m.,  a  Spartan  magis- 
trate. 

Epirus,  i,  f.,  a  country  on  the  Ionian 

Sea,  northwest  of  Greece  proper. 
Epiroticus,  adj.,  of  Epirus. 
1  epistula,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  letter. 
I  epulae,  arum,  i.,a  banquet,  feast. 
\  eques,  itis  [equus],  m.,  a  hor.seman ; 
knight;  pi.,  cavalry ;  magister  equi- 
tum,  a  military  officer,  master  of  the 
horse. 

equester,  tris,  tre  [equus],  adj.,  of  a 

knight,  knightly  ;  of  cavalry,  cavalry. 
equitatus,  iis  [equito],  m.,  cavalry. 
equito,  are,  avi,  atus  [equus],  to  ride. 
per  —  perequito,  are,  avi,  — ,  to  ride 
I  through. 
I  equus,  i,  m.,  a  horse. 
Eratosthenes,  is,  m.,  a  Cyrenian  Greek, 
famous  as  a  mathematician  and  geog- 
rapher; B.C.  2T6-1!>2. 
Eretria,  ae,  f.,  a  town  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  island  Euboea. 
j  erga,  prep,  with  ace,  towards. 
I  ergo,  noun  and  adv.    As  abl.  following 
I      a  gen.,  because  of,  for  the  sake  of ;  as 
j      adv.,  therefore,  then. 
I  erigo,  see  rego. 
eripio,  see  rapio. 

error,  oris  [erro,  u'ander'],  m.,  wander- 
ing :  error,  fault. 

erudio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [rudis,  rough],  to 
polish,  educate. 

eruditus  [erudio],  adj.,  learned,  skilled. 

eruptio,  onis  [erumpo],  f.,  an  outbreak, 
a  sally. 


VOCABULARY. 


279 


Eryx,  cis,  m.,  an  ancient  town  on  the 
western  coast  of  Sicily. 

escendo,  see  scando. 

Esquilinus,  i,  m.  (sc.  collis),  the  largest 
of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome ;  now  the 
heights  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore. 
See  plan,  p.  12. 

essedarius,  i  [essedum],  m.,  a  charioteer, 
one  who  fights  from  a  chariot. 

essedum,  i  [Celtic],  n.,  a  war-chariot. 

et,  conj.,  and,  also,  even;  et  .  .  .  et, 
both  .  .  .  and. 

etiam  [et  +  iam],  conj.,  also,  even. 

etiamsi,  conj.,  even  if,  although. 

etiamtum,  adv.,  even  then,  still. 

Etruria,  ae,  f.,  the  country  of  the  Etrus- 
cans, northwest  of  Latium,  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  the  Tiber. 

Etruscus,  adj.,  Etruscan;  pertaining  to 
Etruria, 

etsi  [et  +  si],  conj.,  although,  even  if. 

Euander,  dri  [Greek,  'Goodman'],  m., 
a  mythical  Acadian  who  settled  near 
the  Palatine  hill  before  Rome  was 
founded. 

Euboea,  ae,  f.,  a  large  island  off  the 

eastern    coast   of    Greece ;  modern 

Negropont. 
Eumenes,  is,  m.,  a  king  of  Pergamum 

in  Asia  Minor,  B.C.  198-158. 
Europa,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  the  continent  of 

Europe,  Europe. 
Eurybiades,  is,  m.,  a  Spartan  admiral 

who  commanded  the  Greek  fleet  at 

the  battle  of  Salamis. 
evado,  see  vado. 
eveho,  see  veho. 
evenio,  see  venio. 

eventus,  us  [evenio],  m.,  outcome^  fate, 

event. 

everbero,  see  verbero. 
evoco,  see  voco. 
ex,  see  e. 

ex-adversum,  prep.,  over  against,  op- 

pjosite. 
exagito,  see  agito. 


examino,    are,    avi,   atus  [examen, 

means  of  weighing],  to  weigh,  con- 
sider, examine. 

exanimatus  [exanimo],  adj.,  breathless. 

exanimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  animo 
from  anima],  to  loealcen,  exhaust ;  kill. 

exardesco,  see  ardesco. 

exaudio,  see  audio. 

excedo,  see  cedo. 

excellenter  [excellens  from  excello], 

adv.,  excellently. 
excello,  ere,  — ,  celsus,  to  be  eminent, 

excel. 

excelsus  [excello],  adj.,  high,  lofty. 
excidium,  i,  n.,  ruin,  destruction. 
excieo,  see  cieo. 
excipio,  see  capio. 
excito,  see  cito. 

exclamo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex clamo] , 

to  cry  out. 

excliido,  see  claudo. 

excogito,  see  agito. 

excors,  cordis  [ex  +  cor],  adj.,  stupid. 

excrucio,  see  crucio. 

excursio,  onis  [ex  +  curro],  f.,  a  fan- 
ning out,  sally  ;  invasion. 

excuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  causa] ,  to 
excuse,  defend. 

exemplum,  i,  n.,  a  specimen,  example. 

exeo,  see  eo. 

exerceo,  see  arceo. 

exercitatio,  onis  [exercito,  freq.  of  ex- 
erceo], t.,  loractice,  training. 

exercitus,  iis  [exerceo],  m.,  an  army. 

exhaurio,  see  haurio. 

exheredo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  heres], 
to  disinherit. 

exbibeo,  see  habeo. 

exigo,  see  ago. 

exiguitas,  atis  [exiguus],  f.,  smallness, 

shortness,  feloness. 
exiguus  [exigo],  adj.,  small,  scanty. 
eximius  [eximo,  take  out],  adj.,  choice, 

uncommon. 
existimatio,  onis  [existimo],  f.,  opinion^ 

judgment ;  character ^  reputation. 


280 


VOCABULARY. 


existimo,  see  aestimo. 
exitialis,  e  [exitium],  adj.,  fatal ,  de- 
structive. 

exitus,  us  [exeo],  m.,  a  going  out,  way 
of  egress ;  result. 

exitium,  i  [exeo],  n.,  destruction,  ruin. 

exordium,  i  [ex  +  ordo],  n.,  a  begin- 
ning. 

exosculor,  see  osculor. 

expavesco,  see  pavesco. 

expedio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus  [ex  +  pes],  to 

set  free;  prepnre,  procure. 

expeditio,  onis  [expedio],  f.,  an  expedi- 
tion, campaign. 

expeditus  [expedio],  adj.,  ready,  unin- 
cumbered; rapid. 

expello,  see  pello. 

expilo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  pillage,  plun- 
der. 

expensum,  i,  n.,  [ex  +  pendo,  weigh], 
ivhat  is  paid  out,  expense ;  ferre  ex- 
pensum, to  enter  as  paid. 

experior,  iri,  pertus  sum,  to  test,  try; 
await,  undergo ;  find,  learn,  know. 

expleo,  see  pleo. 

explico,  see  plico. 

explorator,  oris  [explore],  m.,  a  spy, 
scout. 

exploro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  search  out, 

examine,  choose  out. 
expono,  see  pono. 
exposco,  see  posco. 
expugno,  see  pugno. 
exsanguis,    e    [ex  +  sanguis],  adj., 

bloodless,  pale. 
exsecro,  see  sacro. 

exsilium,  i  [exsul],  n.,  exile,  banishment. 
exsisto,  see  sisto. 

ex-splendesco,  ere,  dui  — ,  [ex  +  splen- 
deo,  shine] ,  to  shine  forth,  be  distin- 
guished. 

exspecto,  see  specto. 

exspiro,  see  spiro. 

exstinguo,  see  stinguo. 

exsto,  see  sto, 

exstruo,  see  struo. 


exsul,  ulis,  m.,  a  person  banished,  exile. 
exsulo,  are,  avi,  atus  [exsul],  to  be  in 

exile. 

exsuperantia,  ae  [ex  +  supero],  i.,  pre- 
eminence, superiority  (rare). 

exsurgo,  see  surgo. 

extabesco,  see  tabesco. 

extemplo  [ex  +  dim.  of  tempus],  adv., 
suddenly,  immediately ,  forthwith. 

exter  or  exterus,  adj  ,  outward,  outer, 
foreign. 

exterebro,  see  terebxo. 

externus  [exter],  adj.,  external, foreign, 
strange. 

extimesco,  ere,  timui  [ex  +  *  timesco j , 

to  dread,  fear  greatly. 
extispex,  icis,  m.,  a  diviner,  by  means 

of  the  entrails  of  animals, 
extorqueo,  see  torqueo. 
extra  [exter] ,  prep,  with  ace,  outside  of, 

beyond,  besides ;  except. 
extraho,  see  traho. 

extrenio  [extremus],  adv.,  at  last, 
finally. 

extremum,  i  [extremus],  n.,  the  end, 

termination. 
extremus  [exter],  adj.,  outermost,  last, 

extreme  ;  at  the  end  of. 
extrinsecus,  adv.,  without,  on  the  out' 

side. 

extrudo,  see  trudo. 
exuro,  see  uro. 

F. 

faber,  fabri,  m.,  an  artisan^  workman, 
smith. 

Fabius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.  See  Licinus,  Maximus,  Vibula- 
nus. 

Fabricius,  i,  m.,  C.  Fabricius  Luscinus, 
a  Roman  statesman  and  general,  prom- 
inent in  the  war  with  Pyrrhus,  and 
famous  for  his  stern  morality  and  sim- 
plicity of  life.  He  was  consul  B.C. 
282,  278. 

fabula,  ae  [for,  speak],  f.,  story ^  tale* 


VOCABULARY. 


281 


facete  [facetus,  humorous],  adv.,  hu- 
morously,  wittily, 

facies,  ei,  f.,  a  form,  appearance,;  coun- 
tenance. 

facile  [facilis],  adv.,  easily,  readily. 

facilis,  e  [facio],  adj.,  easy,  convenient; 
comp.  facilior,  sup.  facillimus. 

facilitas,  atis  [facilis],  f.,  ease,  kindli- 
ness, kindness,  courtesy. 

f acinus,  oris  [facio] ,  n.,  a  deed,  action, 
crime ;  f acinus  (in  se)  admittere,  to 
commit  a  crime. 

facio,  ere,  feci,  f actus,  to  do,  make,  act, 
form;  pass,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum;  see 
Gram.  297,  III.,  2:  142,  a,  h,  c:  173, 
R.  2;  certiorem  facere,  to  inform. 

ad  —  adficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  do 
something  to,  iiiflaence ;  treat,  visit 
loith. 

con  —  conficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 

do  thoroughly,  complete;  wear  out, 
exhaust;  prepare,  collect,  furnish. 

de  —  deficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  fail, 
desert;  be  wanting;  revolt;  pass, 
defio  (a)ways  of  things),  same  as  ac- 
tive. 

ex— efficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 

form,  effect;  accomplish;  render; 
build;  produce. 

in  —  inficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  stain. 

inter —  interficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus, 
to  slay,  kill. 

per  —  perficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 
accomplish,  perfec":. 

prae  — praeficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus, 
to  place  in  command  of,  appoint. 

re  — reficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  re- 
make, repair,  refit;  restore:  recruit. 

sub  — suflB.cio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 
suffice,  appoint  as  successor,  substitute. 
factio,  onis  [facio],  f.,  a  party,  political 

party ,  faction. 
factum,  i  [facio],  n.,  a  deed,  act. 
facultas,  atis  [facilis],  f .,  ability ,  p&wer  ; 
opportunity,  means,  supply;  pi.,  re- 
sources,  stock. 


fagus,  i,  f.,  a  beech  tree, 

Falernus,  i,  adj.,  Falernus  ager,  a  dis- 
trict ill  the  north  of  Campania. 

Falisci,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Faleriiim,  a  town  in  Etruria  near 
Mount  Soracte. 

fallo,  ere,  fefelli,  falsus,  to  deceive,  dis- 
appoint. 

falsus  [fallo],  adj.,/aZse,  ungrounded. 

falx,  falcis,  f.,  a  sickle,  scythe,  wall 
hook.  [noivn,  honor. 

fama,  ae  [for],  f.,  report,  rumor;  re- 

Famea,  ae  [Phameas],  m.,  the  surname 
of  Himilco,  commander  of  the  Car- 
thaginian cavalry  in  the  third  Punic 
war.  He  was  induced  by  Scipio  to 
desert  to  the  Romans  B.C.  148. 

fames,  is,  f.,  hunger,  starvation. 

familia,  ae  [famulus,  servant],  f.,  a 
household,  family;  race,  estate,  re- 
tinue; mater  familias  (old  genitive), 
mistress,  matron. 

familiaris,  e  [familia],  adj.,  belonging  tc 
a  family,  private,  intimate,  friendly  ; 
as  noun,  an  intimate  friend;  res 
familiares,  property. 

familiaritas,  atis  [familiaris],  f.,  inti- 
macy ^fineiidship. 

familiariter  [familiaris],  adv.,  inti- 
mately, on  friendly  terms. 

fanum,  i,  n.,  a  shrine,  temple. 

far,  f arris,  n.,  coarse  meal,  grits. 

fas  [for],  indecl.  n.,  right  (according  to 
divine  law),  law,  justice. 

fascinatio,  onis  [fascino,  enchant],  f., 
a  bewitching ,  enchantment.  [slope. 

fastigium,  i,  n.,  top,  height;  descent, 

fastus  [fas],  adj.,  legal,  not  forbidden. 

fataliter  [fat alls,  fatal],  adv.,  fatally, 
according  to  fate.  U'gss. 

fateor,  eri,  fassus  [for,  to  speak],  con- 
con  —  confiteor,  eri,  fessus  sum,  to 
confess,  acknovjledge. 

pro  —  profiteor,  eri,  fessus  sum,  to 
confess,  profess ;  avow,  promise. 

fatig5,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tire,  vex,  test. 


282 


VOCABULARY. 


de  —  defatigo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tire 
outf  exhaust,  fatigue. 

fatum,  i  [for,  to  speak],  n.,  destiny ,  fate. 

Faunus,  i,  m.,  a  Latin  god  of  agricul- 
ture ;  pi.  rustic  deities. 

Faustulus,  i,  m.,  the  shepherd  who 
brought  up  Romulus  and  Remus. 

Faustus,  i,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  son  of  the 
dictator  Sulla,  who  sided  with  Pompey 
and  was  killed  by  Caesar  after  the 
battle  of  Thapsus,  b.c.  46. 

faveo,  ere,  favi,  fauturus,  to  he  favor- 
able, favor,  support,  cherish. 

favor,  oris  [faveo],  m.,  favor,  praise. 

Favorinus,  i,  m.,  a  Latin  author,A.D.  117- 
138.   None  of  his  works  are  extant. 

febris,  is  [ferveo,  gloiv],  i.,  fever. 

felicitas,  atis  [felix],  f.,  good  fortu7ie, 
sjiccess. 

feliciter  [felix],  adv.,  lucJcihj,  happily. 
felix,  icis,  adj.,  happy,  successful, fortu- 
nate. 

femina,  ae,  f.,  a  woman^  female. 
fera,  ae  [ferus],  f.,  a  ivild  beast. 
ferax,  acis  [fero],  adj.,  fertile. 
fere,  adv.,  almost,  nearly,  for  the  most 

part,    usually;    about;    with  neg., 

hardly,  scarcely. 
ferme  [for  ferime,  superl.  of  fere] ,  adv., 

stronger  form  of  fere, 
fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to  bear,  lift; 

endure ;  bring,  receive,  report,  drive, 

blow  (of  the  wind);  pass.,  to  rush; 

to  enter,  set  down  (in  book-keeping). 

signa  ferre,  to  advance ;  fertur,  is 

said;  ferre  sententiam,  to  judge. 
ab  —  aufer5,  ferre,  abstuli,  ablatus, 

to  carry  off,  remove,  steal. 
ad  —  adfero,  ferre,  attuli,  adlatus, 

to   bring,  present,  produce,   affirm ; 

carry  word. 
ante  —  antef ero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 

to  bear  in  front,  prefer ;  pass.,  become 

first,  surpass. 

circum  —  circumfero,  ferre,  tuli, 

Xatus,  to  cast  around. 


con  — confero.  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to 

bring  together,  collect;  convey;  im- 
pute;   compare;  postpone;  se  con- 
ferre,  betake  one's  self. 
de  — defero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to 

bring  down,  bring;  report,  inform; 
assign,  confer  upon;  offer;  accuse; 
register. 

dis— differ 0,  ferre,  distuli,  dila- 
tus,  to  carry  asunder,  scatter;  post- 
pone ;  delay ;  differ. 

ex  — effero,  ferre,  extuli,  elatus, 
to  carry  out  or  aivay  ;  spread  abroad; 
raise,  elate  ;  bury. 

in  — infero,  ferre,  intuli,  inlatus, 
to  introduce,  throw;  inflict;  make, 
produce;  inspire;  signa  inferre,  to 
attack. 

ob— offero,  ferre,  obtuli,  oblatus, 

to  bring  before,  offer;  promise;  ex- 
pose. 

per  — perfero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 

to  carry  through;  convey ,  report,  en- 
dure. 

prae  —  praefero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 

to  carry  before,  put  before,  prefer. 
pro  —  prof  ero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 

to  bring  forth;  extend;  put  off,  make 
known. 

re  —  refero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to 

bring  back;   report,  relate;  pedem 
referre,  retreat;    gratiam  referre, 
make  return,  requite. 
trans  —  transfer©,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 

to  bear  or  take  over  or  across ;  trans- 
port, transfer. 

ferocia,  ae  [ferox],  f.,  fierceness,  cour- 
age, cruelty. 

ferox,  ocis,  adj.,  fierce,  bold,  warlike, 
cruel. 

ferreus  [ferrum],  adj.,  iron,  of  iron. 
ferrum,  i,  n.,  iron;  sword,  spear. 
fertilis,  e  [fero],  ^id].,  fertile,  fruitful, 
prolific. 

ferus,  adj.,  ivild,  barbarous,  ci'ueU 
fessus,  adj.,  tired. 


VOCABULARY. 


festinatio,  onis  [festino,  hasten],  f., 

haste,  hurry. 
festivus  [iestus,  festive],  3id].,  pleasa tit, 

pretty,  witty. 
fictilis,  e  [fingo],  adj.,  made  of  clay, 

earthen. 

fictus  [fingo],  adj.,  false,  fictitious. 

ficus,  i,  f.,  a  fig  tree. 

fidelis,  e  [fides],  adj.,  faithful,  trust- 
worthy, loyal. 

Fidenae,  arum,  f.,  an  ancient  town  in 
the  country  of  the  Sabines,  five  miles 
north  of  Rome. 

Fidenates,  um,  m.,  the  people  of  Fidenae. 

fidens,  entis  [fido],  adj.,  trusting,  hold, 
confident. 

fides,  ei,  f.,  good  faith,  loyalty ;  promise ; 

alliance ;  trust. 
fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  to  trust. 

con  —  confido,  ere,  fisus  sum,  trust, 
believe,  rely. 

dis  —  diffido,  ere,  fisus  sum,  to  dis- 
trust, doubt. 
fiducia,  ae  [fides],  f.,  trust,  assurance, 

courage. 
fidus,  adj.,  trusty,  faithful. 
figo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,  to  fix,  fasten. 

ad  —  adfigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,  to  fix 
on,  attach  to,  fasten  upon. 

con  — configo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,  to 
fasten  together,  unite. 

de  ^  defigo,   ere,   fixi,   fixus,  to 
drive  down,  fasten  into,  pjlani. 

prae  —  praefigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,  to 
fix  in  front,  prefix. 

trans —transfigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus, 
to  pierce  through,  transfix. 
figlira,  ae  [fingo],  i.,form,  shape. 
filia,  ae,  f.,  daughter. 
filius,  i,  m.,  son. 

fingo,  ere,  finxi,   fictus,  to  fabricate, 

invent;  pretend. 
finio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [finis],  to  bound, 

limit;  end, finish. 
de  —  definio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  to  finish, 

complete. 


finis,  is,  m.,  a  limit,  boundary ;  end, 
purpose  ;  pi.,  territory,  country. 

finitimus  [finis],  adj.,  bordering,  neigh- 
boring ;  as  plur.  noun,  finitimi,  orum, 

neighbors. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum  [pass,  of  facio],  to 

be  made;   become,  happen;  certior 

fieri,  to  be  informed. 
firmiter  [firmus,.^r;}i],  3.dy.,  firmly. 
firmitudo,  inis  [firmus],  f.,  firmness, 

strength. 

firmo,  are,  avi,  atus,  [firmus],  to  make 

firm,  strengthen,  fortify;  animate, 

encourage. 
ad  —  adfirmo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

declare,  afiirni. 
con— confirms,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

conUrm,  strengthen,  encourage,  affirm. 
fiscus,  i,  m.,  a  purse;  treasury. 
fistula,  ae,  f.,  an  ulcer. 
Flaccus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  several 

gentes  at  Rome. 

(1)  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  the  patron 
of  the  elder  Cato,  consul  b.c.  195. 

(2)  Q.  (J/.)  Fulvius  Flaccus,  consul 
B.C.  26i,  when  the  first  Punic  war 
broke  out. 

fiagitium,  i  [fiagito],  n.,  a  crime,  shame- 
ful deed,  infamy. 

fiagito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  demand,  call 
for,  importune . 

fiagro,  are,  avi,  atus  [same  root  as 
fiamma],  to  bum,  be  inflamed  or  ex- 
cited. 

fiamen,  inis,  m.,  a  priest. 

fiamma,  ae,  i.,  flame,  fire. 

Flamininus,  i,  m.,  T.  Quintius,  a  distin- 
guished Roman  general,  consul  b.c.  198. 

Flaminius,  i,  m.,  0.  Flaminius  Nepos, 
consul  B.C.  223,  217;  defeated  and 
killed  by  Hannibal  at  Lake  Trasume- 
nus. 

flecto,  ere,  flexi,  fiexus,  to  bend,  turn. 
in  — infiecto,  ere,  flexi,  flexus,  to 

bend. 

fleo,  fiere,  fievi,  fletus,  to  weep. 


284 


YOCABULARY. 


fletus,  us  [fleo],  m.,  weeping,  entrea- 
ties. 

*fligo,  ere,  to  strike  (ante-classical), 
ad— adfligo,  ere,  fiixi,  flictus,  to 
dash  arjalnst,  shatter,  ruin. 

con  — confligo,   ere,   flixi,  flictus, 
to  stjnks  together ;  contend,  Jight. 

pro  — profligo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
rout,  overthrow. 
floreo,  ere,ui,—  [flos],  to  oloom, prosper, 

flourish. 
flos,  floris,  m.,  a  flower,  blossom. 
fluctuo,  are,  avi,  atus  [fluctus],  to  un- 
dulate, be  restless. 
fluctus,  us  [fluo],  m.,  a  flood,  ivave ; 
storm. 

fluito,  are,  avi,  —  [fluo],  to  float. 
flumen,  inis  [fluo],  n.,  a  stream,  river. 
fluo,  ere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  to  flow. 

con  —  confluo,  ere,  fluxi,  — ,  to  run 
together,  crowd,  throng.  {into. 
in  —  influo,  ere,  fliixi,  fluxus,  to  flow 
pro  —  profluo,  ere,  fliixi,  — ,  to  flow 
fluvius,  i  [fluo],  m.,  a  river.  [along. 
foculus,  i  [dim.  of  focus],  m.,  a  little 

hearth ;  fire-pan,  brazier. 
focus,  i,  a  hearth. 
fodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossus,  to  dig. 

con  —  confodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossus, 
to  dig ;  stab. 

de  — defodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossus,  to 
bury. 

per  —  perfodio,  ere,  fodi.  fossus,  to 

dig  or  pierce  through. 
foederatus  [foedero  from  2.  foedus], 

adj.,  allied,  confederate. 

1.  foedus,  adj.,/oi^/,  unseemly. 

2.  foedus,  eris,  n,,  a  treaty,  alliance, 
league. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  a  spring,  fountain. 
foras  [foris],  adv.,  out  of  doors,  out- 
ward. 

fore  =  futiirum  esse,  see  sum. 

forem  =  essem,  see  sum. 

foris  is,  f.,  a  door ;  usually  plur. 

foris  [foris],  adv.,  out  of  doors,  abroad. 


forma,  ae,  i.,  form,  figure,  beauty. 
formosus  [forma],  adj.,  shapely,  beauti- 
ful. 

fors,  fortis  [fero],  f.,  chance,  luck. 
forte  [fors],  adv.,  by  chance,  by  acci- 
dent. 

fortis,  e,  adj.,  strong,  brave. 
fortiter  [fortis],  adv.,  bravely. 
fortitiido,   inis    [fortis],   f.,  courage, 
braoery. 

fortuito  [fortuitus],  adv.,  by  chance. 
fortuitus  [fors],  adj.,  casual,  accidental 
(rare). 

fortiina,  ae  [fors] ,  f .,  fate, fortune,  state, 
property. 

forum,  i,  n.,  a  public  place,  market-place, 
forum. 

fossa,  ae  [fodio],  f.,  a  ditch,  pit,  moat. 
fovea,  ae,  f.,  a  pit. 

fragor,  oris  [frango],  m.,  crashing, 
thunder-peal. 

frango,  ere,  fregi,  fractus,  to  break; 
ivreck  ;  subdue,  tire  out. 

frater,  tris,  m.,  a  brother. 

fraudulentus  [fraus,  fraud'],  adj.,  de- 
ceitf id,  fraudulent. 

fraudo,  are,  avi,  atus  [fraus,  deceitl, 
to  rob,  cheat. 

Fregellae,  arum,  f .,  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Volsci  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium. 

fremitus,  us  [fremo,  make  noise'],  m., 
uproar,  noise. 

frenum,  i,  n.,  a  bridle,  curb,  bit.  [throng. 

frequentia,  ae  [frequens],  f.,  a  crowd, 

fretus,  adj.,  relying  on  (with  abl.). 

frigidus  [frigeo,  be  cold],  adj.,  cold. 

frigus,  frigoris,  n.,  cold.  [land. 

frons,  frondis,  f.,  a  bough,  foliage ;  gar- 

frons.  frontis,  f.,  the  forehead,  front. 

friictus,  lis,  m.,  fruit,  crop;  profit;  in- 
come;  advantage,  result,  effect. 

frumentarius  [frumentum],  adj.,  of 
corn ;  res  friimentaria,  supplies,  pro- 
visions. 

friimentor,  ari,  atus  sum  [friimentum] , 

to  get  supplies,  forage. 


VOCABULARY. 


285 


frumentum,  i  [fruor],  n.,  grain;  pi., 
crops. 

frustra,  adv.,  in  vain. 

frustror,  ari,  atus  sum  [frustra],  to 

deceive,  disappoint^  frustrate. 
(frux)  frugis,  i.,  fruit,  crops. 
fuga,  ae,  i.,  flight. 

fugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee  ;  avoid,  escape. 

con  —  confugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee, 
take  ref  uge. 

de  — defugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee 
from,  shun,  avoid. 

dis  —  diffugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee 
apart,  scatter. 

ex  —  effugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  escape. 

pro  —  profugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee, 
escape. 

re  — refugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee 
back,  escape. 
fugitivus  [fugio],  did].,  fugitive. 
fugo,  are,  avi,  atus  [fugio] ,  to  put  to 
flight,  rout.  {illustrious. 
fulgens  [fulgeo],  adj.,  shining,  bright, 
fulgeo,  ere,  fulsi,  — ,  to  flash,  gleam. 
prae  —  praefulgeo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to 
gleam. 

fulgur,  uris  [fulgeo],  n.,  lightning ;  pi., 
fulgora. 

fulmen,  inis  [fulgeo],  n.,  lightning, 

thunderbolt. 
Fulvius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.   See  Flaccus,  Nobilior. 
funda,  ae,  f.,  a  sling. 
fundamentum,  i  [fundo,  to  found],  n., 

ground,  foundatu  ^. 
Fundanius,  i,  m.,  C,  tribune  of  the 

people  B.C.  246. 
funditor,  oris  [funda],  m.,  a  slinger. 
fundo,  ere,  fiidi,  fiisus,  to  pour,  shed; 

rout,  vanquish. 
con  — confundo,  ere,  fiidi,  fiisus,  to 

pour  together,  mingle,  unite,  confuse. 
dis  —  dif fundo,    ere,   fudi,  fiisus, 

to  spread  out,  extend,  stretch. 
ex  — ef fundo,  ere,  fiidi,  fiisus,  to 

pour  out,  waste. 


per  —  perfundo,  ere,  fiidi,  fusus, 

to  pour  over  ;  inspire. 
fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  topeiform, 
discharge. 

de  —  defungor,  fungi,  functus  sum, 
to  perfor)n. 

per  —  perfungor,  fungi,  fiinctus 
sum,  to  fulfil,  perform;  be  delivered 
from. 

fiinis,  is,  m.,  a  rope,  cable. 
funus,  eris,  n.,  burial,  funeral  rites; 
corpse. 

Fiirius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Camillus,  Purpureo. 

furor,  oris  [furo,  ?xige],  m.,  rage,  mad- 
ness, fury. 

fiirtim  [furtum],  adv.,  stealthily,  se- 
cj^etly. 

fiirtum,  i  [fur,  thief],  n.,  theft. 
futurus,  see  sum. 

G. 

GsibiDMS,  2id].,  pertaining  to  Gabii ;  pi., 

the  inhabitants  of  Gabii. 
Gabii,  orum,  m.,  an  ancient  town  in 

Latium,  east  of  Rome. 
Galatia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor, 

settled  by  Gallic  tribes  in  the  third 

century  B.C. 
Galba,  ae,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 

Sulpician  gens  at  Rome. 

(1)  P.  Sulpicius  Galba,  consul  B.C. 
211,  200. 

(2)  Ser.  Sulpicius,  consul  B.C.  144. 
During  his  praetorship  in  Spain  he 
ordered  the  massacre  of  a  band  of 
Lusitanians  who  had  surrendered  to 
him. 

galea,  ae,  f .,  a  leather  helmet. 

Gallia,  ae,  f .,  the  country  of  the  Gauls ; 
modern  France  and  the  territories  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Rhine.  The 
northern  part  of  Italy  was  settled  by 
Gauls  and  was  called  Gallia  Cisalpina  ; 
hence  the  plural  Galliae. 


286 


VOCABULARY. 


Gallicus,  adj»,  Gallic;  pertaining  to 
Gaul. 

gallina,  ae  [gallus,  cocA:],  f a  hen. 

Gallus,  i,  m,,  a  Gaul. 

Grallus,  i,  m.,  a  Eoman  family  name. 

(1)  On.  Cornelius  Gallus,  governor 
of  Egypt  under  Augustus. 

(2)  M.    Trehius   Gallus,  military 
tribune  in  the  army  of  Caesar. 

gelidus  [gelu, /ro5^] ,  adj.,  cold,  cool. 

Gellius,  i,  m.,  L.  Gellius  Poplicola  was 
consul  B.C.  72,  censor  B.C.  70. 

Gelo(n),  onis,  m.,  tyrant  of  Syracuse, 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Carthagin- 
ians on  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Sala- 
mis,  B.C.  480. 

gemini,  orum,  m.,  tioins. 

Geminus,  i,  m,,  Cn.  Servilius,  was  consul 
B.C.  217,  and  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Cannae. 

gemitus,  us  [gemo,  to  sigh],  m.,  groan- 
ing, lamentation. 

gener,  generi,  m.,  a  son-in-law. 

genero,  are,  avi,  atus  [genus],  to  heget^ 
create,  bring  forth. 

generosus  [genus] ,  adj.,  loell-horn,  noble, 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  a  nation,  race,  tribe, 
clan,  people. 

genus,  generis  [root  of  gi-g(e)no],  n., 
birth,  descent,  family,  race;  sort, 
class ;  nature,  style. 

Germani,  orum,  m.,  the  Germans. 

Germania,  ae,  f.,  Germany. 

gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus,  to  bear,  carry ; 
perform,  do,  carry  out ;  loage. 

con  — congero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus, 
to  bring  together,  collect. 

Geryon,  onis,  m.,  a  mythical  king  of 
Spain,  said  to  have  three  bodies,  whose 
cattle  were  carried  off  by  Hercules. 

gigno,  ere,  genui,  genitus,  to  beget,  pro- 
duce, bear. 

gladius,  i,  m.,  a  sioord. 

globosus  [globus],  adj.,  globular. 

globus,  \,m.,  a  ball;  band ;  crowd. 

gloria,  ae,  f.,  glory,  honor,  fame. 


gloriabundus  [glorior,  to  glory],  adj., 
glorying,  exulting  (late  and  rare). 

Gortynii,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Gortyn(a),  a  town  in  Crete. 

Gracchus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Sempronian  gens  at  Rome. 

(1)  Ti.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  con- 
sul B.C.  215,  213,  was  killed  by  Hanni- 
bal in  an  ambuscade  212. 

(2)  Ti.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  hus- 
band of  the  famous  Cornelia  and  father 
of  the  well-known  Gracchi,  was  tribune 
of  the  people  b.c.  187 ;  consul,  177,  163. 

(3)  C.  Gracchus,  his  son,  the  famous 
tribune,  was  killed  b.c.  121. 

gradior,  gradi,  gressus  sum,  to  step, 
walk. 

ad  —  aggredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 

to  approach,  attack,  undertake. 

con  —  congredior,  gredi,  gressus 
sum,  to  come  together,  unite  with, 
engage,  attack. 

de  —  degredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  7'ecede. 

dis  —  digredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 

to  go  apart,  depart. 

e  — egredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  go  out,  leave,  disembark  ;  surpass. 

in  —  ingredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 

to  enter. 

pro  —  progredior,   gredi,  gressus 

sum,  to  advance,  proceed. 

re  —  regredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  step  back,  ivithdraw,  return. 

trans  —  transgredior,  gredi,  gres- 
sus sum,  to  cross. 

gradus,  us  [gradior],  m.,a  step ;  degree ; 
position,  rank,  honor. 

Graecia,  ae,  f.,  Greece. 

Graecus,  adj.,  Grecian,  Greek. 

Grains,  adj.,  Grecian,  Greek  (archaic 
and  poetical). 

gramen,  inis,  n.,  grass. 

gramineus  [gramen],  adj.,  of  grass, 
grassy. 

grandis,  e,  adj.,  large,  grand 


VOCABULARY. 


287 


gratia,  ae  [gratus],  i.,  favor,  regard; 
return^  acknowledgment;  friendship, 
love,  popularity,  influence;  pi.,  gra- 
tiae,  arum,  thanks;  gratia,  for  the 

sake  of. 

gratiosus  [gratia],  adj.,  in  favor; 
agreeable,  favorable. 

gratulatio,  onis  [gratulor],  f.,  rejoic- 
ing, congratulation. 

gratulor,  ari,  atus  sum  [gratus],  to 
congratulate. 

gratus,  adj.,  welcome,  pleasing,  grate- 
ful. 

gravis,  e,  adj.,  heavy,  hard,  severe; 
important,  grave ;  troublesome,  griev- 
ous. 

gra vitas,  atis  [gravis],  f.,  loeight,  dig- 
nity ;  power,  influence. 

gravo,  are,  avi,  atus  [gravis],  to  weigh 
down. 

grex,  gregis,  m.,  a  flock,  band. 
gubernator,  oris  [guterno,  steer"],  m., 
a  pilot. 

gula,  ae,  f.,  the  throat,  neck. 
gusto,  are,  avi,  atus  [gustus,  tasting], 
to  taste. 

H. 

habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  have,  hold,  possess 
keep ;  regard,  consider ;  habere  se, 
to  be ;  insuper  habere,  to  scorn  (late) . 

ad  — adhibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  bring 
to,  admit,  invite^  summon,  make 
use  of. 

ex  —  exhibeo,  ere  ui,  itus,  to  fur- 
nish, procure. 
prae  —  praebeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to 

hold  in  frmt,  ofl^er,  f  urnish,  exhibit. 
pro  —  prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to 

check,  keep  off;  cut  off;  hinder. 
habits,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  habeo], 

to  div ell,  inhabit ;  live. 
habitus,  us  [habeo],  m., state,  condition; 

habit,  manner ;  dress. 
Hadrumetum,  i,  a  city  on  the  African 

coast  southeast  of  Carthage. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  —  19 


haereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesurus,  to  stick. 
ad  — adhaereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesus, 

to  cling  to. 
con  —  cohaereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesus, 

to  stick  together. 

in  — inhaereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesus, 
to  adhere,  cling. 
Hamilcar,  aris,  m.,  a  Carthaginian  name. 

(1)  A  general  in  the  first  Punic  war, 
defeated  by  Regulus  B.C.  256. 

(2)  Surnamed  Barca,  the  father  of 
Hannibal;  died  B.C.  229. 

Hannibal,  alis,  m.,  a  Carthaginian  name. 

(1)  The  father  of  Hamilcar  Barca, 

(2)  The  son  of  Hamilcar  Barca,  was 
born  B.C.  247,  invaded  Italy  218.  In 
202  he  was  defeated  -by  Scipio  at 
Zama:  he  fled  to  the  East,  and  died 
in  183. 

Hanno,  onis,  m.,  a  common  Carthaginian 
name. 

(1)  A  general  taken  captive  in  Sicily 
B.C.  210. 

(2)  A  commander  in  Africa  defeated 
by  Scipio  B.C.  203. 

hariolatio,  onis  [hariolor,  prophesy], 

f.,  a  soothsaying,  prophecy . 
Harpalus,  i,  m.,  a  famous  robber, 
haruspex,  icis,  m.,  a  soothsayer, 
Hasdrubal,   alis,  m.,  a  Carthaginian 

name. 

(1)  Son-in-law  of  Hamilcar  Barca. 

(2)  Son  of  Hamilcar  Barca  and 
brother  of  Hannibal;  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  the  Metaurus,  e.g.  207. 

(3)  The  leader  of  the  Carthaginians 
in  the  third  Punic  war,  B.C.  149. 

hasta,  ae,  f.,  a  spear,  dart;  hasta  pub- 

lica,  public  sale  or  auction. 
baud,  adv.,  not,  by  no  means. 
haurio,  ire,  hausi,  haustus,  to  drink. 
ex  —  exhaurio,  ire,  hausi,  haustus, 

to  tak3  out,  empty  out,  exhaust. 
haustus,  us  [haurio],  m.,  a  drawing  in, 

drink. 

hebes,  etis,  adj.,  blunt,  dull. 


288 


VOCABULARY. 


Hellespontus,  i,  m.,  the  straits  of  the 
Dardanelles,  leading  from  the  Propon- 
tis  (Sea  of  Marmora)  to  the  Aegean  Sea. 

Helvius,  i,  m.,  C,  colleague  of  Cato  in 
the  aedileship  B.C.  199. 

Helvetia,  orum,  m.,  a  Celtic  tribe  living 
north  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva  in  modern 
Switzerland. 

hemerodromos,  i,  pi.  oe  [Greek],  m., 
a  courier. 

herba,  ae,  f.,  herb,  grass. 

herbidus  [herba],  adj.,  grassy. 

hercle  [contr.  for  hercule],  inter j.,  by 
Hercules,  indeed. 

Hercules,  is  [Heracles],  m.,  the  famous 
hero  and  demi-god,  celebrated  for  his 
strength  and  marvelous  deeds. 

Hercynius,  adj.,  Hercynian  (of  a  forest 
in  Germany). 

hereditas,  atis  [heres],  i.,  heirship,  in- 
heritance. 

heredium,  i  [heres],  n.,  an  hereditary 
estate. 

heres,  edis,  m.,  an  heir. 

Herminius,  i,  m.,  T.,  aided  Horatius 
Codes  at  the  Sublician  Bridge. 

hiberna,  orum  [hiems],  n.,  winter  quar- 
ters. 

Hibernia,  ae,  f.,  Ireland. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron.,  this;  he,  she, 

it;  as  follows ;  the  latter. 
hie,  adv.,  here,  at  this  point. 
hiemo,  are,  avi,  atiirus  [hiems],  to 

ivinter,  pass  the  ivinter. 
hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  ivinter ;  storm. 
Hiero,  onis,  m.,  king  of  Syracuse  b.c. 

270-216. 

hilaratus  [hilarus,  gay],  adj.,  joyful. 
hinc  [loc.  hie],  adv.,  hence,  from  this 

place  or  time. 
hio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  stand  open,  gape. 
Hippo,  onis,  m.,  a  city  in  Africa  west  of 

Carthage. 

hippocentaurus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  being 

halfhorss,  half  man. 
Hirtius,  i,  m.,  A.,  a  personal  and  politi- 


cal friend  of  Caesar ;  consul  b.c.  43. 

hirtus,  adj.,  rough,  hairy,  shaggy. 

Hispania,  ae,  f.,  Spain  (including  Portu- 
gal). It  was  divided  into  two  prov- 
inces, H.  Citerior  and  Ulterior ;  hence 
the  pi.  Hispaniae. 

Hispanus,  i,  m.,  a  Spaniard. 

histoi  la,  ae  [Greek],  f .,  history,  account ^ 
stor^  . 

Histri,  orum  [Istri],  m.,  the  people  of 
Istria  (Histria),  a  peninsula  at  the 
northern  end  of  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

hodie  [hoc  +  die],  adv.,  to-day. 

hodiernus  [hodie],  adj.,  of  this  day,  to- 
day's. 

homo,  homini^,  m.  and  t.,  a  human  be- 
ing; man,  manlcind. 
honestas,  atis  [honestus],  f.,  honor, 

virtue. 

honestus  [honor,]  adj.,  honorable,  up- 
right, noble,  illustrious. 

honor,  oris  [honos],  m.,  honor,  dignity, 
public  office. 

honorifice  [honorificus],  3idY.,with  honor, 

honorificus  [honor  +  facio] ,  adj.,  con- 
ferring honor,  full  of  honor. 

hora,  ae,  f .,  an  hour,  the  twelfth  part  of 
the  day  (sunrise  to  sunset)  or  night. 

Horatius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.   See  Codes,  Pulvillus. 

horreo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  dread,  shudder  at. 
ab  —  ab-horreo,  ere,  ui,  to  dread ; 
to  differ  fro7n,  be  averse. 

horridus  [horreo],  2idj.,  frightful,  wild. 

horror,  oris,  m.,  hoi^ror. 

hortatus,  us  [hortor],  m.,  encourage- 
ment, urging. 

Hortensius,  i,  m.,  Q.,  a  celebrated 
Roman  orator,  the  friend  and  rival  of 
Cicero;  lived  b.c.  114-50,  consul  69. 

hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  urge,  encour- 
age, incite. 

con  —  cohortor,   ari,   atus  sum, 
to  exhort,  animate,  encourage'. 

de  —  de-hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 
discourage,  dissuade. 


YOCABULARr. 


289 


hortus,  i,  m.,  a  garden,  orchard,  park. 
hospes,  hospitis,  m.,  a  guest,  friend. 
hospitium,  i  [hospes],  n.,  hospitality, 

friendship. 
hospitus,  adj.,  strange,  foreign  (poetic; 

only  f.  sing,  and  neut.  pi.  once), 
hostia,  ae,  f.,    a  sacrificial  animal, 

victim. 

hostilis,  e  [hostis],  adj.,  hostile. 
Hostilius,  i,  m.,  T alius,  the  third  king 

of  Rome;  reigned  B.C.  673-641. 
hostis,  is,  m.,  an  enemy,  foe. 
hue  [hie],  adv.,  here,  to  this  place. 
huiuscemodi  [hie  +  modus],  adv.,  of  this 

kind. 

humanitas,  atis  [hiimanus],  f.,  human- 
ity ;  civilization,  cultivation. 

humanus  [homo],  Sid].,  human ;  refined^ 
civilized ;  humane. 

humerus,  i,  m.,  the  shoulder. 

humilis,  e  [humus],  adj.,  low;  lowly, 
poor,  mean. 

humilitas,  atis  [humilis],  f.,  lowness, 
humbleness. 

humus,  i,  f.,  the  earthy  ground,  soil. 

Hyginus,  i,  m.,  C.  lulius,  sl  freedman 
of  Augustus.  He  wrote  various  books, 
none  of  which  have  survived. 

I. 

iaceo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  lie,  lie  dead ;  iaeens, 

entis,  one  fallen. 
iacio,  ere,  ieci,  iaetus,  to  throw,  cast, 
hurl;  throw  ui),  construct. 

ah  — ahieio,  ieere,  ieel,  ieetus,  to 
throw  away ,  fling  doion,  hurl. 

ad  — adieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 
throw  to,  fling ;  add. 

con  —  eonieio,  ieere,  eonieci,  con- 
iectus,  to  throio  together,  conjecture ; 
cast. 

de — deieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 

throw  dovni,  dislodge  ;  kill;  disappoint. 

dis  —  disieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 
disperse,  scatter,  rout. 


ex  — eieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 

throio  out;  expel ;  se  eicere,  rush. 

in  — inieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 
throw  in,  infuse  ;  lay  on  ;  occasion. 

inter —  interieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus, 
to  throw  or  place  between;  elapse^  in- 
tervene  (in  pass.) . 

ob  —  obieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 
place  in  front  of;  expose. 

pro  — proieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 
thi'ow,  cast  away  ;  reject. 

re  — reieio,  ieere,  ieci,  ieetus,  to 
throw  back  ;  repulse. 

sub  —  subieio,  ieere,  ieei,  ieetus,  to 
throw  up,  expose  ;  subdue. 

trans  —  traieio  or  transieio,  ieere, 
ieci,  ieetus,  to  throw  or  bring  across^ 
transfix,  pierce. 
iaeto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  iaeio],  to 

toss  or  push  about ;  discuss,  give  out. 
iactura,  ae  [iaeio],  f.,  a  throvnng  aivay^ 
iam,  adv.,  now,  already,  at  once.  [loss. 
lanieulum,  i,  n.,  a  hill  on  the  west  bank 

of  the  Tiber, 
ianua,  ae,  f.,  door,  entrance,  gate. 
lanus,  i,  ni.,  a  Latin  divinity  who  pre- 
sides over  all  beginnings  ;  commonly 
represented  with  two  faces, 
ibi,  adv.,  there;  thereupon,  then. 
ibidem  [ibi],  adv.,  in  the  same  place,  just 
there. 

ieo,  ere,  iei,  ietus,  to  strike,  to  smite 
(rare) . 

ideireo  [id  +  abl.  of  eireus],  adv.,  on 

that  account,  therefore. 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  dem.  pron.,  the 

same. 

identidem  [idem  et  idem],  adv.,  i^epeat- 
edly,  again  and  again. 

ideo,  adv.,  on  that  account,  therefore. 

idoneus,  adj.,  suitable,  fit ;  capable. 

Idus,  uum,  f.,  the  Ides;  either  the  thir- 
teenth or  fifteenth  day  of  the  month. 

igitur,  conj.,  then,  therefore,  accordingly. 

ignavia,  ae  [ignavus,  cowardty^,  i., 
cowardice^  baseness. 


290 


VOCABULARY. 


igneus  [ignis],  SLd].,  fiery. 
ignis,  is,  m.,  fire. 

ignominia,  ae,  f.,  disgrace,  degradation. 

ignore,  are,  avi,  atus  [ignarus,  igiio- 
rcmt],  to  he  ignorant,  not  to  know, 

ignosco,  see  nosco.  [overlook. 

ignotus  [ignosco],  adj.,  unknown,  un- 
familiar. 

ilex,  icis,  f.,  an  oak,  holm  oak. 

ilico  [for  in  loco],  adv.,  on  the  spot, 
there ;  immediately. 

iligneus  or  ilignus  [ilex],  adj.,  oaken. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  dem.  pron.,  that;  he, 
she,  it ;  the  former. 

illic  [ille],  adv.,  there,  in  that  place. 

illo  [ille],  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place  or 
end. 

iUyricum,  i,  n.,  a  district  on  the  east 
coast  of  the  Adriatic,  north  of  Epirus. 

Illyrii,  orum,  m.,  the  Illyrians,  the  peo- 
ple of  IUyricum. 

imbellia,  ae  [imbellis,  unwarlike'],  i., 
unfitness  for  ivar  (late). 

imberbis,  e  [in  +barba],  adj.,  beardless. 

imitor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  imitate. 

immanis,  e,  adj.,  huge,  immense. 

immanitas,  atis  [immanis],  f.,  immens- 
ity, size. 

immatiirus  [in  +  maturus] ,  adj.,  unripe, 
premature. 

immemor,  oris  [in  +  memor],  adj.,  un- 
mindful, careless. 

immensitas,  atis  [immensus],  f.,  im- 
mensity. 

immensus  [in  neg. +metior],  adj.,  iyn- 

measurable,  vast,  immense. 
immerito     [immeritus,  undeserved'], 

adv.,  unjustly,  unJes2rvedly. 
immitto,  see  mitto. 

immoderatus  [moderor],  adj.,  uncon- 
trolled. 

immolo,  are,  avi,   atus  [in  +  mola, 

meal],    to   sprinkle   with  saci^ificial 
meal,  sacrifice. 
immortalis,  e  [in  +  mor talis,  mortal], 
adj.,  immortal. 


immortalitas,  atis,  f.,  immortality. 
immiinis,   e  [in+munus],   adj.,  fret 

fi^om  public  services. 
immunitas,  atis  [immiinis],  t.,  freedom 

from  public  duties,  immunity. 
immnto,  see  muto. 

imparatus  [in  +  paratus],  adj.,  not. 
ready,  unprepared. 

impatiens,  entis  [in  neg.  +  patiens], 
adj.,  impatient,  intolerant,  impetuous. 

impatientia,  ae  [impatiens],  f.,  impa- 
tience. 

impedimentum,  i  [impedio],  n.,  a  hin- 
drance;  pi.,  impedimenta,  baggage. 

impedio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [in  +  pes],  to 
hinder,  hamper,  prevent,  embarrass. 

impello,  see  pello. 

impendeo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  overhang. 

impense  [impensus],  adv.,  exceedingly, 
very  much. 

impensus  [impendo,  to  expend],  adi-i 
expensive,  large. 

imperator,  oris  [impero],  m.,  a  com- 
mander-in-chief, general,  emperor. 

imperatum,  i  [impero],  n.,  a  command, 
order. 

imperfectus  [in  +  perficio],  adj.,  unfin- 
ished, imperfect. 

imperitus  [in  +  peritus] ,  adj.,  inexperi- 
enced, unacquainted  loith,  ignorant. 

imperium,  i  [impero],  n.,  command, 
cont7vl ;  government,  military  author- 
ity ;  sovereignty,  empire. 

impero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  rule,  com- 
mand ;  order,  levy ;  to  he  emperor. 

impertio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [in  +  partio, 
share],  to  share  with,  bestow,  endow. 

impetro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  procure,  gain ; 
accomplish,  b?nng  to  pass  ;  succeed. 

impetus,  us  [in  +  peto],  m.,  an  attack  ; 
violence,  vehemence. 

impius  [in  +  pius,  pious],  adj.,  wicked^ 
impious. 

impleo,  see  pleo. 

impono,  see  pono 

importo,  see  portb. 


VOCABULARY. 


291 


impraesentiarum  Lin  praesentia  re- 
rum],  adv., /or  the  present,  now. 

impressio,  onis  [imprimo],  f.,  an  onset, 
attack. 

imprimo,  see  premo. 

improbus  [in  neg. +probus,  upright], 
adj.,  ivicked,  outrageous. 

improvisus  [in  neg. +pr6vide6],  adj., 
unexpected ;  as  noun  in  the  phrases 
de  or  ex  improvise,  ujiexpectedly ,  of 
a  sudden. 

imprudens,  entis  [in  +  neg.  providens], 
adj.,  not  foreseeing,  imprudent,  off 
guard. 

imprudenter  [imprudens],  adv.,  impru- 
dently, univisely. 

imprudentia,  ae  [imprudens],  f.,  want 
of  foresight,  impimdence. 

impulvereus  [in  neg. +  pulvis,  dust], 
adj.,  dustless  ;  ivithout  trouble,  easy. 

imus,  see  inferus. 

in,  prep.,  with  acc.  after  words  implying 
motion,  to^  into,  towards,  against, 
upon,  over;  with  abl.,  in,  at,  during, 
among,  in  case  of. 

inaequalis,  e  [aequalis],  adj.,  uneven. 

inanis,  e,  adj.,  empty  ;  vain,  idle. 

inaniter  [inanis],  adv.,  emptily,  vainly. 

inauguro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  luatch  for 
omens  from  birds. 

inauratus  [aurum],  adj.,  gilded. 

incedo,  see  cedo. 

incendium,  i  [incendo] ,  n.,  fire,  confla- 
gration. 

incendo,  see  candeo. 

incertus  [in  neg.  +  certus] ,  adj.,  uncer- 
tain, doubtful. 

incido,  see  cado. 

incido,  see  caedo. 

incipio,  see  capio. 

incite,  see  cito. 

incivilis,  e  [in  neg.  +  civilis] ,  adj.,  7mde, 
uncivil. 

inclinatus  [inclino,  lean],  adj.,  disposed. 
incognitus  [in neg.  +  cognosco],  adj., 
unknown. 


incoho,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  begin,  under- 
take. 

incola,  ae,  m.,  an  inhabitant,  occupant. 
incolo,  see  colo. 

incolumis,  e,  adj.,  safe,  unharmed. 
incommodum,  i  [in  neg.  +  commodum], 

n.,  inconvenience,  damage,  disaster, 
defeat. 

inconditus  [in  neg. +  condo],  adj.,  con- 
fused, rude. 
incredibilis,  e  [in  neg.  +  credo],  adj., 

incredible,  extraordiyiary . 
incrementum,  i  [incresco],  n.,  growth, 

increase. 

increpito,  are  [increpo],  to  reprove, 
taunt,  blame. 

increpo,  are,  ui,  itus,  to  upbraid. 

incru^ntus  [in  neg.  +  cruentus,  bloody], 
adj.,  ivithout  bloodshed,  bloodless. 

incursio,  onis  [in  +  curro],  f.,  an  incur- 
sion, attack. 

incuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [in  +  causa],  to 
accuse,  blame. 

inde,  adv.,  from  that  place,  thence; 
next,  then. 

index,  dicis  [in  +  dico],  m.,  sign,  mark, 
index. 

Indi,  orum,  m.,  the  people  of  India. 
India,  ae,  f.,  India,  modern  Hindustan, 
indico,  see  dico. 
Indicus,  adj.,  Indian. 
indigeo,  see  egeo. 

indignitas,  atis  [indignus],  f.,  indig- 
nity, insult. 

indignus  [in  neg.  +  dignus] ,  adj.,  un- 
worthy, undeserving ,  shameful. 

inditus,  see  indo. 

indo,  see  do. 

indoles,  is,  f.,  nature,  disposition. 

induco,  see  diico. 

induo,  ere,  ui,  iitus,  to  put  on. 

industria,  ae  [industrius],  f.,  industry, 
diligence;  ability. 

indiitiae,  arum,  pi.,  f.,  a  truce ^  armis- 
tice. 

ineo,  see  eo. 


292 


VOCABULARY. 


inermis,  e,  and  inermus  [in  neg.  + 
arma],  adj.,  unarmed. 

inerrans,  antis  [in  +  erro,  wander],  adj., 
not  wandering ,  fixed. 

iners,  ertis  [in  neg.  +  ars] ,  adj.,  unskil- 
ful, idle,  effeminate, 

inertia,  ae  [iners] ,  f .,  indolence,  inactivity. 

infamia,  ae  [infamis] ,  f .,  dishonor,  dis- 
grace, infamy. 

infamis,  e  [in  +  fama],  adj.,  infamous. 

infandus  [in  +  for],  adj.,  unspeakable, 
infamous,'  disgraceful. 

infans,  antis  [in  neg.  +  for],  adj.,  not 
speaking  ;  as  noun,  an  infant. 

infensus,  adj.,  hostile,  incensed.  [rior. 

inferior,  ius  [inferus],  adj.,  lower,  infe- 

infero,  see  fero. 

inferus,  adj.,  below,  underneath.  Comp. 

inferior.   Sup.,  infimus  or  imus. 
infesto,  are,  avi,  atus  [infestus],  to 

attack,  molest,  infest. 
infestus,  adj.,  hostile,  dangerous. 
inficio,  see  facio. 

infimus  [superl.  of  inferus],  adj.,  lowest, 
at  the  bottom  of. 

mfinitus  [in  neg. +  finio],  adj.,  un- 
bounded, vast,  enormous ;  numberless ; 
as  noun,  a  large  amount  or  number. 

infirmus  [in  neg.  +  firmus],  adj.,  in- 
firm, weak. 

infitiae,  arum  [in  neg.  +  for],  f.,  only 
acc.  in  the  phrase  infitias  ire,  to  deny ; 
with  quin  (late) . 

infitior,  ari  atus  sum  [infitiae],  to  deny. 

inflecto,  see  flecto. 

infiuo,  see  fluo. 

infra,  adv.,  below  ;  prep,  with  acc,  below. 

ingenium,  i  [cf.  gen.  in  gigno],  n.,  dis- 
position, ability,  nature,  wit. 

ingens,  entis,  adj.,  huge,  great,  [will. 

ingratiis  [gratia],  adv.,  against  one^s 

ingratus  [in  neg.  +  gratus],  adj.,  un- 
pleasant; thankless,  unprofitable, 

ingredior,  see  gradior. 

inhaereo,  see  haereo. 

inicio,  see  iacio. 


inimiciter  [inimicus],  adv.,  in  a  hostile 

manner. 

inimicitia,  ae  [inimicus],  f.,  enmity, 
inimicus  [in  neg.  +  amicus],  adj.,  un- 
friendly,  hostile ;  as  noun,  a  personal 
enemy,  as  distinguished  from  hostis,  a 
public  enemy. 
iniquitas,  atis  [iniquus],  f.,  inequality, 
injustice;  bad  character ;  unfavorable 
position. 

iniquus  [in  neg.  +  aequus],  adj.,  uneven, 

unfair,  unfavorable, 
initium,  i  [ineo],  n.,  a  beginning. 
iniiiratus  [in  neg.  +  iuroj,  adj.,  unsworn; 

not  under  oath. 
iniiiria,  ae  [in  neg.  +  ius],  f.,  wrong, 

injustice,  violence,  injury. 
(iniussus,  us)  [iubeo],  m.,  abl.  only, 

vnthout  orders. 
iniuste  [iniustus],  adv.,  unjustly. 
inludo,  see  ludo. 

inlustris,  e,  adj.,  clear,  distinguished, 
glorious. 

inliistro,  are,  avi,  atus  [in  +  lustro; 

cf.  lux],  to  make  bright,  make  famous. 
innitor,  see  nitor. 
inno,  see  no. 

innocens,  entis  [in  +  noceo],  adj.,  harm- 
less, innocent,  blameless. 

innocentia,  ae  [innocens],  f.,  blameless- 
ness,  innocence. 

innumerus  [in  neg.  +  numerus],  adj., 
countless. 

inopia,  ae  [inops,  needy],  f.,  want,  scar- 
city, poverty. 

inopinans,  antis  [in  +  opinor,  think], 
adj.,  unawares,  off  one's  guai^d. 

inquam,  def.,  Jsaz/.  See  297,  II,  2;  144, 
b  ;  190,  2. 

inquiro,  see  quaero. 

inrideo,  see  rideo. 

inrumpo,  see  rumpo. 

insatiabilis,  e  [in  +  satur, /wZZ] ,  adj.^ 
unsating,  not  cloying. 

insatiabiliter  [insatiabilis],  adv.,  in- 
satiably. 


VOCABULARY. 


293 


inscendo,  see  scando. 

insciens,  entis  [in  neg.  +scio],  adj.,  not 

knowing,  ignorant. 
inscientia,  ae  [insciens],  f.,  ignorance , 

want  of  experience. 
inscitus  [in  neg. +  sci6],  adj.,  ignorant, 

foolish. 

inseco,  are,  ui,  sectus  [seco,  cut],  to  cut 

into,  cut  up. 
insequor,  see  sequor. 
insero,  see  2.  sero. 

insidiae,  arum  [in+sido,  sit],  f.,  pi. 

ambush ;  treachery. 
insideo,  see  sedeo. 

insidior,  ari,  atus  sum  [insidiae],  to  lie 

in  wait  for. 

insignis,  e  [in  +  signum],  adj.,  remark- 
able, distinguished. 

insigne,  is  [insignis],  n.,  a  sign,  badge, 
ornament. 

insignio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [insignis],  to  mark, 

distinguish. 
insilio,  see  salio. 

insinuo,  are,  avi,  atus  [in  +  sinuo,  to 

curve],  get  into,  ivork  one's  ivay  into. 
insists,  see  sisto. 

insolens,  entis  [in  neg. +  sole6],  adj., 

unusual ;  haughty,  insolent. 

insolenter  [insolens],  adv.,  haughtily, 
insolently. 

inspecto,  see  specto. 

instabilis,  e  [in  +  stabilis,  from  sto], 
adj.,  unsteady,  variable. 

mstans,  antis  [insto],  adj.,  present,  im- 
mediate, urgent. 

instanter  [instans],  adv.,  earnestly, 
pressingly. 

instar,  n.,  indecl.,  an  image ;  with  gen., 
like. 

instauratio,  onis  [instauro,  renew],!., 

a  renewal. 
instinguo,  see  stinguo. 
instituo,  see  statuo. 

institiitum,  i  [instituo],  n.,  a  plan, 

design ;  custom,  institution. 
insto,  see  sto. 


instruo,  see  struo. 

insuef actus  [in  +  suesco  +  f acio] ,  ad j . , 

accustomed,  inured. 
insuesco,  see  suesco. 
insula,  ae,  f.,  an  island. 
insum,  see  sum. 

insuper,  adv.,  moreover,  besides;  insu- 
per  habere,  to  scorn  (late) . 

integer,  gra,  grum  [in  +  root  tag  in 
tango],  adj.,  untouched,  new;  full, 
entire,  vigorous  ;  de  integro,  anew. 

intellego,  see  lego. 

intemperanter    [intemperans],  adv., 

without  restralyit,  immoderately . 

intemperantia,  ae,  f.,  lack  of  control; 
arrogance ;  insubordination. 

intemperies  (only  acc.  and  abl.  e),  f., 
excess,  fury . 

intentus  [intendo,  to  stretch],  adj.,  at- 
tentive. 

inter,  prep,  with  acc,  between,  among, 
dmnng. 

inter calarius,  adj.,  intercalary,  inserted 

in  the  calen.da:\ 
intercede,  see  cedo. 
intercido,  see  cado. 
intercipio,  see  capio. 
intercludo,  see  claudo. 
interdico,  see  dico. 

interdiiL,  adv.,  in  the  daytime,  by  day. 
interea  [inter  +  is],  adv.,  in  the  mean- 
time, meamohile. 
intereo,  see  eo. 

interfector,  oris,m.  [interficio],  a  slayer, 

murderer. 
interficio,  see  facio. 
intericio,  see  iacio. 

interiectus,  iis  [intericio],  m.,  interveii- 
tion. 

interim  [inter +  *im  from  is],  adv.,  in 

the  meantime,  meanwhile. 
interimo,  see  emo. 

interior,  ius  [inter],  adj.,comp.  (no  posi- 
tive), inner,  interior.    Sup.  intimus. 

interitus,  us  [intereo],  m.,  death,  de- 
struction. 


294 


VOCABULARY. 


interminor,  ari,  atus  sum  [inter  + 
minor,  threaten]^  to  forbid  with 
threats. 

iutermitto,  see  mitto. 

internecio,  onis  [interneco,  destroy],  f., 
slaughter,  utter  ruin. 

interpono,  see  pono 

interpositus,  us  [interpono];  m.,  inter- 
position. 

interpretor,  ari,  atus  sum  [interpres, 

interpreter'],  to  explain,  intei^pret. 
interrogo,  see  rogo. 
interrumpo,  see  rumpo. 
intersero,  see  2.  sero. 
inter  sum,  see  sum. 

mtervallum,  i  [inter  +  vallum],  n.,  an 

interval,  distance. 

intervenio,  see  venio. 

inter ventus,  us  [intervenio],  m.,  com- 
ing between  {up) ,  intervention. 

intestabilis,  [in  neg.  +  testor,  to  ivit- 
ness],  adj  incapable  of  being  a  wit- 
ness; infamous,  abominable 

intestinum,  [intc:!tinus],  n.,  an  intes- 
tine, entrail. 

intestinus,  [intus]  adj  ,  internal;  bel- 
lum  intestinum,  civil  war. 

intime,  [intimur-,  inmost],  adv.,  very  in- 
timately, most  cordially. 

intolerandus  [tollo],  adj.,  intolerable. 

intolerans,  antic,  adj.,  not  enduring, 
impatient. 

intra  [contr.  from  intera],  adv.  and  prep, 
with  ace,  inside  of,  within. 

intrepide  [intrepidus,  undaunted],  adv., 
undauntedly ,  intrepidly. 

intro,  ar  ,  avi,  atvs  [intro,  ivithin],  to 
enter. 

introeo,  see  eo. 

introitus,  us  [introeo],  m.,  a  going  in, 

entrance. 
intromitto,  see  mitto. 
introrsuG  [intro  +  versus  from  verto], 

adv.,  inside,  toicard  the  interior. 
intueor,  see  tueor. 
intus,  adv.,  within ^  on  the  inside. 


inusitatus  [in  neg.  +  usitatus,  usual], 

adj.,  unusual,  unfamiliar,  novel. 
inutilis,  e  [in  neg.  +  utilis],  adj.,  useless, 

unprofitable. 
invado,  see  vado. 
invenio,  see  venio. 

inventor,  oris  [invenio],  in.,  a  discoverer, 

inventor. 

invictus  [in  neg. +  vinco],  adj.,  uncon- 
querable, invincible. 

invidia,  ae  [invideo,  to  envy],  f .,  envy,  ill 
icill. 

inviolabilis,  e  [in  +  viol6,  to  violate], 

adj.,  inviolabh. 

inviolate  [inviolatus],  adv.,  inviolably. 

inviolatus  [in  neg.  +  violatus  from 
violo],  adj.,  sacred,  inviolable. 

invisitatus  [in  neg. +  visito,  iter,  of 
video],  adj.,  unknown,  extraordinary. 

invisus  [invideo,  to  hate],  adj.,  hateful, 
hostile,  troublesome. 

invito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  invite,  summon. 

invitus,  adj.,  unwilling,  on  compulsion. 

invius  [in  neg.  +  via],  adj.,  impassable. 

iocus,  i  (pi.  also  ioca),  m.,  a  jest,  joke. 

lones,  um,  m.,  the  lonians,  a  branch  of 
the  Greek  race ;  particularly  those  set- 
tled on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

ipse,  a,  um,  dem.  pron.,  himself,  herself, 
itself,  themselves ;  very ;  et  ipse,  like- 
icise,  as  ivell. 

ira,  ae,  f.,  anger. 

iratus  [irascor,  to  be  angry],  adj.,  angry, 
is,  ea,  id,  dem.  pron.,  this  or  that;  he, 

she,  it ;  such. 
iste,  a,  ud,  and  istic,  aec,  oc  (uc),  dem. 

pron.,  that,  that  of  yours. 
ita  [is],  adv.,  in  this  way,  so,  thus;  as 

follows,  in  such  a  way ;  accordingly, 

and  so. 

Italia,  ae,  f.,  Italy.  The  name  did  not 
include  the  basin  of  the  Po  (Cisalpine 
Gaul)  until  the  time  of  Augustus. 

Italicus,  adj.,  Italian. 

itaque  [ita  +  que],  adv.,  and  so,  there- 
fore, consequently. 


VOCABULAEY. 


295 


item,  adv.,  likewise,  just  so,  also,  more- 
over. 

iter,  itineris  [eo,  ire],  n.,  a  journey, 

march,  road. 
iterum,  adv.,  again,  once  more,  for  the 

second  time. 
itidem  [ita],  adv.,  in  like  manner. 
iuba,  ae,  f.,  a  mane. 
luba,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Numidia,  defeated 

by  Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Tliapsus 

B.C.  46. 

iubeo,  ere,  iussi,iussus  [uncertain;  per- 
haps ius  +  habeo] ,  to  order,  command. 

iucundus,  Sid].,  pleasant ;  pleasing ;  joy- 
fid,  drar. 

liidaei,  orum,  m.,  the  Judaeans,  Jews. 

iudex,  icis  [ius  +  dico],  m.,  a  judge. 

indicium,  i  [iudex],  n.,  judgment ;  opin- 
ion ;  sentence  ;  trial ;  court. 

iudico  [iudex],  are,  avi,  atus,  to  judge; 
think,  he  of  the  opinvju ;  pronounce. 

dis  —  diiudico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dis- 
tinguish, decide. 

iugerum,  i  [iungo],  n.,  a  measure  of  land, 
sonieivhat  more  than  half  an  acre. 

iugum,  i  [iungo],  n.,  a  yoke,  ridge. 

lulins,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Caesar,  Proculus. 

iumentum,  i  [iungo],  w.,  a  beast  of  bur- 
den, pack  animal. 

iungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus  [cf.  iugum], 
to  join,  bind,  fasten,  yoke. 

ab  — abiungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus, 
to  unfasten,  unyoke,  separate,  remove. 

ad  —  adiungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus, 
to  join  to,  fasten  to,  add. 

con  —  coniungo,  ere,  iiinxi,  iunctus, 
to  \Lnilc,  connect,  form  by  associating. 

se  —  seiungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  to 
disunite,  separate. 

iunior,  see  iuvenis. 

lunius,  i,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 

See  Brutus,  Pullus,  Silanus. 
luno,  onis,  f.,  the  chief  female  divinity  of 

the  Latins,   the  sister  and  wife  of 

Jupiter. 


luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  the  chief  god  of  the 
Latins.  He  was  originally  a  personifi- 
cation of  the  sky,  and  had  the  control 
of  thunder,  lightning,  rain,  and  storms. 

iurgiosus  [iurgium,  quarref],  adj.,  quar- 
relsome (rare). 

iuris  consultus,  m.,  a  laicyer. 

iuro,  are,  avi,  atus,  and  iuror,  ari,  atus 
sum  [ius],  to  take  an  oath,  swear. 

con  — coniuro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
conspire,  plot. 

de  — deiero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  take 
an  oath,  swear.  \_court. 

iiis,  iuris,  n.,  right,  justice,  authority ; 

iusiurandum,  iiirisiurandi  [ius  +  iiiro], 
n.,  an  oath ;  with  adigere,  to  bind  by 
oath. 

(iussus,  lis)  [iubeo] ,  m.,  command  (only  ^ 
ab.  sing.). 

iiistitia,  ae  [ius],  i.,  justice,  uprightness. 
iustus  [ius],  ad].,  just,  fair ;  proper,  fit- 

ting ;  regular. 
iuvencus,  i,  m.,  a  bidlock. 
iuvenilis,  e  [iuvenis],  adj.,  youthful. 
iuvenis,  e,  adj.,  young.   Comp.  iHnior. 
iuventa,  ae  [iuvenis],  f.,  youth. 
inventus,  utis  [iuvenis],  f.,  youth  ;  men, 

(from  seventeen  to  forty-six  years  old) . 
iuvo,  are,  iiivi,  iutus,  to  help,  aid. 

ad  — adiuvo,  iuvare,  iiivi,  iiitus, 

to  assist,  support. 
iuxta,  adv.,  near. 

K. 

K.,  the  abbreviation  for  the  Roman  prae- 

nomen  Kaeso. 
KaL  =  Kalendae,  arum,  f.,  the  Kalends, 

the  first  day  of  the  month. 

L. 

L.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Lucius. 
L.  =  50. 

Labienus,  i,  m.,  T.  Attius  Labienus,  a 

lieutenant  in  Caesar's  army. 
Laberius,  i,  m.   See  Diirus. 


296 


VOCABULARY. 


labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  to  slip. 

de  —  delabor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  to 

glide  down. 
pro  —  prolabor,  labi,  lapsus  sum, 

to  fall  headlong. 
labor,   oris,   m.,   labor,   toil,  misfor- 
tune. 

laboro,  are,  avi,  atus  [labor],  to  toil, 
strive  ;  he  in  distress  ;  he  trouhled. 

labrum,  i  [lambo],  n.,  the  lip;  edge, 
rim. 

lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk. 

Lacedaemon,  onis,  f.,  the  city  of  Sparta, 

the  capital  of  Laconia. 
Lacedaemonius,  adj.,  Lacedaemonian, 

Spartan. 

lacesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus  [lacio,  entice], 
to  rouse,  annoy,  attack. 

Lacinius,  adj.,  of  Lacinium,  a  promon- 
tory in  the  southern  part  of  Italy. 

lacrima,  ae,  f.,  a  tear. 

lacrimabilis,  e  [lacrimo],  adj.,  lament- 
able. 

lacrimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [lacrima],  to 

Keep. 

laetifico,  are,  avi  atus  [lae  us  +  facio], 

to  cheer,  gladden. 
laetitia,  ae  [laetus,  joyful],  t.,  joy,  re- 
joicing. 

laetus,  did.].,  joyful,  pleasing,  rich. 

Laevinus,  i,  m.,  P.  Valerius,  was  consul 
B.C.  280;  defeated  by  Pyrrhus,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Siris. 

lambo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  lick,  lap. 

Lampsacus,  i,  f.,  a  town  on  the  Helles- 
pont. 

laneus  [lana,  wool],  adj.,  woolen. 
languidus,  adj.,  weak,  sluggish. 
lanio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tear,  mangle, 
lacerate. 

lapis,  idis,  m.,  a  stone  ;  milestone. 
lapicidinae,  arum  [lapis  +  caedo] ,  f., 

stone  quarries. 
lapsus,  lis  [labor],  m.,  a  gliding,  flight. 
Larcius,  i,  m.  (Lartius),  the  name  of  an 

ancient  Roman  gens. 


(1)  T.  Lartius  Flavus  was  appointed 
the  first  dictator  B.C.  501. 

(2)  Sp.  Larcius  aided  Horatius  Codes 
at  the  Sublician  bridge. 

Larentia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Faustulus, 
foster-mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

largior,  iri,  itus  sum,  to  give  free/.y,  dis- 
tribute; bribe. 

largitio,  onis  [largior],  f.,  liberality, 
bribery. 

lascivia,ae  [IdLSCiYUS, sportive],  t, jollity. 
lassitude,  inis  [lassus,  weak],  f.,  wcak- 

nes.s,  weariness. 
lateo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  lie  hid,  escape  notice. 
Latinus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Aeneas  Silvius, 

mythical  king  of  Alba  Longa. 
Latinus,   adj.,   Latin;  pertaining  to 

Latium;  pL,  the  Latins. 
Latium,  i,  n.,  a  district  on  the  west  coast 

of  central  Italy,  between  the  Tiber 

river  and  the  district  of  Campania, 
latitudo,  inis  [latus],  f.,  width,  breadth^ 

extent. 

latro,  onis,  m.,  a  robber,  brigand, 
latro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  bark. 
latrocinium,'  i  [latro],  n.,  brigandage, 

piracy,  robbery. 
latrocinor,  ari,  atus  sum  [latro],  to  be  a 

robber,  commit  piracy . 
latus,  adj.,  broad,  wide, 
latus  -  eris,  n.,  a  side;  flank, 
laudo,  are,  avi,  atus  [laus],  to  praise^ 

commend. 
con  —  conlaudo,  are,  avi,  atus, 

to  praise  highly,  commend. 
laureus  [laurus],  adj.,  of  laurel. 
laurus,  i  (abl.  lauru  and  lauro),  f.,  a 

hay  tree,  laurel. 
laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  fame,  glory. 
lautus  [lavo],  adj.,  washed;  elegant, 

distinguished. 
Lavinium,  i,  n.,  a  city  on  the  seacoast  of 

Latium,  founded  by  Aeneas, 
lavo,  ere  or  are,  lavi,  lautus,  to  wash, 

bathe.  [relax. 
laxo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  loose,  spread  out. 


VOCABULARY. 


297 


lectica,  ae  [lectus],  f.,  a  couch,  chair, 
litter. 

l.ecticula,  ae  [dim.  of  lectica],  f.,  a 

small  litter;  bier. 

lectio,  onis  [lego],  f.,  reading. 

lectulus,  i  [dim.  from  lectus,  couch], 
m.,  a  bed. 

legatio,  onis  [lego],  f.,  an  embassy. 

legatus,  i  [lego],  m.,  an  ambassador, 
legate ;  lieutejiant,  deputy. 

legio,  onis  [lego],  f.,  a  legion, 

legionarius  [legio],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
a  legion,  legionary. 

legitimus  [lex],  adj.,  lawful,  legal,  legit- 
imate. 

lego,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  send,  dispatch ; 
bequeath. 

de  —  delego,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  refer. 
lego,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to  gather,  collect ; 
select,  appoint ;  i^ead,  recite. 

con  — conligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to 
collect,  gather;  obtain,  get,  acquire; 
se  colligere,  to  rally. 

de  — deligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to 
select,  pick  out ;  levy. 

die  —  diligo,  ere,  lexi,  lectus,  to 
choose  out ;  love. 

ex  — eligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to  pick 
out,  choose. 

inter —  intellego,  ere,  lexi,  lectus, 
to  discern;  ascertain;  know,  under- 
stand. 

nec  —  neglego,  ere,  lexi,  lectus, 

to  neglect,  disregard,  despise. 
lenis,  e,  adj.,  gentle,  smooth. 
lenio.  iri,  ivi,  itus  [lenis],  to  soothe. 
Lentulus,  i,  m.,  L.  Cornelius  W3is  consul 

B.C.  275. 

Leonidas,  ae,  m.,  the  famous  Spartan 
king  who  perished  at  Thermopylae 
B.C.  480. 

lepide  [lepidus],  adv.,  pleasantly,  wit- 
tily. 

lepidus,  2id].,  pleasant,  elegant,  witty. 
Lepidus,  i,  m.,  M.  Aemilius,  a  member 
of  the  second  triumvirate,  was  consul 


with  Caesar  B.C.  46.  He  was  deprived 
of  his  power  by  Augustus,  and  died 
B.C.  13. 

lepus,  oris,  m.,  the  hare. 

levis,  e,  adj.,  light,  trivial,  easy. 

lex,  legis,  f.,  a  law,  decree. 

Lexovii,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Gaul. 

libens.  entis,  adj.,  glad,  gladly. 

libenter  libens],  adv.,  gladly,  cheerfully, 

liber,  era,  erum,  adj.,  free;  pi.  m., 
liberi,  children. 

liber,  bri,  m.,  a  book. 

liberalis,  e  [liber],  adj., /?'ee-6om,  noble ; 
liberal,  generous. 

liberaliter  [liberalis],  adv.,  graciously ^ 
kindly ;  freely,  generously. 

libere  [liber],  a,dv.,  freely,  boldly. 

libero,  are,  avi,  atus  [liber],  to  set  free, 
release. 

libertas,  Stis  [liber],  t.,  freedom. 
libra,  ae,  f.,  a  pair  of  scales;  a  pound. 
librarius,  i  [liber],  m.,  a  secretary; 

copyist,  translator. 
licentia,  ae  [licens] ,  i.,  freedom,  license, 
liceor,  liceri,  licitus  sum,  to  bid  (at 

an  auction), 
licet,  licere,   licuit  or  licitum  est, 

impers.,  it  is  allowed,  permitted. 
Licinius,  i,  a  Roman  gens  name.  See 

Crassus,  Lucullus,  Miirena. 
Licinus,  i,  M.  Fabius,  consul  b.c.  246. 
Liger,  eris,  m.,  the  river  Loire,  in  France, 
ligneus  [lignum],  adj.,  wooden. 
lignum,  i,  n.,  wood. 
ligo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  bind. 

ad  —  adligo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  bind 

fast. 

de  — deligo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  bind 

fast,  tie,  fasten. 
Ligures,  um,  m.,  the  people  of  Liguria, 

a  district  on  the  northwest  coast  of 

Italy  near  the  modern  Gulf  of  Genoa. 
Lilybaeum,  i,  n.,  a  Carthaginian  town 

in  western  Sicily, 
limen,  inis,  n.,  a  threshold;  house. 


298 


VOCABULARY. 


lineamentum,  i  [linea,  a  line],  n.,  a 

line,  feature,  lineament. 
lingua,  ae,  f.,  the  tongue. 
lingula,  ae  [lingua],  f.,  a  tongue  of 

land,  peninsula. 
linquo,  ere,  liqui,  — ,  to  leave. 

re  —  relinquo,  ere,  liqui,  lictus,  to 

leave,  bequeath. 
linum,  i,  n.,jiax. 
liquor,  oris,  m.,  a  fluid,  liquido 
littera,  ae,  f.,  a  letter  (of  the  alphabet) ; 

pL,  loriting,  literature,  letters;  a  letter. 
litteratus  [littera],  adj.,  learned,  edu^ 

Gated. 

litus,  oris,  n.,  a  shore,  beach. 

lituus,  i,  m.,  an  augur's  staff. 

Livius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Salinator. 

loco,  are,  avi,  atus  [locus],  to  place. 
con  —  conloco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
place,  station  ;  arrange. 

Locri,  orum,  m.,  (1),  an  ancient  Greek 
city  in  southern  Italy.  (2)  The  inhab- 
itants of  the  city,  Locrians. 

locupleto,  are,  avi,  atus  [locuples,  rich], 
to  enrich. 

locus,  i,  pi.  loci  and  loca,  m.,  a  place, 
spot ;  room  ;  position,  rank,  condition. 
locutus,  see  loquor. 

Lollius,  i,  m.,  M.,  propraetor  of  Galatia 
under  Augustus,  was  consul  B.C.  21. 

longe  [longus],  adv.,  at  a  distance,  far, 
by  far. 

Longinus,  i,  m.,  Sp.  Cassius,  one  of  the 
foremost  conspirators  against  Caesar 
B.C.  44. 

longinquus  [longus],  adj.,  remote,  dis- 
tant ;  prolonged. 

longitude,  inis  [longus],  f.,  length. 

longurius,  i  [longus],  m.,  a  long  pole. 

longus,  adj.,  long,  tall;  distant,  tedious. 

Longus,  i,  m.,  Ti.  Sempronius,  consul 
B.C.  218 ;  defeated  by  Hannibal  at  the 
Trebia. 

loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum,  to  speak, 
saij. 


con  —  conloquor,  i,  locutus  sum,  to 

talk  with,  hold  a  conference^  converse. 

lorica,  ae  [lorum,  strap],  f.,  a  corselet  of 
leather;  coat  of  mail. 

Lucani,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Lucania,  a  district  in  southern  Italy. 

Lucretia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Collatinus. 
Her  disgrace  at  the  hands  of  Sextus 
Tarquinius  led  to  the  establishment  of 
the  republic. 

Lucretius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Tricipitinus. 

Lucullus,  i,  m.,  L.  Licinius,  famous  for 
his  wealth  and  luxury,  was  born  (prob- 
ably) B.C.  110;  consul  74-,  conducted 
the  war  against  Mithridates  74-63 ;  died 
57  or  5(5. 

ludibrium,  i  [ludus],  n.,  mockery. 
ludicrum,  i  [ludus],  n.,  sport,  game,  fes- 
tival. 

ludo,  ere,  lusi,  lusus,  to  play. 

ex  -  eludo,  ere,  lusi,  lusus,  to  elude, 

avoid  ;  deceive  ;  mock. 

in  — inludo,  ere,  lusi,  lusus,  to  jeer 
at,  ridicule ;  cheat. 

ludus,  i,  m.,  play,  game;  place  of  train- 
ing, school. 

lugeo,  ere,  liixi,  luctus,  to  mourn,  be- 
IV  ail. 

Lugotorix,  igis,  m.,  the  chief  of  a  tribe 
of  Britons. 

lumbus,  i,  m.,  the  loin. 

lumen,  inis  [lux],  n.,  a  light. 

luna,  ae,  f.,  the  moon. 

Luna,  ae,  f.,  the  goddess  of  the  moon, 
identified  with  Diana. 

lupa,  ae,  f.,  a  she-ioolf, 

Lupercal,  alis,  n.,  a  grotto  on  the  Pala- 
tine hill  at  Rome  sacred  to  the  god 
Pan.  L.  ludibrium,  the  Lupercalian 
festival. 

Lusitanus,  adj.,  Lusitanian,  of  a  prov- 
ince in  the  southwest  of  Spain. 

lusus,  us  [ludo],  m.,  sport. 

Lutatius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Catulus. 


VOCABULARY. 


299 


lux,  lucis,  f.,  lights  daylight;  prima 

luce,  at  dawn. 
luxuria,  ae  [luxus,  excess],  f.,  luxury, 

extravagance. 
luxurior,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  revel. 
Lycaeus,  i,  m.,  an  epithet  of  the  god 

Pan. 

Lysias,  ae,  m.,  a  celebrated  Athenian 
orator,  who  lived  abont  458-378  B.C. 

Lysimachus,  i,  m.,  an  Athenian,  the 
father  of  Ar  is  tides. 

M. 

M.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Marcus. 
M.',  abbreviation  of  the  name  Manius. 
M.  -  1000. 

Macedonia,  ae,  f.,  an  extensive  country 
north  of  Greece.  The  inhabitants  were 
not  usually  reckoned  as  Greeks.  Under 
Alexander  Macedonia  became  the  chief 
power  in  the  ancient  world. 

maestus,  adj.,  sad. 

magis,  adv.,  more,  rather;  eo  magis, 
all  the  more;  sup.  maxime,  greatly, 
chiefly,  exceedingly. 

magister,  tri,  m.,  a  master,  ruler, 
teacher ;  magister  equitum,  a  military 
officer,  master  of  the  horse. 

magistratus,  us  [magister],  m.,  a  mag- 
istrate ;  7nagistracy. 

Magnesia,  ae,  f.,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor 
near  Mt.  Sipylus  in  Lydia. 

magnificus  [magnus  +  facio],  adj., 
splendid,  magnificent,  noble. 

magnitude,  inis  [magnus],  f.,  magni- 
tude, greatness  or  size. 

magnopere  or  magno  opere,  adv.,  very 
greatly,  exceedingly . 

magnus,  adj.,  great,  large,  abundant, 
powerful.  Comp.  maior;  sup.  maxi- 
mus. 

Mago,  onis,  m.,  the  brother  of  Hannibal, 

captured  by  Scipio  in  Spain, 
maior,  see  magnus.    As  m.  noun,  ma- 

iores,  ayicestors. 


Mains,  i,  m.,  the  month  of  May;  usually 
as  adj.,  agreeing  with  mensis^  Kalen- 
dae,  Idus'. 

malacia,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  calm. 

male  [mains],  adv.,  badly,  ill,  unhap- 
pily, unsuccessfully.  Comp.  peius; 
sup.  pessime. 

maleficium,  i  [male  +  facio],  n.,  mis- 
chief, damage,  harm. 

maio,  see  volo. 

malus,  adj.,  bad,  evil,  hurtfid.  Comp. 
peior ;  sup.  pessimus.  As  noun,  ma- 
lum, i,  n.,  misfortune. 

mains,  i,  m.,  a  mast. 

Mamilius,  i,  m.,  see  Octavius. 

mamma,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  breast,  dug. 

manceps,  ipis  [manus  +  capio] ,  m.,  a 
X>urchaser  at  imblic  auctions,  con- 
tractor, re)  iter. 

mandatum,  i  [mando],  n.,  an  order,  com- 
mand. 

mando,  are,  avi,  atus  [manus  +  do],  to 

commission,  co7nmand,  send  word. 

con  —  commends,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
commend  or  coinmlt  for  protection,  en- 
trust, recommend. 

re  — remando,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
s^nd  back  ivord  (very  rare). 

Mandubracius,  i,  m.,  a  British  chief. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning. 

maneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansus,  to  stay, 
conXlnue  ;  abide  by. 

per  —  permaneo,  ere,  m.ansi,  man- 
sum,  to  continue,  remain. 

re  —  remaneo,  ere,  mansi,  — ,  to  re- 
main behind. 

Manilius,  i,  m.,  M.,  was  consul  b.c.  149, 
and  carried  on  war  against  Carthage. 

manipulus,  i  [manus  +  pleo]  ,m.,a  com- 
pany of  soldiers,  maniple  (one  third  of 
a  cohort),  the  original  standard  of 
which  bore  a  handful  of  hay. 

Manlius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

M.  Manlius,  surnamed  Capitolinus, 
consul  B.C.  392,  aided  in  the  defense  of 


300 


VOCABULARY. 


the  capitol  against  the  Gauls.  See  also 
Censorinus,  Torquatus,  Vulso. 

mano,  are,  avi,  — ,  to  trickle ;  spread. 

manubiae,  arum  [manus],  f.,  prize- 
money. 

mansuefacio,  ere,  feci,  f actus  [man- 
suesco  (manus  +  suesco) ,  to  grow  used 
to  the  /laTid  +  facio],  to  tame;  pass., 
to  grow  tame. 

manumitto,  ere,  misi,  missus  [manus  + 
mitto],  to  make  free,  evfranchise. 

manus,  us,  f.,  a  hand;  hand,  troop; 
force;  combat;  dare  manus,  to  yield ; 
per  manus,  '71  succession. 

Marathon,  onis  (acc.  ona),  f.,  n  small 
deme  or  ward  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Attica,  about  twenty-three  miles  from 
Athens. 

Marathonius,  Sid].,  pertaining  to  Mara- 
thon. 

Mardonius,  i,  m.,  the  son-in-law  of  Da- 
rius, defeated  at  Plataea  b.c.  379. 

Marcellus,  i,  m.,  a  famous  family  name 
in  the  Claudian  gens. 

(1)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  a  cele- 
brated general,  was  consul  b.c.  214. 
He  captured  Syracuse  b.c.  212,  but  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  his  fifth  consul- 
ship by  Hannibal  b.c.  208. 

(2)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  son  of 
(1),  was  consul  b.c.  196. 

(3)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  consul 
B.C.  51,  a  violent  opponent  of  Caesar. 
Caesar  afterwards  pardoned  him,  and 
Cicero,  his  intimate  friend,  returned 
thanks  in  the  oration  Pro  Mar  cello. 

Marcius,  i,  m.,  Ancus  Marcius,  the 
fourth  king  of  Rome,  B.C.  640-616. 
See  also  Coriolanus. 

Marcus,  i,  m.,  a  common  praenomen. 

mare,  is,  n.,  the  sea. 

maritimus  [mare],  adj.,  of  the  sea,  ma- 
rine, maritime,  on  the  sea  shore. 

maritus,  i  [mas],  m.,  a  husband. 

Marius,  i,  m. 

(1)  C,  one  of   the  most  famous 


Roman  generals,  born  b.c  157  ;  was 
seven  times  consul.  He  defeated  a 
vast  horde  of  barbarian  invaders  from 
Germany,  at  Aquae  Sextiae,  b.c.  102; 
died  B.C.  86. 

(2)  C.  Marius,  his  son,  consul  B.C. 
82. 

m armor,  oris  [Greek],  n.,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  an  ancient  Roman 
divinity  worshiped  as  the  god  of  war. 

Martins,  i  [Mars],  m.,  the  month  of 
March;  usually  an  adj.,  agreeing  with 
mensis,  Idus,  Kalendae,  etc. 

Martins  [Mars] ,  Sidj., pertaining  to  Mars, 
Campus  Martins,  see  Campus. 

mas,  maris,  m.,  a  male. 

Masinissa,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Numidia,  was 
an  ally  of  Scipio  Africanus  in  Africa, 
B.C.  202.  He  reigned  until  the  third 
Punic  war,  and  died  B.C.  148. 

Masurius,  i,  m.,  Sabinus,  an  eminent 
Roman  lawyer,  lived  in  the  first  cen- 
tury A.D. 

mater,  tris,  f.,  a  mother. 

materfamilias,  see  familia. 

materia  and  materies,  ae  [mater],  f., 
7naterial;  timber,  wood. 

mathematicus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  mathe- 
matician. 

matrona,  ae  [mater],  f.,  a  matron, 
woman. 

maturus,  adj.,  ripe,  mature;  seasonable, 
fit;  early. 

Mauretania,  ae,  f.,  a  district  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Africa,  embrac- 
ing parts  of  modern  Morocco  and 
Algiers. 

Mavors,  tis,  m..  Mars. 

maxime  [maximus],  see  magis. 

Maximus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  surname. 

(1)  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  was  magis- 
ter  equitum  to  the  dictator  Papirius 
B.C.  325.  He  was  consul  six  times,  the 
last  in  B.C.  296. 

(2)  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  son  of  (1), 
was  defeated  by  the  Samnites  B.C.  292. 


VOCABULARY. 


301 


He  escaped  degradation  by  his  father's 
o^Ter  to  serve  as  his  lieutenant  in  his 
next  campaign. 

(3)  Q,  Fabius  Maximus,  grandson 
ol  (2) ,  surnamed  Cunctator  from  his 
caution,  was  a  famous  general  in  the 
second  Punic  war.  He  was  five  times 
consul;  died  B.C.  203. 
medicina,  ae  [medicus],  f.,  medicine; 
remedy. 

medicus,  i  [medeor,  heal]t  m.,  a  physi- 
cian, surgeon. 

mediocris,  ore  [medius],  adj.,  commoUf 
moderate,  mediocre. 

mediocriter  [mediocris],  adv.,  moder- 
ately, somewhat. 

mediterraneus  [medius  +  terra],  adj., 
inland,  removed  from  the  sea, 

meditor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  reflect  upon, 
practice,  meditate. 

medium,  i  [medius],  n.,  the  middle, 
midst,  space  between. 

medius,  adj.,  middle,  between, 

melior,  adj.,  see  bonus. 

melius,  adv.,  see  bene. 

membrum,  i,  n.,  a  limb  (of  the  body). 

memor,  oris,  adj.,  mindful,  grateful. 

memoria,  ae  [memor],  f.,  memory ;  re- 
port, record,  time,  age. 

memorialia,  ium  [memoria],  n.,  me- 
moirs. 

memoro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  remind  of, 

speak  of,  rp<*mmf,  record. 
Menapii,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the  Belgae 

living  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine, 
mendacium,  i  [mendax,  false],  n.,  a 

lie. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  the  mind;  disposition; 

reason. 
mensa,  ae,  f.,  a  table. 
mensis,  is,  m.,  a  ynonth. 
^nensura,  ae  [metier],  f.,  a  measure; 

mensura  ex  aqua,  a  water  clock. 
mentio,  onis,  f.,  mention. 
mentior,  iri,  itus  sum,  to  lie,  cheats 

pretend. 


mercator,  oris  [mercor],  m.^  a  trader, 

merchant. 

mercatura,  ae  [mercor],  f.,  trade,  mer- 
chandise. 

mercennarius    [merces],  adj.,  hi^^ed; 

subst.,  a  mercenary,  hireling,  servant. 
merces,  edis,  f.,  a  price ;  pay. 
mercor,  ari,  atus  sum  [merx,  wares'], 

to  trade,  purchase. 
Mercurius,  i  [cf.  merxj,  m.,  a  Latin  god 

of  commerce  and  gain, 
mereo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  and  mereor,  erX,  itus 

sum,  to  get,  earn,  deserve  ;  serve. 
mergo,  ere,  mersi,  mersus,   to  dip, 

plunge,  sink. 
de  — demerge,  ere,  mersi,  mersus, 

to  sink. 

sub  —  submerge,  ere,  mersi,  mer- 
sus, to  submerge. 

meridianus  [meridies],  adj.,  of  midday, 

meridies,  ei  [medius  +  dies],  m.,  mid- 
day, noon;  the  south. 

meritum,  i  [mereor],  n.,  desert,  merit, 
service,  kindness. 

Merula,  ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  consul 
B.C.  1(}3. 

meta,  ae,  f.,  a  goal,  point,  position, 
metallum,  i  [Greek],  n.,  metal;  amine. 
Metellus,  i,  m.,  Q.  Caeci/ms,  surnamed 

Creticus,  was  consul  b.c.  60. 
metier,  iri,  mensus  sum,  to  measure  or 

deal  out,  distribute. 
dis  —  dimetior,  iri,  mensus  sum,  to 

measure  off,  measure. 
meto,  ere,  messui,  messus,  to  reap. 
de  — demeto,  ere,  messui,  messus, 

to  cut  down,  reap. 
metus,  lis,  m.,fear,  dread. 
mens,  adj.,  my,  mine. 
Mezentius,  i,  m.,  a  legendary  king  of 

Caere  in  Etruria. 
migro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  migrate,  remove. 
de  —  demigro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  move 

from,  migrate. 

re  —  remigro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  come 

back,  return. 


302 


VOCABULARY. 


miles,  itis,  m.  and  f.,  a  soldier. 
miliarium,  i,  n.,  a  milestone ^  mile^  see 

cut  on  p.  14. 
militaris,  e  [miles],  adj.,  military;  as 

noun,  a  soldier ;  res  militaris,  the  art 

of  war,  military  operations. 
militia,  ae  [miles],  f.,  military  service. 
milito,  are,  avi,  atum,  [miles],  to  he  a 

soldier,  wage  loar. 
mille,   indecl.  adj.,  a    thousand;  pi. 

milia,  um,  as  noun,  n.,  thousand,  thou- 
sands (M). 
Milo,  onis,  m.,  a  celebrated  athlete  from 

Croton,  of  the  sixth  century  B.C. 
Miltiades,  is,  m. 

(1)  Son  of  Cypselus,  an  Athenian, 
became  tyrant  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonese. 

(2)  Son  of  Cimon,  nephew  of  (1), 
with  whom  Nepos  has  confused  him, 
was  also  an  Athenian,  and  succeeded 
to  the  kingdom  (tyranny)  of  the  Cher- 
sonese. In  B.C.  490  he  led  the  Athe- 
nians at  the  famous  battle  of  Marathon. 

minaciter  [minax,  threatening],  adv., 
threateningly. 

Minerva,  ae,  f.,  the  virgin  daughter  of 
Jupiter,  the  Latin  goddess  of  wisdom 
and  of  all  skilled  arts. 

minimus,  adj.,  least,  smallest;  see  par- 
vus. 

ministro,  are,  avi,  atus  [minister],  to 

attend,  sei^ve. 
ad  —  administro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

help,  perform  ;  oversee,  govern. 
sub  —  subministro,  are,  avi,  atus, 

to  supply,  provide. 
minor,  us,  adj.,  less,  smaller;  see  parvus, 
minor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  threaten. 
Minucius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Riifus,  Thermus. 
minuo,  ere,  i,  iitus  [minus],  to  diminish, 

reduce;  settle;  recede  (of  the  tide), 
minus  [minor],  adv.,  less,  not;  nihilo 

minus,  notwithstanding,  none  the  less. 
mirabilis,  e  [miror],  adj.,  wonderful. 


miraculum,  i  [miror],  n.,  a  wonder, 

marvel,  miracle. 
mirandus    [miror],    adj.,  wonderful, 

strange. 

miror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  wonder  at,  he 

astonished. 
ad  — admiror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 

wonder  at,  admire. 
de  — demiror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 

wonder,  he  amazed. 
mirus,  adj.,  wonderful. 
miser,  era,  erum,  adj.,  unhappy,  unfor- 
tunate, pitiable. 
miserandus  [miseror,  to  pity],  adj., 

pitiahle,  lamentahle. 
misericordia,  ae  [miser  +  cor],  f.,  pity, 

compassion,  mercy. 
missilis,  e  [mitto],  adj.,  that  can  he 

thrown. 

Mithradates,  is,  m.,  surnamed  the  Great, 
king  of  Pontus,  B.C.  120-63. 

Mithradaticus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Mith- 
radates. 

mitigo,  are,  avi,  atus  [mitis  +  ago],  to 

soften. 

mitis,  e,  adj.,  mild,  kind,  placid. 
mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to  send,  dis- 
patch; throw,  shoot;  let  go. 

ab  — amitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
seiidaway,  lose;  dismiss. 

ad  — admitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
permit,  admit,  give  audience  to ;  com- 
mit. 

con  — committo,  ere,  misi,  missus, 

to  join;  intrust,  commit;  cause,  do; 
pugnam  committere,  to  join,  hegin, 
battle. 

dis  — dimitto,  ere,  misi.  missus,  to 

dismiss,  let  go,  los^^,  abandon. 
ex  —  emitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 

send  forth,  discharge  ;  throw  away  ; 
let  go. 

in  — immitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 

send  into  or  against,  hurl;  sink;  admit. 

inter  —  intermitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus, to  interpose,  interrupt;  stop,  cease. 


VOCABULARY. 


308 


intro  —  intrdmitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus, to  send  or  let  into,  introduce. 

ob  — omitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
lay  aside,  omit,  throw  away,  neglect. 

per  —  permitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
to  permit ;  intrust. 

prae  —  praemitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus, to  send  forward. 

pro  —  promitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
to  send  forward;  promisp,,  assure. 

re  —  remitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
send  back,  relax;  abate. 

Bub  —  submitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
send  secretly,  dispatch ;  furnish ;  loioer. 
mobilis,  e  [moveo],  adj.,  fickle,  change- 
able, movable. 
mobilitas,   atis   [mobilis],  f.,  speed; 

fickleness. 
mobiliter  [mobilis],  adv.,  easily. 
moderor,  ari,  atus  [modus],  to  check, 

restrict,  regulate. 
moderatio,  onis  [moderor],  f.,  ynodera- 

tion,  self-control. 
moderatus  [moderor],  adj.,  self -con- 
trolled, temperate,  inod'^st. 
modicus  [modus],  adj.,  small,  moderate. 
modius,  i  [modus] ,  m.,  a  measure,  peck. 
modo  [modus],  adv.,  only,  just ;  now. 
modus,  i,  m.,  a  measure,  amount ;  man- 
ner. 

moenia,  ium,  n.  pi.,  city  ic alls,  fortifica- 
tions ;  city. 

moles,  is,  f.,  mass,  mound;  dike,  dam. 

molestia,  ae  [molestus,  troublesome],  f., 
troublesomeness,  annoyance. 

mollis,  e,  adj.,  soft,  gentle,  smooth; 
yielding. 

Molossi,  orum,  m.,  a  semi-Greek  people 
living  in  the  southern  part  of  Epirus. 

momentum,  i  [moveo],  n..  a  short  time, 
time, 

Mona,  ae,  f.,  the  Isle  of  Anglesea,  north 
of  Wales. 

moneo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  advise,  warn, 
remind. 

monile,  is,  n.,  a  necklace,  collar. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  —  20 


monitus,  us  [moneo],  m.,  advice. 

monocolus,  i  (Greek),  m.,  one-legged 
(late) ,  epithet  applied  to  a  fabled  race 
of  giants,  each  with  but  one  leg. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  a  mountain,  hill, 
height. 

monstro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  show,  point 
out,  declare. 
de  —  demonstro,   are,   avi,  atus, 

to  point  out,  state;  explain,  prove. 
monstrum,  i  [monstro],  n.,  an  07nen, 
miracle. 

monumentum,  i  [moneo],  n.,  a  monu- 
ment, i^ecord;  tomb. 

morbus,  i,  m.,  sickness,  disease. 

moribundus  [morior],  adj.,  at  the  point 
of  death. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum,  to  die. 

ex  —  emorior,  mori,  — ,  — ,  to  die  off. 
Morini,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the  Belgae 

living  near  the  Strait  Ox  Djver. 
moror,  ari,  atus  sum  [mora],  to  delay, 

wait. 

morosus  [mos],  ^d].,  fretful,  capi^icious. 

mors,  mortis  [morior],  f.,  death, 

mortuus  [morior],  adj.,  dead. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  a  custom,  habit;  char- 
acter, manners. 

motus,  iis  [moveo],  m.,  motion,  disturb- 
ance, revolt. 

moveo,  ere,  movi,  motus,  to  move,  re- 
mov,  irtfiuenre,  excite. 

con  —  commoveo,  ere,  movi,  motus, 
to  arouse,  disturb,  move,  influence. 

per  —  permoveo,  ere,  movi,  motus, 
to  rouse  thoroughly ,  alarm;  induce. 

re  —  removed,  ere,  movi,  motus,  io 
remove,  put  aside,  dismiss,  withdraT. 

sub  —  submoveo,  ere,  movi,  motus, 
to  drive  off,  dislodge. 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  directly,  then. 

miigio,  ire,  ivi,  — ,  to  lou\  bellow. 

muliebris,  e  [mulier],  adj.,  pertaining 
to  a  woman,  woman-like. 

mulier,  eris,  f.,  a  woman,  wife, 

multa,  ae,  f.,  a  fine,  penalty. 


304 


VOCABULARY. 


multimodis  [multus  +  modus],  adv.,  in 

many  ways. 
multitude,  inis  [multus],  f.,  a  multi- 
tude. 

multo,  are,  avi,  atus  [multa],  to  fine, 

deprive;  punish,  condemn. 
multum,  multo  [multus],  adv.,  much, 

by  far,  greatly.     Comp.  plus;  sup. 

plurimum. 
multus,  adj.,  comp.  plus,  sup.  plurimus, 

much;  pi,  7nany.   multo  die,  late  in 

the  day. 

Munda,  ae,  f.,  a  Roman  colony  in  the 
south  of  Spain. 

munditia,  ae  [mundus,  neaf],  f.,  neat- 
ness, cleanliness,  ehgance. 

mundus,  i,  m.,  the  world,  universe. 

munici{)ium,  i,  n.,  a  town  possessing  the 
right  of  Roman  citizenship,  but  gov- 
erned by  its  own  laws  ;  a  free  toion. 

munimentum,  i  [munio],  n.,  a  fortifica- 
tion, defense. 

munio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum  [moenia],  to 
fortify,  secure,  guard. 

munitio,  onis  [munio],  i.,  fortification, 
fortfied  works,  defenses. 

munus,  eris,  n.,  a  duty,  sei^vice ;  gift. 

muralis,  e  [murus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
a  wall. 

Miirena,  ae,m.,Z.Zicmm6',consulB.c.62. 
murteus  [murtus],  adj.,  of  myrtle. 
murtus,  i  [Greek],  f.,  myrtle. 
murus,  i,  m.,  a  wall. 
Mus,  Muris,  m.,  P.  Decius,  was  consul 

B.C.  27.),  and  fought  against  Pyrrhus. 
mutatio,  onis  [muto],  f.,  change. 
mutilus,  adj.,  maim 3fZ,  mutilated;  mu- 

tilae  cornibus,  without  horns. 
muto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  change. 

con  —  commute,   are,   avi,  atus, 

to  change,  alter,  exchange. 
in  — immuto,   are,  avi,  atus,  to 

change. 

Myus,  untis  (acc.  iinta) ,  f .,  an  Ionian  city 
in  Caria,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Meander. 


N. 

nactus,  see  nanclscor. 

Naevius,  i,  m.,  M.,  a  tribune  of  the 

people  B.C.  185. 
nam,  cow].,  for,  hut. 
Namnetes,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the  west 

coast  of  Gaul  north  of  the  Loire, 
namque,  conj.,/o/-  indeed,  for  truly. 
nanciscor,  i,  nactus  sum,  to  get,  obtain. 
naris,  is,  f..  Vie  nostril ;  pi.  nose. 
narro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  narrate,  tell. 
de  —  denarro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  telly 

relate  (very  rare), 
nascor,  i,  natus  sum,  to  be  born;  aHse, 

procesd. 

ex  —  enascor,  i,  natus  sum,  to  grow 

or  spring  out. 
natalis,  e  [natus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 

birth,  natal ;  dies  natalis,  a  birthday. 
natio,  onis  [nascor],  f.,  a  nation,  tribe, 

people. 

nativus  [natus],  adj.,  natural,  native, 
natura,  ae  [natus],  f.,  nature,  disposi- 
tion; situation. 
natiiralis,  e  [natiira],  adj.,  natural, 
natus  [nascor],  adj.,  lit.  born;  with 

annos  and  numerals,  old.  ^ 
naufragium,  i   [navis  +  frahgo],  n., 

shipwreck,  ruin. 
nauta,  ae  [for  navita,  from  navis],  m., 
a  sailor. 

nauticus  [nauta],  adj.,  nautical. 
navalis,  e  [navis],  adj.,  naval. 
navicula,  ae  [dim.  of  navis],  f.,  a  small 

vessel,  boat. 
navigatio,  onis  [navigo],  f.,  a  voyage; 

navigation. 
navigium,  i  [navigo],  n.,  a  vessel,  boat. 
navigo,  are,  avi,  atus  [navis  +  ago], 

to  sail,  navigate. 
navis,  is,  f.,  a  ship,  vessel ;  navis  longa, 

war  ship,  galley ;   navis  oneraria, 

transport. 

Navius,  i,  m.,  Attus,  a  famous  augur  of 
the  time  of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 


VOCABULARY. 


305 


nfivo,  are,  avi,  atus  [(g)navus,  busy], 
to  be  busy  at,  perform  with  vigor. 

Naxus  [Naxos],  i,  f.,  one  of  the  Cycla- 
des  Islands  in  the  Aegean  Sea. 

ne,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  lest,  not  to; 
that, 

ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  .  .  .  even  (the  em- 
phatic word  is  placed  between). 

ne,  enclitic  interrog.  particle,  whether; 
ne  .  .  .  an  or  ne  .  .  .  ne,  whether  .  .  . 
or. 

nebulo,  onis  [nebula,  misi],  m.,  a  worth- 
less felloio,  scamp. 
nec,  see  neque. 

necessario  [necessarius] ,  adv.,  neces- 
sarily. 

necessarius  [necesse],  adj.,  necessary, 
indispensable ;  as  noun,  an  intimate 
friend,  relative. 

necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary,  inevi- 
table. 

necessitas,  atis  [necesse],  i.,  necessity, 
pressure. 

necessitudo,  inis  [necesse],  f.,  friend- 
ship, intimacy. 
necne,  conj.,  or  riot. 

neco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  kill.  [contrive. 

necto,  ere,  nexui,  nexus,  to  bind,  tie; 
con  —  conecto,  ere,  — ,  nexus,  to 
unite,  connect. 

nefastus  [nefas,  crime],  adj.,  unhal- 
lowed, unpropitious. 

neglego,  see  lego.  [refuse. 

nego,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  say  no,  deny, 

negotium,  i  [nec  +  otium],  n.,  business ; 
toil,  trouble. 

Nemetes,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Germans  set- 
tled in  Gaul  near  modern  Speier. 

nemo,  inis  [ne  +  bomo],  m.  and  f.,  no 
one. 

Neocles,  i,  m.,  an  Athenian,  the  father 

of  Themistocles. 
Nepos,  Otis,  m.,  Cornelius,  the  historian, 

lived  probably  B.C.  99-24. 
nepos,    Otis,    m.,   grandson;  nephew 

(late) ;  pL,  descendants. 


Neptiinus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  god,  brother 

of  Jupiter,  and  chief  divinity  of  the  sea. 
nequaquam  [ne  +  quaquam,  anywhere] , 

adv.,  not  at  all,  by  no  means. 
neque  or  nec  [ne  +  que],  adv.,  nor,  and 

.  .  .  7iot;  neque  .  .  .  neque  or  nec, 

neither  .  .  .  njr. 
nequiquam,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no  pwpose. 
Nero,  onis,  m.,  C.  {App.)  Claudius  Nero 

was  consul  B.C.  207  with  Livius  Salina- 

tor,  and  defeated  Hasdrubal  at  Sena. 
Nervii,  orum,  m.,  a  brave  and  warlike 

tribe  of  the  Belgian  Gauls  who  lived 

between   the   river    Sabis  (modern 

Sambre)  and  the  sea. 
nervus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  sinew ^  muscle ^ 

nerve. 
neu,  see  neve. 

neuter,  tra,  trum  [ne  +  uter],  pron., 

yieither. 

neve  or  neu  [ne  +  ve],  conj.,  nor,  and 

that  not ;  and  .  .  .  not ;  neve  .  .  .  neve, 

neither  .  .  .  nor. 
nex,  necis,  f.,  death ;  mwder,  slaughter. 
Nicias.  ae,  m.,  the  physician  of  Pyrrhus, 

who  offered  to  poison  his  master. 
Nicomedes,  is,  m.,  surnamed  Philopator, 

kiug  of  Bithynia,  expelled  by  Mithri- 

dates,  but  restored  by  the  Romans, 
nihil  [ne  +  hilum,  a  trifle],  n.,  indecl., 

nothing,  not  at  all. 
nihilo  [abl.  of  nihilum],  none  the  .  .  .  ; 

nibilo  minus,  none  the  less. 
Nilus,  i,  m.,  the  river  Nile, 
nimbus,  i,  m.,  a  rain  storm,  cloud. 
nimis,  adv.,  too  much,  very,  excessively. 
nimius  [nimis],  adj.,  excessive,  too  much, 

too  great. 

nisi  [ne  +  si],  conj.,  if  not,  unless,  except. 
nitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus  sum,  strive,  at- 
^tempt ;  rely  upon. 

con  —  conitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus 
sum,  to  strive,  struggl^^,  endeavor. 

in  —  innitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus  sum, 
lean  on. 

re  —  renitor,  i,  to  withstand,  resist. 


306 


VOCABULARY. 


no,  nare^  navi,  to  sioim. 

in  — inno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  swim 
in. 

trans  — trano,  are,  avi, — ,  to  swim 
across. 

Nobilior,  oris,  m.,  M.  Fulvius,  consul 
B.C.  189,  when  he  conquered  the  Aeto- 
lians. 

nobilis,  e  [nosco],  adj.,  noted,  notable, 

renowned,  noble. 
nobilitas,  atis  [nobilis],  f.,  i^enowyi, 

7iobility ;  the  nobles. 
nobilito,  are,  avi,  atus  [nobilis],  to 

make  famous. 
nocens,  entis  [noceo],  adj.,  harmful, 

hurtful. 

noceo,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  to  hurt,  injurcy 
molest. 

noctu  [nox],  adv.,  by  night. 
nocturnus  [noctu],  adj.,  nocturnal,  by 
night. 

nodus,  i,  m.,  a  knot;  joint ;  knob. 
nolo,  see  volo. 

nomen,  inis  [nosco],  n.,  a  name,  a  re- 
nown; account;  pretense;  authority. 

Nomentanus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Nomen- 
tum,  a  Sabine  city. 

nominatim  [nomino],  adv.,  by  name. 

nomino,  are,  avi,  atus  [nomen],  to 
name,  call,  mention. 

non,  adv.,  not,  no. 

nonagesimus,  num.  adj.,  ninetieth. 

nonaginta,  num.  adj.,  ninety  (XC). 

nondum  [non  +  dum] ,  adv.,  not  yet. 

nonnullus  [non  +  nuUus] ,  adj.,  some, 
s''V2ral. 

nonnumquam  [non  +  numquam],  adv., 

sometimes. 
nonus  [novem],  adj.,  ninth. 
nos,  nosmet,  pi.  of  ego,  we. 
nosco,  ere,  novi,  notus,  to  know. 

ad  —  agnosco,  ere,  gnovi,  gnitus,  to 
recognize. 

con  —  cognosco,  ere,  gnovi,  gnitus, 
to  learn,  discover;  know  thoroughly ; 
investigate. 


re  +  con  —  recognosco,  ere,  gnovi, 
gnitus,  to  recall,  recognize. 
in  — ignosco,  ere,  gnovi,  gnotum, 

to  overlook,  forgive,  excuse. 
noster,  tra,  trum  [nos],  adj.,  our,  our 
own. 

notitia,  ae  [nosco],  f.,  knowledge. 
nota,  ae  [cf.  nosco],  f.,  a  mark,  sign, 

stamp,  sort. 
noto,  are,  avi,  atus  [nota],  to  mark, 

call  attention  to,  mention,  blame. 
notus  [nosco],  adj.,  well  known,  familiar. 
novacula,  ae,  f.,  a  razor. 
novem,  num.,  nine. 

novitas,  atis  [novus],  f.,  newness,  rare- 
ness, novelty. 

novus,  adj.,  new,  fresh;  novae  res,  a 
revolution. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

noxa,  ae  [noceo],  f.,  an  offense,  crhne. 

nubo,  ere,  niipsi,  nuptum,  to  veil  one's 
self,  marry. 

niido,  are,  avi,  atus  [niidus],  to  make 
bare,  strip,  expose. 

nudus,  adj.,  n'lkid,  bare. 

niillus  [ne  +  ullus],  adj.,  none,  no;  as 
noun,  no  one  (gen.  nuUius ;  dat.  nuUi) . 

num,  interrog.  particle,  expects  the  an- 
swer no. 

Numa,  ae,  m.,  see  Pompilius. 

niimen,  inis  [nuo,  to  noci\,  n.,  a  divinity, 
divine  power. 

numerus,  i,  m.,  number,  account ;  char- 
acter, rank. 

Numidae,  arum,  m.,  the  Numidians. 

Numidia,  ae,  f.,  a  country  of  northern 
Africa,  west  of  the  Carthaginian  terri- 
tory. 

Numitor,  oris,  m.,  son  of  Proca,  grand- 
father of  Romulus. 

nummus,  i,  m.,  money;  coin;  sesterce 
(=4.1  cents). 

numquam  [ne  +  umquam],  adv.,  never. 

nunc,  adv.,  noio. 

nuncupo,  are,  avi,  atus  [nomen  + 
capio],  to  call,  call  by  name. 


VOCABULARY. 


807 


nuntiO)  are,  avi,  atus  [nuntius],  to  tell, 
announce,  report. 
de  —  denuntio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

announce,  denounce,  order,  thi^eaten. 

ex  — enuntio,   are,  avi,  atus,  to 
speak  out,  tell. 

pro  —  pronuntio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
tell,  declai^e,  recite,  appoint. 

re  —  r enuntio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
bring  hack  word,  report. 
nuntius,  i,  m.,  a  messenger;  message. 
nuptiae,  arum,  [niibo],  f.,  nuptials,  mar- 
riage. 

nusquam  [ne  +  usquam],  adv.,  noiohere, 
in  no  place. 

nutus,  us  [nuo,  to  nod'],  m.,  a  nod,  mo- 
tion ;  command,  promise. 

0. 

ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of ,  for, 

because  of. 
obduco,  see  duco. 
obeo,  see  eo. 
obicio,  see  iacio. 

obitus,  us  [obeo],  m.,  destruction,  death. 
obnoxius  [ob+noxa],  adj.,  liable,  ex- 
posed to. 
obruo,  see  ruo. 

obsciire  [obsciirus],  adv.,  obscurely. 

obscuro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  darken, 
obscure. 

obsecro,  see  sacro. 

obsequor,  see  sequor. 

observantia,  ae  [observo],  f.,  observ- 
ance, respect,  honor,  attention. 

observo,  see  servo. 

obses,  idis  [obsideo],  m.  and  f.,  a  host- 
age. 

obsessio,  onis  [obsideo],  f.,  siege,  block- 
ade. 

obsideo,  see  sedeo. 
obsidio,  onis  [obsideo],  f.,  a  siege. 
obsidionalis,  e  [obsidio],  adj.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  siege. 
obsigno,  see  signo. 


obsisto,  see  sisto. 

obsonium,  i  [Greek],  n.,  a  sauce,  relish, 
side  dish. 

obstinatio,  onis  [obstino,  pei^sist],  f., 
persistence,  stubbornness,  obstinacy. 

obstinatus  [obstino],  M].,  persistent. 

obstupefacio,  ere,  feci,  factus,  to  aston- 
ish. 

obtempero,  see  temper© . 
obtestatio,  onis  [obtestor],  f.,  protesta- 
tion, entreaty,  adjwxition. 
obtestor,  see  tester, 
obtineo,  see  teneo. 
obtingo,  see  tango. 

obtrectatio,  onis  [obtrecto],  f.,  detrac- 
tion, jealousy ,  envy. 
obtrecto,  see  tracto. 
obtrunco,  are,  — ,  atus,  to  kill,  slay. 
obturbo, see  turbo, 
obvenio,  see  venio. 
obverto,  see  verto. 

obviam,  adv.,  and  obvius,  adj.  [ob  + 
via],  i)i  the  ivay,  towards;  obviam  or 
obvius  venire  or  ire,  to  meet. 

occasio,  onis  [occido],  f.,  an  occasion, 
opportunity. 

occasus,  lis  [occido],  m.,  a  going  down, 
setting. 

occido,  see  cado. 

occido,  see  caedo. 

occipio,  see  capio. 

occulto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  occulo, 

to  cover],  to  hide,  conceal;  secrete. 
occultus  [occulo,  to  cover],  adj.,  hidden, 

secret,  concealed. 
occumbo,  see  *cumbo. 
occupatio,  onis  [occupo],  f.,  engage- 

m-^nt,  occupation. 
occupo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ob  + capio],  to 

seize,  hold,  occupy,  attack,  employ. 
occurro,  see  curro. 

Oceanus,  i,  m.,  the  Atlantic  and  its 
divisions  in  contrast  with  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 

Octavianus,  i,  m.,  see  Caesar  and  Augus- 
tus. 


308 


VOCABULARY. 


Octavius,  i,  m. 

(1)  Cn.,  a  partisan  of  Sulla,  was 
consul  B.C.  87  with  L.  Cornelius  Cinna. 
The  latter  adhered  to  Marius,  ani  Oc- 
tavius was  massacred  when  they  tri- 
umphed. 

(2)  Octavius  Mamilius,  dictator  of 
Tusculum,  son-in-law  of  Tarquinius 
Superbus. 

octavus  [octo],  adj.,  eighth. 
octingenti,  ae,  a  [octo  +  centum] .  num. 

adj.,  eight  hundred  (DCCC). 
octo,  num.  adj.,  eight  (VIII.). 
octodecim,  num.  adj.,  eighteen  (XVIII.)- 
octogesimus    [octoginta],   num.  adj., 

eightieth. 

octoginta    [octo],   num.   adj.,  eighty 

(LXXX.). 
oculus,  i,  m.,  the  eye. 
odi,  odisse,  def.,  to  hate. 
odium,  i  [odij,  n.,  hatred,  aversion. 
offendo,  ere,  i,  fensum,  to  hit  upon, 

meet  with,  find. 
offensio,  onis  [offendo],  f.,  a  hurting ; 

harm ;  offense. 
offero,  see  fero. 

officium,  i  [opus  +  f acio] ,  n.,  service, 
favor;  duty,  office. 

oleagineus  [olea,  olive],  adj.,  of  olive. 

Olympia,  ae,  f.,  a  town  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Olympias,  adis,  f.,  an  Olympiad,  the 
space  of  four  years  intervening  be- 
tween the  games  at  Olympia.  The 
period  was  widely  used  in  assigning 
dates,  the  first  Olympiad  beginning 
B.C.  776. 

Olympius,  Sid].,  pertaining  to  Olympus, 

the  abode  of  the  Greek  gods, 
omitto,  see  mitto. 

omnino  [omnis],  adv.,  in  all,  altogether, 

only,  in  general ;  at  all. 
omnis,  e,  adj.,  every,  all. 
onerarius  [onus],  adj.,  laden  Jor freight ; 

navis   oneraria,   a   transport  ship, 

freight  ship. 


onero,  are,  avi,  atus  [onus],  to  load, 

burden,  oppress. 
onus,  eris,  n.,  a  load,  weight,  cargo; 

difficulty,  trouble. 
onustus  [onus],  adj.,  loaded. 
opera,  ae  [opus],  f.,  work,  pains,  aid; 

operam  dare,  take  pains. 
operio,  see  pario. 

opimus,  8id].,  fertile,  rich,  splendid. 

opinio,  onis  [opinor],  f.,  an  opinion,  be- 
lief; expectation;  report,  reputation. 

opinor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  think,  believe. 

oportet,  ere,  uit,  impers.,  it  is  necessary, 
proper;  one  ought ;  it  behooves. 

oppeto,  see  peto. 

oppidum,  i,  n.,  a  walled  town. 

oppleo,  see  pleo. 

oppono,  see  pono. 

opportune  [opportunus],  adv.,  season- 
ably, suitably. 

opportunitas,  atis  [opportunus],  f., 
fitness,  opportunity,  advantage. 

opportunus  [ob  +  portus],  adj.,  fit, 
suitable. 

opprimo,  see  premo. 

oppiignatio,  onis  [oppugno],  f.,  an  as- 
sault, attack,  siege. 

oppugno,  see  pugno. 

ops,  opis,  f  power,  help ;  pi.,  opes, 
loealth,  resources. 

optimus,  see  bonus. 

opto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  hope,  desire. 
ad  —  adopto,   are,   avi,  atus,  tj 
adopt. 

opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  business,  need; 
fo7<Lfication ;  magno  opere  or  magno- 
pere,  very  much,  exceedingly . 

ora,  ae,  f.,  a  coast,  shore. 

oraculum,  i  [oro],  n.,  an  oracle,  proph- 
ecy. 

©ratio,  onis  [oro],  f.,  speech,  words^ 
language. 

orator,  oris  [oro],  m.,  an  orator,  ambas- 
sador. 

orbis,  is,  m.,  circle;  the  world  (sc.  ter- 
rarum). 


VOCABULARY. 


309 


orbitas,  atis  [orbus,  destitute],  f.,  be- 
reavement, orphanage. 

Orcynius,  adj.,  see  Hercynius. 

ordino,  are,  avi,  atus  [ordo],  to  arrange, 
regulate. 

ordior,  iri,  orsus  sum,  to  begin. 

ordo,  inis,  f.,  an  order,  rank,  row. 

Oriens,  entis  [orior],  m.  (sc.  sol),  the 
rising  sun ;  the  east. 

orlgo,  inis  [orior],  f.,  an  origin,  source, 
pedigree;  pi.  Origines,  the  title  of  a 
work  by  Cato  upon  the  early  history 
of  the  Italian  cities. 

orior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  to  rise,  begin, 
spring  from. 

ad  —  adorior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  to  rise 
up  against,  attack  ;  attempt, 

con  —  coorior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  to 
arise;  happen ^  break  out. 

ornamentum,  i  [orno],  n.,  an  orna- 
ment. 

ornatus  [orno],  adj.,  equipped. 

orno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  furnish ;  honor, 
decorate;  increase. 

ad  —  adorno,   are,   avi,   atus,  to 
adorn,  honor. 

oro,  are,  avi,  atus  [6s],  to  pray,  beg,  en- 
treat. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  the  mouth,  face  ;  voice. 
OS,  ossis,  n.,  a  bone. 

osculor,  ari,  atus  sum  [osculum,  kiss, 
from  6s],  to  kiss. 
ex  —  exosculor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 

praise  greatly,  admire  (late). 

Osismi,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Gaul. 

ostendo,  see  tend6. 

ostentum,  i  [ostend6],  n.,  a  prodigy, 
iconder. 

6stium,  i  [6s],  n.,  the  mouth  of  a  river. 
Otacilius,  i,  a  Roman  gens  name.  See 
Crassus. 

6tium,  i,  n.,  leisure,  ease,  peace,  retire- 
ment. 

ovalis,  e  [ov6],  adj.,  pertaining  to  an 
ovation  (late). 


ovatio,  6nis  [ov6],  f.,  an  ovation,  a 

lesser  triumph. 
ov6,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  exult ;  receive  an 

ovation,  triumph. 

P. 

P.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Publius. 
pabulator,  oris  [pabulor],  m.,  a  forager. 
pabulor,  ari,  atus  sum  [pabulum],  to 

forage. 
pabulum,  i,  n.,food. 
paciscor,  i,  pactus  sum,  to  bargain, 

agree,  stipulate. 
pac6,  are,  avi,  atus  [pax],  to  pacify, 

make  peaceful. 
pactio,  onis  [paciscor],  f.,  a  bargain, 

arrangement. 
Padus,  i,  m.,  the  River  Po. 
paene,  adv.,  ahnost,  nearly. 
paenitet,  ere,  uit,  impers.,  to  repent, 

regret,  be  sorry. 
pagus,  i,  m.,  a  district,  canton. 
Palae(o)pharsalus,  i,  f.,  see  Pharsalus 
Palaestina,  ae,  f.,  Palestine. 
palam,  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 
Palatinus,  i  [sc.  mons],  adj.,  the  Pala- 
tine Hill ;  see  plan,  p.  12. 
Palatium,  i,  n.,  the  Palatine  Hill. 
pallium,  i,  n,,  a  Grecian  cloak,  mantle. 
palma,  ae,  f.,  the  palm. 
palus,  udis,  f.,  a  marsh,  fen ;  Caprae 

or  Caprea  Palus,   Goat  Swamp,  a 

marsh  at  Rome. 
Pampbylium,  i,  adj.,  P.  Mare,  a  large 

gulf  in  the  southern  coast  of  Asia 

Minor. 

Pan,  Panes,  m.,  a  (Greek)  god  of  the 

fields  and  shepherds. 
Paniscus,  i,  m.,  a  little  (statue  of)  Pan. 
panis,  is,  m.,  bread. 

Pansa,  ae,  m.,  C.  Vibius,  consul  with 
Hirtius  B.C.  43. 

Paphlagonia,  ae,  f.,  a  country  in  Asia 
Minor  between  Bithynia  and  Pontus 
on  the  shore  of  the  Black  Sea. 


810 


VOCABULARY. 


>apirius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.   See  Cursor. 
Papirius  Praetextatus,  of  whom  an 

anecdote  is  related  by  Gellius,  I.,  23,  is 

not  otherwise  known. 
Papus,  i,  m.,  Q.  AemiliuSf  was  consul 

B.C.  282  and  278. 
par,  paris,  adj.,  like,  equal,  suitable, 

same. 

paratus  [paro],  Sid].,  prepared,  ready. 
parce  [parous,  sparing'],  adv.,  sparingly. 
parco,  ere,  peperci  and  parsi,  parcitum 

and  parsum,  to  spare,  omit. 
parens,  entis  [pario],  m.  and  f.,  a  father 

or  mother,  parent ;  relation  (late  use) . 
pareo,  ere.  ui,  — ,  to  appear,  obey,  be 

subject  to. 
ad  —  appareo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  appear ; 

to  serve. 

con  — compareo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  ap- 
pear, show  one^s  self. 
pario,  ere,  peperi,  partus  and  paritus, 

to  bring  forth,  produce,  obtain,  get. 

ob  — operio,  ire,  perui,  pertus,  to 
cover,  hide. 

re  —  reperio,  ire,  repperi  or  reperi, 
repertus,  to  find,  discover,  ascertain. 
paro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  prepare  ;  obtain; 
equip. 

ad  — apparo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  pro- 
vide, get  ready ,  furnish. 
con  — comparo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

prepare,  g?t  together,  pi^ocure. 

prae  —  praeparo,  are,  avi,  atus, 
to  mak^  i^eady  beforehand,  provide. 
re  —  reparo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  i^enew. 

pars,  partis,  f.,  a  par^,  number;  dis- 
trict; side,  direction;  party ,  faction. 

Parthi,  orum,  m.,the  Parthians,  a  Scyth- 
ian people  southeast  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
In  the  second  century  B.C.,  they  over- 
ran the  country  east  of  the  Euphrates, 
and  founded  a  kingdom  which  success- 
fully resisted  the  encroachments  of  the 
Roman  power  for  two  centuries. 

partim  [pars],  3idY., partly. 


partior,  iri,  itus  sum  [pars],  to  divide; 

partitus,  divided. 
partus,  us  [pario],  m.,  birth;  progeny. 
parum,  adv.,  too  little,  not  enough. 
parumper  [parum],  adv.,  a  while. 
parvulus  [parvus],  adj.,  very  small, 

trifling;  as  noun,  parvulus,  i,  m.,  a 

child. 

parvus,  adj.,  small,  trifling.  Comp. 
minor;  sup.  minimus. 

pascor,  i,  pastus  sum,  to  feed,  eat. 

passim  [passus  from  pando,  to  spread], 
adv.,  in  all  directions,  everywhere. 

passus,  us,  m.,  a  step,  pace  ;  mille  pas- 
suum,  pi.  milia  passuum,  a  Roman 
mile  =  4854  English  feet. 

pastor,  oris  [pasco,  feed],  m.,  a  shep- 
herd. 

pastus,  us  [pascor],  m.,  pasture,  fodder ; 
feeding. 

Patavium,  i,  n.,  a  city  in  the  north  of 

Italy,  modern  Padua, 
patefacio,  ere,  feci,  factus  [pate6  + 

facio],  to  open,  disclose ;  pass.,  patefio. 
pateo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  open,  extend,  be 

manifest. 
pater,  tris,  m.,  a  father,  ancestor. 
paternus  [pater],  adj.,  fatherly,  of  a 

father. 

patientia,  ae  \j^diX\or],t.,  patience,  sub- 
mission, suffering. 

patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  to  suffer,  per- 
mit. 

per  —  perpetior,  i,  pessus  sum,  to 

endure,  be  patient  under. 
patria,  ae    [patrius],  f.,  fatherland^ 

country,  home.       [estate,  patrimony. 
patrimonium,  ii  [pater],  n.,  a  paterrial 
patrius  [pater],  ad].,  paternal. 
patulus  [pateo],  adj.,  spreading,  open. 
paucitas,  atis  [paucus],  f.,  fewness, 

small  number. 
paucus,  adj.,  few,  little. 
paulatim  [paulum],  adv.,  little  by  little, 

gradually. 
paulisper  [paulum],  adv.,  a  short  time. 


VOCABULARY. 


311 


paulo  and  paulum  [paulus] ,  adv.,  by  a 

little. 

Paulus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the  Aemi- 
lian  gens  at  Rome. 

(1)  L.  Aeiuiliiis  Paulus,  a  distin- 
guished general,  consul  b.c.  219  and 
216.  In  the  latter  year  he  fell  in  the 
defeat  at  Cannae. 

(2)  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  surnamed 
Maceclonicus,  was  the  son  of  (1).  As 
consul  a  second  time  in  B.C.  168,  lie 
conquered  Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia, 
in  the  battle  of  Pydna. 

pauper,  eris,  adj.,  poor. 

Pausanias,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Sparta,  com- 
mander of  the  Greek  forces  at  Plataea 
B.C.  479. 

pavesco,  ere,  — ,  —  [paveo,  to  be  afraid], 
to  become  alarmed  (very  rare). 

con  —  compavesco,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  be 
thoroughly  terrified. 

ex  —  expavesco,  ere,  pavi,  — ,  to 
di^cad,  fear  fj?^eatly  (rare) . 

pavor,  oris  [paveo,  b3  afraid],  m., 
terror. 

pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace. 

pectus,  oris,  n.,  the  breast. 

(pecu),  n.,  cattle,  large  cattle  ;  only  nom. 
acc.  pi.  pecua. 

pecunia,  ae  [pecus],  f.,  money. 

pecuniosus  [pecunia],  adj.,  rich. 

pecus,  oris,  n.,  cattle. 

pecus,  udis,  f.,  cattle. 

pedalis,  e  [pes],  adj.,  a  foot  thick. 

pedes,  itis  [pes],  m.,  a  foot  soldier ;  in- 
fantry. 

pedester,  tris,  tre  [pes],  adj.,  on  foot. 

pedisequus,  i  [pes  +  sequor] ,  m.,  a  fol- 
lower, footnuii),  servant. 

peditatus,  us  [pedes],  m.,  infantry. 

Peducaeus,  i,  m.,  Sex.,  a  friend  of  Atti- 
cus,  governor  of  Sardinia  under  Caesar, 
B.C.  48. 

pellis,  is,  f.,  a  skin,  hide. 

pello,  ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  to  drive  off; 
expel;  defeat,  conquer. 


(1)  ad  —  appello,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

call,  address,  name,  appeal  to,  accuse. 

(2)  appello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
drive  to,  direct,  steer  for. 

con  —  compello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus, 
to  drive  together,  collect ;  force,  compel. 

de  —  depello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
drive  away,  dislodge,  deter. 

ex  — expello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
drive  out,  expel,  remove. 

in  — impello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
urgi  on,  incite,  impel. 

pro  —  prop ello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus, 
to  drive  aivay,  rout,  rep- 1,  defeat. 

re  — repello,  ere,  puli  (reppuli), 
pulsus,  to  repel.  [modern  Morea. 

Peloponnesus,  i,  f.,  the  Peloponnesus, 
Penates,  ium,  m.,  the  Penates,  household 
gods;  a  home,  dwelling.  The  images 
of  the  Penates  were  kept  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  house ;  the  hearth  and 
the  table  were  sacred  to  them, 
pendo,  ere,  pependi,  pensum,  to  weigh ; 
pay,  suffer,  ponder. 

ad  —  appendo,  ere,  di,  sus,  to  weigh 
out. 

penes,  prep,  with  acc,  with,  in  the  power 
of. 

penitus,  adj.,  inner;  sup.  innermost. 
per,  prep,  with  acc,  through,  by  means 
of,  by.^ 

peraeque,  adv.,  regularly,  uniformly. 
per  ago,  see  ago. 

peragro,  are,   avi,   atus,  to  wander 

through. 
percipio,  see  capio. 

percontatio,  onis  [percontor],  f.,  ask- 
ing, inquiring. 

percontor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  inquire, 
question,  search  out, 

percurro,  see  curro. 

percussor,  oris  [percutio],  m.,  a  stabber, 
murderer. 

percutio,  ere,  cussi,  cussus  [per  + 
quatio,  shake],  to  thrust  through, 
strike,  kill. 


312 


VOCABULARY. 


perdisco,  see  disco. 

perdo,  see  do. 

perdomo,  see  domo. 

perduco,  see  duco. 

pereo,  see  eo. 

perequito,  see  equito. 

perennitas,  atis  [perennis,  perennial]  ^ 

i.,  perpetu i ty ,  u) ^fa lllac/ne.ss. 
perexiguus  [per  +  exiguus],  adj.,  very 

small. 

perfecte  [perfectus,  perficio],  adv.,per- 

fectly. 
perfero,  see  fero. 
perfodio,  see  fodio. 

perfuga,  ae  [perfugio],  m.,  a  deserter , 
refugee. 

perfugium,  i,  [perfugio],  n.,  a  place  of 

refuge,  refuge. 
perfundo,  see  fundo. 
perfungor,  see  fungor. 
Pergamenus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Per- 

gamuni,  a  city  in  Mysia  (Asia  Minor) . 
pergo,  see  rego. 

periculum,  i,  n.,  t7nal;  risk^  danger. 
peritus,  adj.,  skilled,  experienced,  famil- 
iar with. 

perlucidus    [per  +  lucidus,  shining'], 

adj.,  transparent,  pellucid. 
perlustro,  are,  avi.  atus  [per  +  lustro], 

to  examine. 
permaneo,  see  maneo. 
permirandus  [miror] ,  adj.,  very  iconder- 

ful  (late). 

permissus,  us  [permitto] ,  m. ,  permission. 
permitto,  see  mitto. 
permoveo,  see  moveo. 
permutatio,  onis  [permuto],  f.,  change^ 
exchange. 

pernicies,  ei  [per  +  nex],  f.,  destruc- 
tion, ruin. 

parnicitas,  atis  [pernix,  nimble],  f., 
nimhleness,  activity. 

perobscurus  [per  +  obscurus],  adj., 
very  obscure. 

perpauci,  ae,  a  [per  +  paucus] ,  adj., 
very  few. 


perperam,  adv.,  wrongly. 

Perperna,  ae,  m.,  M.,  was  consul  b.c.  92, 
and  died  in  49,  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
eight. 

perpetior,  see  patior. 

perpetro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  perform, 
commit. 

perpetuo  [perpetuus],  adv.,  continu- 
ally. '  . 

perpetuus  [per  +  peto],  aij  ,  continu- 
ous, entire,  perpetual ;  in  perpetuum, 
forever. 

perrexi,  see  pergo. 

perrumpo,  see  rumpo. 

persequor,  see  sequor. 

Perses,  ae,  m.,  a  Persian.  In  Eutro- 
pins,  VII.  6,  the  Parthians. 

Perseus,  ei  [Perses,  ae],  m.,  the  h\st  king 
of  Macedonia,  defeated  by  Paulas  at 
the  battle  of  Pydna,  B.C.  168. 

persevero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  persist, 
persevere. 

Persicus,  adj.,  Persian. 

Persis,  idis,  f.,  Persia. 

perspicio,  sse  *specio. 

persuadeo,  S3e  suadeo. 

pertaedet,  ere,  taesum  est  to  be  tired 
of,  sick  of. 

perterebro,  see  terebro. 

perterreo,  see  terreo. 

pertinacia,  ae  [per  +  tenax,  fi  m  te- 
neo],  f.,  obstinacy . 

pertineo,  see  teneo. 

perturbatio,  onis  [perturbo],  f.,  co  )fu- 

siono 

perturbo,  see  turbo. 
Perusia.  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Etruria. 
pervenio,  see  venio. 
perverto,  see  verto. 
pes,  pedis,  m.,  a  foot;  pedem  referre, 
to  retire  at. 

pestilentia,  ae  [pestis,  plague],  f.,  a 

pestilence,  plague. 
Petilii,  drum,  in.,  two  tribunes  of  the 

people  who  accused  the  elder  Scipio  of 

embezzlement  b.c.  187. 


VOCABULARY. 


313 


peto,  ere,  ivi  (ii) ,  itus,  to  aim  at,  seek, 

ask,  requei^t ;  try  to  reach;  attack, 
ob  —  oppeto,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  to  meet. 
re  —  repeto,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  to  attack 
or  seek  again;  take  hack,  recall,  re- 
peat. 

Petreius,  i,  m.,  a  partisan  of  Pompey; 
fought  against  Caesar  in  Spain,  Greece, 
and  Africa. 

petulans,  antis  [peto],  adj.,  saucy, pet- 
ulant. 

petulantia,  ae  [petulans],  L, petulance. 
plialerae,  arum  [Greek],  f.,  a  metal 

breastplate  (especially  for  horses). 
Phalericus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Phale- 

rum,  one  of  the  harbors  of  Athens. 
Phameas,  ae,  m.,  see  Famea. 
Pharnaces,  is,  m.,  the  son  of  Mithri- 

dates,  who  succeeded  his  father  as 

king  of  Pontus.   He  was  defeated  by 

Caesar  in  the  battle  of  Zela  B.C.  47. 
Phar.alus,  i,  f.,  a  city  in  Thessaly  where 

Caesar  defeated  Pompey  b.c.  48. 
PMdippus,  i  [Phidippides  or  Philippi- 

des],  m.,  a  celebrated  Athenian  runner 

B.C.  390. 

PMlippi,  orum,  m.,  a  city  in  Macedonia 
famous  for  the  defeat  of  Brutus  and 
Cassius  by  Octavianus,  b.c.  44. 

Philippus,  i,  m. 

(1)  King  of  Macedon  B.C.  359-336, 
father  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

(2)  King  of  Macedon  b.c  220-178  ; 
entered  into  alliance  with  Hannibal 
and  was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at 
Cynocephalae  B.C.  197. 

philosophus,  i  [Greek] ,  m.,  a  philosopher. 
Picenum,  i,  n.,  a  province  of  Italy  on  the 

Adriatic  coast  north  of  Latium. 
Pictones,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the  west 

coast  of  Gaul  south  of  the  Loire, 
pietas,  atis  [plus,  dutiful],  f.,  devotion, 

piety. 

pigmentum,  i  [pingo,  to  paint],  n.,  a 

color,  paint, 
pigritia,  ae,  f .,  sloth,  laziness. 


pilum,  i,  n.,  a  heavy  javelin;  pike. 

pinna,  ae,  f.,  a  feather,  wing;  pinnacle. 

Piraeus,  i  (Piraeeus),  m.,  the  chief  har- 
bor of  Athens. 

pirata,  ae,  m.,  a  pirate. 

piraticus,  [pirata],  adj.,  piratical,  per- 
taining to  pirates. 

Pisistratus,  i,  m.,  an  Athenian  noble 
who  made  himself  master  (tyrant)  of 
Athens  B.C.  560. 

placeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  please,  he  agree- 
able; seem  best  to;  placuit,  it  was 
decreed. 

dis  —  displiceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  dis- 
please, be  unsatisfactory . 

placide  [placidus,  calm],  adv.,  calmly, 
placidly. 

placo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  appease. 

plaga,  ae,  f.,  a  snare  ;  a  stretch  of  coun- 
try, zone,  tract. 

plane  [planus] ,  ^dv.,  plainly,  assuredly. 

planities,  ei  [planus],  t.,  plain, 

planus,  adj.,  level,  flat;  clear,  plain. 

Plataeae,  arum,  f.,  Plataea,  a  small 
town  in  Boeotia  where  the  Persians 
were  defeated  by  the  Greeks  under 
Pausanias  B.C.  479. 

Plataeensis,  e,  adj.,  Plataean, 

Plato,  onis,  the  famous  Athenian  phil- 
osopher, pupil  of  Socrates.  He  lived 
about  428-347  B.C. 

plebs,  plebis,  and  plebes,  ei  (i),  f.,  the 
common  people ,  the  populate,  plebeians, 

plenus  [pleo],  adj.,/w//. 

pleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill. 

con  —  compleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill 
up;  complete;  occupy. 

ex  —  expleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill 
full, 

in  — impleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill, 
finish. 

ob  —  oppleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill  up. 
plerumque  [plerusque],  adv.,  mostly, 

generally,  very  often. 
plerusque,  [plerus,  very  many],  adj., 
very  many,  most ;  the  majority. 


314 


VOCABULARY. 


plico,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  fold. 

ad  —  applies,  are,  avi  (ui),  atus 
(itus),  to  attach;  lean  against. 

circum  —  circumplico,  are,  avi, 
atus,  to  icincl  about. 

ex  — explico,  are,  avi  (ui),  atus 
(itus),  to  unfold;  explairiy  nai^rate ; 
arrange,  perform. 
Plinius,  i,  m.,  C.  Pliiiius  Secundus, 
known  as  Pliny  the  Elder,  a  volumi- 
nous Latin  author,  a.d.  23-79. 
pliimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [pluma,  featherl, 

to  cover  with  feathers  (late) . 
plumbum,  1,10..,  lead ;  plumbum  album, 
tin. 

pliires,  pliirimus,  see  multus. 
pliis,  plurime,  see  multum. 
Plutarchus,  i,  m.,  Plutarch,  a  Greek 

writer  of  the  first  century  a.d.,  the 

author  of  the  famous  "Lives"  of 

Greek  and  Roman  worthies. 
Pluto  (n),  onis,  m.,  the  Greek  god  of  the 

lower  world, 
poculum,  i,  n.,  a  drinking  cup. 
poena,  ae,  f .,  compensation,  punishment, 

penalty. 

Poenicus,  older  form  of  Piinicus,  adj., 

Phoenician,  Carthaginian. 

Poenus,  i,  m.,  a  Carthaginian. 

poeta,  ae,  m.,  a  poet. 

poUex,  icis,  m.,  the  thumb,  great  toe ; 
digitus  poUex,  thumb. 

polliceor,  eri,  itus  sum,  to  promise,  vol- 
unteer. 

pollicitatio,  onis  [polliceor],  f.,  a  prom- 
ise. 

Pollux,  ucis,  m.,  a  demigod,  the  twin 
brother  of  Castor. 

Pometia,  ae,  f.  (also  Suessa  Pometia), 
an  ancient  town  of  the  Volsci  in  the 
south  of  Latium. 

pompa,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  procession; 
parade,  pomp. 

Pompeius,  i,  m. 

(1)  Cn.,  surnamed  Magnus,  the  tri- 
umvir, was  born  B.C.  106;  consul  70; 


completed  the  piratical  war  67,  the 
Mithridatic  war  65.  With  Caesar  and 
Crassus  he  formed  the  first  trium- 
virate 60.  The  civil  war  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey  began  49,  and  the 
latter  was  defeated  at  Pharsalus  48. 
He  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  was  mur- 
dered September,  48. 

(2)  Cn.,  the  son  of  the  triumvir,  col- 
lected his  father's  adherents  in  Spain, 
where  he  was  defeated  by  Caesar  in 
the  battle  of  Munda  b.c.  45. 

(3)  Sex.,  the  younger  son  of  the  tri- 
umvir, collected  a  fleet  and  maintained 
himself  against  the  authorities  at 
Rome  for  some  years  after  Caesar's 
death. 

Pompilius,  i,  m.,  Numa,  the  second  king 

of  Rome,  reigned  b.c.  715-673. 
Pomponius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Atticus. 
Pomptinus,  i,  adj.,  P.  Ager,  a  marshy 
district  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium. 
pondo  [pondus],  adv.,  by  weight. 
pondus,  eris,  [pendo] ,  n.,  weight, 
pono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  to  put,  set, 
place;  set  aside ;  appoint,  pitch ;  posi- 
tus, situated. 

ad  — appono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  place  near,  set  on ;  add. 

ante  —  antepono,  ere,  posui,  posi- 
tus, to  place  in  front,  prefer. 

con  —  compono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  place  together,  arrange,  finish. 

de  —  depono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  lay  aside,  lay  down,  place ;  give  up. 

dis  —  dispono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  arrcmge,  place. 

ex  —  expono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  set  in  order;  land ;  expose,  state. 

in  — impono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  to 
put  on,  establish,  set. 

inter  —  interpono,  ere,  posui,  posi- 
tus, to  place  between,  interpose;  allege. 

ob  —  oppono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  set  before,  expose. 


VOCABULARY. 


315 


prae  —  pono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 

to  set  over,  place  in  command  of. 

pro  —  propono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  set  foricard,  present;  declare,  ex- 
pound; raise. 

re  — repono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  to 
put  back,  replace;  to  jmt  aside. 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  a  bridge.  \ 
Ponticus  [Pontus],  adj.,  of  Pontus;  Pon- 

ticum  (mare),  the  Black  Sea. 
Pontus,  i,  m.  (1)  Pontus  Euxinus,  the 
Black  Sea.  (2)  A  country  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  (3)  A  dis- 
trict on  the  western  shore  of  the  Black  ! 
Sea,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ister  (Dan- 
ube). 

populor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  plunder, 

ravage,  lay  vjaste. 
populus,  i,  m.,  a  pieople,  nation. 
Porcius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Cato. 
porrectus,  see  porrigo. 
porrigo,  see  rego. 

porro  [pro],  adv., /orward,  henceforth, 

furthermore,  again. 
porta,  ae,  f.,  a  gate. 
portends,  see  tendo. 
portentum,  i  [portendo],  n.,  a  sign, 

tok'^n. 

ports,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  bear,  bring, 
convey. 

ab  —  asporto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

carry  off,  remove. 

con  — comports,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
b7-ing  together,  collect,  carry. 

de  —  deports,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
carry  off\  i^emove ;  biding  back,  gain. 

in  —  imports,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
bj'ing  into,  import. 

re  —  reports,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  carry 
back. 

trans —  transports,  are,  avi,  atus, 

to  carry  over,  transport. 
Porsena,  ae  (Porsenna),  m.,  Lars,  king 
of  Clusium  in  Etruria,  attempted  to  re-  | 
Store  Tarquinius  to  his  throne,  B.C.  508.  | 


Portiinus,  i,  m.,  the  Roman  god  of 
harbors. 

portus,  us  [cf.  por  in  portS],  m.,  a  har- 
bor, port:  portumcapere,^o  make  port. 
poscS,  ere,  poposci,  — ,  to  demand,  ask. 
ex  — exposes,  ere,  poposci,  — ,  to 

demand. 

I  possessiS,  Snis  [possidS],  f.,  possession, 
estate. 

possideS,  ere,  sedi,  sessus  [sedeS],  to 

occupy,  hold,  possess. 
possidS,  ere,  sedi,  sessus  [caus.  of  pos- 
sideS], to  take  possession  of. 
!  possum,  posse,  potui  [potis,  able  + 
sum],  to  be  able;   can;  pliirimum 
posse,  to  have  great  power. 
post,  adv.,  after,  later;  annS  post,  a 

year  later. 
post,  prep,  with  ace,  behind,  after. 
postea  [post  +  ea],  adv.,  aftervards. 
posteaquam    [postea  +  quam],  conj., 
after. 

posterus   [post],  adj.,   the  follovHng, 
next ;  posterity.  Comp.  posterior ;  sup. 
postremus  or  postumus. 
posthac,  adv.,  aft?r  this,  hereafter. 
postliminium,  i  [post  +  limen],  n.,  a 
return  home  ;  restoration  of  rank  and 
privileges. 
postquam  [post  .  .  .  quam],  conj.,  after, 
when. 

postremus  [see  posterus],  adj.,  last, 
final;  postremS,  ad  postremum,  at 

last. 

postridie   [posterus  +  die],  adv.,  the 

!      wxt  day. 
postulatiS,  Snis  [postulS],  f.,  a  demand, 

application  ;  complolnt. 
postulatum,  i  [postulS],  n.,  a  demand, 
request. 

postulS,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  ask,  request, 
demand. 

Postumius,  i,  m.,  A.  Postumius  Albus, 
dictator  B.C.  498,  when  the  battle  of 
\     Lake  Regillus  was  fought.    See  also 
I  Albinus. 


316 


VOCABULAKY. 


potens,  entis  [possum],  adj.,  powerful. 
potentia,  ae  [potens],  f.,  might,  influ- 
ence. 

potestas,  atis  [possum],  f.,  mighty 
power  ;  opportunity ,  permission  ;  au- 
thority, sovereignty . 

potior,  iri,  itus  sum  [potis,  able'],  to  get 
possession  of,  acquire. 

potius  [potis],  adv.,  rather,  more, 
sooner;  sup.  potissimum. 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  h?fore;  in  com- 
parison with. 

praeacutus  [prae  +  acutus] ,  adj.,  with 
sharp  point,  sharpsned. 

praebeo,  see  habeo. 

praeceps,  cipitis  [prae  +  caput] ,  adj., 

headlong,  hasty  ;  steep,  precipitous. 
praeceptum,  i  [praecipio],  n.,  teaching, 

counsel;  instructions. 
praecido,  see  caedo. 
praecipio,  see  capio. 
praecipuus  [praecipio],  adj.,  special, 

particular ;  eminent,  prominent. 
praeclarus,  adj.,  very  bright,  spUndid, 

renowned. 
praecludo,  see  claudo. 
praeda,  ae,  f.,  booty ;  advantage. 
praedico,  see  dico. 

praedictio,  onis  [praedico],  f.,  a  predic- 
tion, prophecy. 

praedium,  ii,  n.,  a  farm,  estate. 

praedo,  onis  [praeda],  m.,  a  robber, 
pirate. 

praedor,  ari,  atus  sum  [praedo],  to  rob, 
pillage,  get  booty. 

praefatus,  see  praefor. 

praefectura,  ae  [praefectus] ,  f.,  a  gov- 
ernorship, prefecture. 

praefectus,  i  [praeficio],  m.,  a  leader y 
commander. 

praefero,  see  fero. 

praeficio,  see  facio. 

praefigo,  see  figo. 

praefor,  fari,  fatus  sum  [prae  +  for,  to 

say],  to  say  before;  invoke. 
praefulgeo,  see  fulgeo. 


praemitto,  see  mitto. 

praemium,  i  [prae  +  emo],  n.,  a  reward^ 

prize. 

Praeneste,  is,  n.,  a  town  in  Latium  east 

of  Rome,  modern  Palestrina. 
praeparo,  see  paro. 
praepono,  see  pono. 
praerumpo,  see  rumpo. 
praes,  praedis  [prae  +  vas,  bail],  m.,  a 

surety,  bondsman. 
praescribo,  see  scribo. 
praesens,  entis  [praesum],  adj.,  at  handy 

present. 

praesensio,  onis  [prae  +  sentio],  f., 

a  presentiment. 
praesentia,  ae  [praesens],  f.,  presence; 
in  praesentia,  temporarily,  for  the 
present. 

praesidium,  ii  [praesideo],  n.,  a  defense ^ 

protection  ;  guard,  garrison,  post. 
praestans,  antis  [praesto],  adj.,  excel- 
praesto,  see  sto.  [lent,  eminent. 

praesum,  see  sum. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace,  beyond,  except, 

contrary  to,  besides. 
praeterea  [praeter  +  ea] ,  adv.,  besides, 

henceforth. 
praetereo,  see  eo. 

praeter quam  [praeter  +  quam] ,  adv., 

except,  beyond,  besides. 
praetexo,  see  texo. 

praetextatus  [praetextus] ,  adj.,  wear- 
ing a  purple-bordered  robe  peculiar  to 
magistrates  and  children. 

praetor,  oris  [praeitor,  from  praeeo], 
m.,  a  general,  commander;  praetor, 
judge. 

praetorius  [praetor],  adj.,  of  ox  belong- 
ing to  the  commander ;  praetorian,  of 
praetorian  rank. 

praetura,  ae  [praetor],  f.,  the  praetor- 
ship. 

pravus,  adj.,  bad,  loicked. 
prehendo,  ere,  hendi.  hensus,  to  grasp. 
con  —  comprehends,  ere,  di,  hen- 
sus, to  catch,  seize,  arrest. 


VOCABULARY. 


317 


de  -~  deprehendo,  ere,  di,  hensus,  to 

capture,  detect. 

re  —  reprehendo,  ere,  di,  hensus, 
to  check ;  upbraid. 
p-emo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus,  to  press, 
t'larass,  purswj,  oppress. 

de  —  deprimo.  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 
to  press  down,  sink,  silence. 

in  —  imprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 
to  imprint,  mark,  stamp. 

ob  — opprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 
to  weigh  down  ;  overwhelm,  surpris?. 

re  —  reprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 
to  repress,  check. 
presse  [pressus,  from  premo],  adv., 

closely,  tightly. 
pretiose  [pretiosus,  costly,  from  pre- 

tium],  adv.,  expensively,  richly. 
pretium,  i,  n.,  price,  value;  reward, 

money,  ransom. 
prex,  precis,  f.,  aprayer,  entreaty,  curse 

(usually  plural), 
pridie  [cf.  pri(or)  +die],  adv.,  the  day 
before. 

primipilus,  i  [primus  +  pilus],  m.,  a 

chief  centurion. 

primo  [primus],  adv.,  at  first. 

primum  [primus],  2i&Y.,  first ;  cum  pri- 
mum,  as  soon  as. 

primus,  2id}.,  first,  foremost ;  in  primis, 
in  the  first  place  ;  chiefly ,  particularly. 

princeps,  ipis  [primus  +  capio],  m., 
a  chief,  leader,  prince. 

principatus,  us  [princeps],  m.,  a  chief 
authority  (in  a  state) ;  headship,  leader- 
ship. 

principium,  i  [princeps],  n.,  a  begin- 
ning, origin. 

prior,  us,  adj.,  former,  previous,  first ; 
sup.  primus. 

Priscus,  i,  m.,  elder,  a  surname  of  the 

.  lirst  kiug  Tarquinius. 

priscus  [prius],  adj.,  former,  elder; 
primitive,  strict. 

pristinus  [prior],  adj., /ormer,  old. 

prius  [prior],  adv.,  before,  sooner. 


priusquam  [prius  .    .  quam],  conj.,  be- 

fore,  sooner  than. 

privatim  [privatus],  adv.,  privately,  as 
a  single  individual. 

privatus  [privo,  to  set  apart],  2^6.].,  pri- 
vate. 

privignus,  i  [privus,  prius  +  gigno],  m., 

a  stepson, 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  in  front  of,  before; 
for,  in  behalf  of ,  instead  of;  in  propor- 
tion to ;  as,  on  account  of. 

problema,  atis  [Greek],  n.,  a  question, 
j).'oblem ;  pi.,  the  title  of  a  work  of 
Aristotle. 

probabilis,  e  [probo],  adj.,  probable; 

commendable,  good. 
probatus  [probo],  adj.,  approved. 
probo,  are,  avi,  atus  [probus,  goodly 

to  test,  to  approve,  prove. 
ad  —  approbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

approve. 

con  —  comprobo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

approve,  sanction ;  confirm. 
Proca,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Alba  Longa,  father 

of  Numitor  and  Amulius. 
procedo,  see  cedo. 
procella,  ae,  f.,  a  storm,  tempest. 
proceres.  um,  m.,  chiefs. 
proceritas,    atis   [procerus,  tall],  f., 

height,  tallness. 
pr"creo,  see  creo. 

procul,  adv.,  at  a  distance,  far  from. 
Proculus,  i,  m.,  P.  lulius,  the  Roman 

senator  to  whom  Romulus  appeared 

r.fter  his  death, 
procumbo,  see  *cumbo. 
procuratio,    onis  [procuro],  f.,  care, 

c -large,  service. 
procuro,  see  euro, 
prodeo,  see  eo. 

prodigium,  i,  n.,  a  prodigy ,  portent. 
proditio,  onis  [prodo],  f.,  treason. 
proditor,  oris  [prodo],  m.,  a  traitor, 

betrayer. 
prodo,  see  do. 
produco,  see  duco- 


318 


VOCABULAEY. 


proelior,  ari,  atus  sum  [proelium],  to 

fight. 

proelium,  i,  n.,  a  battle,  combat,  engage- 
ment. 

prof  anus  [fanum,  shrine'],  adj.,  unholy, 
common,  profane. 

profecto  [pro  +  factum] ,  adv.,  indeed, 
assuredly. 

profero,  see  fero. 

professus,  see  profiteor. 

proficiscor,  i,  fectus  sum  [pro  +  facis- 
cor,  from  facioj,  to  set  out,  proceed; 
spring  from. 

profiteor.  see  fateor. 

profligo,  see  fligo. 

profluo,  see  fluo. 

profugio,  see  fugio. 

progenies,  ei.  l".,  race,  descendants. 

prognatus  [pro  +  (g)natus],  adj.,  sprung 
f/'om,  born  of. 

progredior.  see  gradior. 

progressus,  us  [progredior],  m.,  prog- 
ress, advance. 

prohibeo,  see  habeo. 

proicio,  see  iacio. 

proinde  [pro  +  inde] ,  adv.,  hence,  there- 
fore, then, 
prolabor,  see  labor. 

promisee  [promiscus,  common],  adv., 
i/idiscriminutely. 

promissus  [promitto],  adj.,  long,  flow- 
ing (of  hair). 

promitto,  see  mitto. 

promptus  [promo,  set  forth],  adj.,  j^re- 
pared,  quid',  prompt. 

promunturium,  i  [promineo,  project], 
11.,  a  headlaivL 

pronuntio.  see  nuntio. 

propago,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  propagate,  in- 
crease, extend. 

propatulum,  i,  u..  a  cou}^tyard. 

prope,  prep,  with  aec.,  near,  close  to. 

prope  (comp.  propius.  sup.  proxime), 
adv.,  near,  nea/'Iy,  almost:  proximo, 
nearest,  next:  last,  most  recently » 

propello,  see  pello. 


propere,  adv.  [properus,  quick],  hastily , 
speedily. 

propinquitas,    atis,    f.    [propinquus] , 

nearness,  relationsh ip . 

propinquus,  adj.,  near ;  as  noun,  a  rela- 
tive, relation. 

propior,  us  (sup.,  proximus)  [prope], 
adj.,  nearer  ;  proximus,  nearest,  next, 
last. 

propitius  [prope],  ^^].,  propitious. 
propono,  see  pono. 

propositum,  i  [propono] ,  n.,  a  purpose, 

proposition  ;  subject. 
proprius,  adj.,  one^s  own,  particular. 
propter,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of, 

in  consequence  of. 
propterea  [propter  +  ea] ,  adv., /or  this 

reason,   therefore;  propterea  quod, 

becaus". 

propugnaculum.  i  [propugno],  n.,a  bul- 
wark, defense. 

propugnatio,  onis  [propugno],  f.,  a  de- 
fens^. 

propugno,  see  pugno. 

propulso.  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  pro- 
pello], to  drive  off,  repuls". 

prora,  ae,  f.,  the  prow,  fore  part  of  a 
ship. 

proripio,  see  rapio. 

prorumpo,  see  rumpo. 

prorsum  [pro  +  vorsum,  from  verto], 

adv.,  absolutely,  at  all. 

prorsus  [pro  +  vorsus,  from  verto], 
adv.,  certainly  :  in  short. 

proscribe,  see  scribo. 

prosecutus,  see  prosequor. 

prosequor.  see  sequor. 

Proserpina,  ae,  f .,  the  mythical  daughter 
of  Ceres,  carried  off  by  Phitoii  to  be- 
come the  queen  of  the  lower  world. 

prospecto,  see  specto. 

prospectus,  us  [prospicio],  m.,  a  view, 
sight. 

prospere.  adv.,  favorably,  successfully. 
prosperitas,  atis  [prosperus,  favora- 
ble], f.,  good  fortune,  prosperity. 


VOCABULARY. 


319 


prospicio,  see  *specio. 
prosterno,  see  sterno. 
prosum,  see  sum. 
protego,  see  tego. 

protinus,  adv.,  forward^  at  once^  imme- 
diately. 

pro  turbo,  see  turbo. 

prout,  conj.,  as^just  as^  according  as. 

proveho,  see  veho. 

provides,  see  video. 

provincia,  ae,  f.,  api^ovince. 

provoco,  see  voco. 

provolo,  see  1  volo. 

proxime,  see  props. 

proximus,  see  propior, 

prudentia,  ae  [prudens,  contr.  from 
providens],  i.y  foresight,  prudence. 

Prusias  (a),  ae,  m.,  king  of  Bithynia. 

Ftolemaeus,  i,  m.,  a  name  borne  by  the 
kings  of  Egypt  after  Alexander  the 
Great. 

pubes,  is,  f.,  youth,  young  men, 
publico  [publicus],  adv.,  in  the  name  of 

the  .state,  publicly. 
publico,  are,  avi,  atus  [publicus],  to 

make  public ;  confiscate. 
Publicola,  ae,  m.,  P.  {L.)  Valerius,  was 

consul  B.C.  509,  after  the  resignation 

of  Collatinus. 
publicus  [contr.  from  populicus,  from 

populus],  adj.,  belonging  to  the  state, 

public,  common. 
Fublius,  i,  m.,  a  frequent  Roman  prae- 

nomen. 

pudicitia,  ae  [pudicus],  f.,  modesty, 
virtue. 

pudicus  [pudeo,  be  ashamed],  adj.,  mod- 
est, virtuous. 

pudor,  oris,  m.,  shame,  modesty. 

puer,  pueri,  m.,  a  child,  boy ;  servant. 

puerilis,  e  [puer],  adj.,  of  a  child,  boy- 
is.  i ;  puerili  aetate,  in  childhood,  when 
a  boy. 

pueritia,  ae  [puer],  f.,  boyhood. 
puerulus,  i  [dim.  of  puer],  m.,  a  littte  boy. 
pugna,  ae,  f.,  a  fight,  combat. 


pugno,  are,  avi,  atus  [pugna],  to  fight, 
combat. 

de  — depugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

fight  fiercely. 

ex  — expugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
storm,  attack ;  take  by  assault. 

ob  — oppugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
attack,  storm,  besi-^ge. 

pro  —  propugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
fight,  attack;  protect. 
pulcher,  chra,  cbrum,  adj.,  beautiful, 
fine. 

Pulcher,  cbri,  m.,  P.  Claudius,  the  son 
of  App.  Claudius  Caecus,  consul  B.C. 
249,  was  defeated  by  the  Carthaginians 
in  a  naval  battle. 

pulchre  [pulcher],  adv.,  beautifully, 
finely,  vtry. 

pulchritude,  inis  [pulcher],  f.,  beauty. 

Pulio,  onis,  m.,  T.,  a  centurion  in  Cae- 
sar's army. 

puUulo,  are,  avi,  atus  [pullus] ,  to  spring 
up,  inci^ease. 

Pullus,  i,  m.,  L.  Junius,  consul  B.C. 
249. 

pullus,  i.  m.,  a  young  animal;  chicken. 

pulsus,  us  [pello],  m.,  a  blow,  stroke, 

Pul villus,  i,  m.,  M.  Horatius,  consul 
B.C.  509. 

pulvis,  eris,  m.,  dust. 

Piinicus,  adj.,  Punic,  Phoenician;  Car- 
thaginian (as  founded  by  Phoenicians). 

pupilla,  ae  [dim.  of  piipa,  girl],  f.,  the 
pupil  of  the  eye. 

puppis,  is,  f.,  the  stern. 

Purpureo,  onis,  m.,  L.  Furius,  consul 
B.C.  196. 

pus,  puris,  n.,  matter,  pus. 

puteal,  alis  [puteus] ,  n.,  a  well  curb, 

puteus,  i,  m.,  a  id  pit. 

puto,  arc,  avi,  atus,  to  think,  consider, 
suppose. 

dis  — disputo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

treat  of,  invesciyate,  debate. 
Pydna,  ae,  f.,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  near 
the  coast  of  the  Thermaic  GuK. 


A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.   21 


320 


VOCABULARY. 


Pygmaeus,  i,  m.,  a  pigmy;  a  race  of 

fabulous  dwarfs  in  Africa. 
Pylaemenes,  is,  m.,  king  of  Paphlagonia, 

expelled  by  Mithridates. 
Pyrenaeus,  i,  m.,  thd,  Pyrenees. 
Pyrrhus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Epirus,  invaded 

Italy  B.C.  280,  and  defeated  the  Romans 

in  two  battles.  He  was  defeated  B.C.  275. 
Pythia,  ae,  f.,  a  name  applied  to  tbe 

priestess  of  Apollo  at  Delphi. 

Q. 

Q.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Quintus. 

qua  [qui],  adv.,  where;  in  what  direc- 
tion, hoiv. 

quacumque,  adv.,  wherever. 

quadragesimus  [quadraginta] ,  num. 
adj.,  fortieth. 

quadraginta,  num.  adj.,/orf?/  (XL.). 

quadrans,  antis  [quattuor],  m.,  a 
quarter. 

Quadrigarius,  i,  m.,  Q.  Claudius,  a  Roman 

historian  who  lived  about  100-78  b  c. 
quadringenti,  ae,  a  [quattuor  +  cen- 
tum], num.  Sid].,  four  hundred  (CCCC). 
quadringentesimus  [quadringenti], adj., 

four  hundredth. 
quadringenties  [quadringenti],  num. 

adv.,  four  hundred  times. 
quaero,  ere,  quaesivi.  quaesitus,  to 

seek,  ask. 
con  —  conquiro,  ere,  quisivi,  quisi- 

tus,  to  seek  for ;  bring  together. 
in  — inquire,  ere,  quisivi,  quisitus, 

to  search  into,  investigate,  inquire, 
re  — require,  ere,  quisivi,  quisitus, 

to  ask,  require;  lack. 
quaestio,  onis  [quaero],  f.,  an  inquiry ; 

investigation ;  trial. 
quaestor,  oris  [quaero],  m.,  a  quaestor, 

state  treasurer ;  quartermaster, 
quaestus,  us  [quaero],  m.,  gain, 
qualis,  e  [quis],  interr.  adj.,  of  what 

sort?  what  sort  off 
quam  [quis],  adv.,  how  much,  how ;  as, 

than;  after;  with  sup.,  as  possible. 


quamdiu,  adv.,  hoio  long,  as  long  as, 
quamquam,  conj.,  although,  even  if, 

hoivever. 

quamvis  [quam -f- volo] ,  adv.,  as  you 

will ;  however  much  or  many. 
quando,  adv.,  ever,  at  any  time;  when, 
quanto  [quantus],  adv.,  by  how  much; 

quanto  .  .  .  tanto,  as  .  .  .  so. 
quantum  [quantus],  adv.,  how  much, 

how  far,  as  far  as,  as. 
quantus,  adj.,  how  great y  how  much; 

after  tantus,  as, 
quare  [qua  +  re],  adv.,  wherefore,  why. 
quartarius,  i  [quartus],  m.,  a  small 

measure,  gill. 
quarto  [quartus],  adv.,  the  fourth  time, 
quartus  [quattuor],  num.  aid].,  fourth, 
quasi  [quam  +  si],  conj.,  as  if. 
quater,  adv., /our  times. 
quattuor,  num.  aid].,  four  (IV.). 
quattuordecim     [quattuor  +  decern] , 

num.  Sid].,  fow^teen  (XIV.). 
-que,  conj.,  enclitic,  and. 
queo,  quire,  quivi,  quitus,  to  be  able, 

can. 

quercus,  us,  f.,  an  oak. 

querneus  [quercus],  adj.,  of  oak f  of  oak 

leaves. 

queror,  i,  questus  sum,  to  complain, 
lament. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron.,  ivho,  which; 

qui  often  =  et  is,  cum  (since)  is,  ut  is. 
qui,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  indef.  pron.  or 

adj.,  any,  any  one,  anything. 
quia  [qui],  conj.,  because,  since, 
quicquam,  see  quisquam. 
quicumque,  quaecumque,  quodcumque, 

indef.  rel.  pron.,  whoever,  whatever, 

whichever. 
quid  [quis],  interr.  adv.,  whyf 
quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  and  quid- 
dam,  indef.  pron.,  a  certain,  a  certain 

one;  somebody. 
quidem,  adv.,  indeed,  at  least,  assuredly, 

to  be  sure ;  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 
quies,  etis,  f.,  rest,  repose,  quiet;  sleep. 


VOCABULARY, 


321 


qaiiibet,  quaelibet,  qaodlibet  (quid- 

libet),  indef.  pron.,  any  one  you  please^ 

any  one,  who  or  whatsoever. 
quin  [old  abl.  qui  +  ne],  conj.,  that,  that 

not,  hut  that,  without. 
quinam,  see  quisnam. 
quindecim    [quinque  +  decern],  num. 

adj.,  fifteen  (XV.). 
quindecimvir,  i,  m.,  a  member  of  a 

hoard  of  fifteen  men. 
quingenti,  ae,  a  [quinque  +  centum], 

num.  adj.,./iye  hundred  (D.). 
quini,  ae,  a,  num.  distrib.  adj.,yiue  eachy 

five  at  a  time. 
quinquageni,    ae,   a   [quinquaginta] , 

num.  distrib.  2id].,  fifty  each. 
quinquagesimus  [quinquaginta],  num. 
fiftieth. 

quinquaginta,  num.  sid].,  fifty  (L.). 
quinque,  iiidecl.  num.  Sid].,  five  (V.). 
quinquies  [quinque],  num.  adv.,  five 
times. 

Quintius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.   See  Cincinnatus,  Flamininus. 

quintus  [quinque],  num.  ad].,  fifth. 

Quintus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 

quippe,  conj.,  of  course,  naturally, 

Quirinalis,  is  [sc.  coUis],  adj.,  the 
Quirinal,  one  of  the  hills  of  Rome. 

Quirinus,  i,  m.,  the  Sabine  god  of  war ;  a 
name  given  to  Romulus  after  his  death. 

Quirites  (i)um,  m.,  a  name  applied  to 
the  Romans  as  citizens ;  in  their  mili- 
tary capacity  they  were  Romani. 

quis,  quae,  quid,  interr.  pron.  and  adj., 
who?  yjhich?  what? 

quis,  qua,  quid,  indef.  pron.,  any  one  or 
thing,  any. 

quisnam,  quaenam,  quidnam,  interr. 
pron.  and  adj.,  whof  which f  what? 
loho  then  f  what  then  ? 

quispiam,  quaepiam,  quodpiam  and 
quidpiam,  indef.  pron.,  some,  anyy 
some  one. 

quisquam,  quicquam,  indef.  pron.,  any 
one,  anything. 


quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  or  quodque, 

indef.  pron.,  each,  every y  every  one; 

unus  quisque,  each  one. 
quivis,  quaevis,  quidvis  or  quodvis  [qui 

+  voloj,  indef.  pron.,  any  one  you 

please,  any. 
quo  [qui],  adv.,  (1)  rel.  adv.,  whither, 

where;    (2)    interr.   adv.,  ivhitherf 

where  f  (3)  indef.  adv.,  to  any  place, 

any  IV  here. 

quo  [qui],  conj.,  with  comparatives,  in 
order  that,  that,  that  thereby;  quo 
minus,  that  not. 

quoad  [qui  +  ad],  conj.,  as  long  as; 
until,  till. 

quod  [qui],  conj.,   because,  supposing 
that,  in  that,  so  far  as ;  quod  si,  hut  if. 
quominus,  see  quo. 

quondam,  adv.,  once,  formerly,  some 
time. 

quoniam  [quom  (=  cum)  +iam],  conj., 

since,  seeing  that,  because. 
quoque,  conj.,  also,  too. 
quoque  -  et  quo. 

quousque,  adv.,  till  when?  how  long? 

until  (late), 
quot,  indecl.  adj.,  how  many,  as  many 

as. 

quotannis  [quot  +  annus] ,  adv.,  yearly, 

each  year. 

quotienscumque,  adv.,  as  often  as, 
wheyiever. 

B. 

radius,  i,  m.,  a  ray. 
radix,  icis,  f.,  a  root,  base, 
rado,  ere,  rasi,  rasus,  to  shave. 
ramus,  i,  m.,  a  branch,  bough. 
rapio,  ere,  rapui,  raptus,  to  seize,  carry 
away,  plunder. 

ab  — abripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 
take  away  forcibly,  carry  of. 

ad  — adripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 
snatch,  lay  hold  on,  appropriate. 

dis  — diripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 
tear  asunder,  ravage,  plunder. 


822 


VOCABULARY. 


ex  — eripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 

take  or  snatch  away  ;  rescue ;  deprive. 

rams,  adj.,  few,  scattered,  separate. 

ratio,  onis  [reor],  f.,  a  reckoning y  ac- 
count; method,  science;  reason,  re- 
gard, manner. 

ratus  [reor],  adj.,  thought  out,  defined, 
fixed.    See  also  reor. 

Raurici,  orum,  a  tribe  living  near  the 
Helvetii. 

rebellio,  onis  [re  +  bellum],  f.,  a  re- 
newal of  war,  revolt. 
rebello,  see  bello. 
recedo,  see  cedo. 

recens,  entis,  adj.,  recent,  late,  fresh. 

recenseo,  see  censeo. 

receptus,  us  [recipioj,  m.,  a  drawing 

back,  retreat,  reftigz. 
recido,  see  cado. 

recipero,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  capio], 

to  get  hack,  recover. 
recipio,  see  capio. 

reciproco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  move  hack 
and  forth,  brandish. 

reciprocus,  adj.,  alternating. 

recito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  read  aloud,  re- 
cite. 

reclino,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  clino,  lean], 

to  lean  back ;  reclinatus,  leaning 
back. 

recognosco,  see  nosco. 
recondo,  see  do. 

recorder,  ari,  atus  [re  +  cor],  to  remem- 
ber, recall. 

rectum,  adv.,  forward,  in  front. 

rectus  [rego],  adj.,  straight,  direct. 

recurvo,  are,  — ,  atus  [re  +  curvus, 
bant],  to  bend  or  curve  back. 

recuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  causa],  to 
refuse,  object,  decline,  hesitate. 

reddo,  see  do. 

redeo,  see  eo. 

redigo,  see  ago. 

redimo,  see  emo. 

redintegro,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  inte- 
gro,  to  make  whole] ,  to  renew  ;  revive. 


reditus,  us  [redeo],  m.,  a  return,  income, 
interest. 

reduco,  see  diico. 

refero,  see  fero. 

reficio,  see  facio. 

refugio,  see  fugio. 

regia,  ae  [rex],  f.,  a  palace. 

Eegillus,  i,  m.,  a  small  lake  (now  dry) 
in  Latium,  east  of  Rome. 

regina,  ae  [rex]  f.,  a  queen. 

regio,  onis  [rego] ,  f.,  a  direction ;  region, 
territory  ;  vectsiregione,  parallel  with. 

regius  [rex],  adj.,  kingly,  royal. 

regno,  are,  avi,  atus  [regnum],  to  he 
king,  rule. 

regnum,  i  [rex],  n.,  kingship,  suprem- 
acy ;  kingdom ;  reign. 

rego,  ere,  rexi,  rectus,  to  regulate,  rule, 
conduct. 

ex  —  erigo,  ere,  rexi,  rectus,  to 

raise,  erect,  build;  stimulate. 
per  — pergo,  ere,  perrexi,  rectus, 

to  goon,  march,  hasten. 
por  (=pro) — porrigo,  ere,  rexi, 

rectus,  to  reach  out,  extend. 
regredior,  see  gradior. 
Regulus,  i,  m.,  M.  Atilius,  surnamed 

Serranus,  was  consul  B.C.  256.  He 

was  defeated  in  Africa  and  taken 

prisoner,  255. 
regulus,  i  [rex],  m.,  a  chieftain. 
reicio,  see  iacio. 

relanguesco,  ere,  langui,  — ,  to  grow 

faint,  relax,  abate. 
religio,  onis   [re  +  ligo],  f.,  religion, 

scruple,  sanction;  rite  (late), 
religiose  [religiosus],  adv.,  religiously , 

scriipulo  usly. 
relinquo,  see  linquo. 
reliquiae,  arum  [reliquus],  f.,  remains, 

remnant. 

reliquus  [relinquo],  adj.,  remaining, 
rest  of;  future,  subsequent;  nihil 
reliqui  facere,  to  leave  nothing  un- 
done. 

remando,  see  mando. 


VOCABULARY. 


323 


remaneo,  see  maneo. 
remedium,  ii  [medeor,  heal],  n.,  a  rem- 
edy, cure. 

remex,  igis  [remus  +  ago]  ,m.,a  rower. 
Kemi,  orum,  m.,  a  powerful  tribe  of  the 

Belgae    who   formed    alliance  with 

Caesar. 

remigo,  are,  — ,  — ,  [remex],  to  row. 
remigro,  see  migro. 

remissus  [remitto],  adj.,  remiss^  indul- 
gent, relaxed. 
remitto,  see  mitto. 

remollesco,  ere,  — ,  —  [mollis],  become 

sojtened  or  enervated. 
removeo,  see  moveo. 
Remus,  i,  m,,  the  brother  of  Romulus, 
remus,  i,  m.,  an  oar. 
renitor,  see  nitor. 

renovo,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  novus],  to 

renew. 
renuntio,  see  nuntio. 
reor,  reri,  ratus  sum,  to  think,  suppose ; 

ratus,  thinking. 
reparo,  see  paro. 
repello,  see  pello. 

repente  [repens,  sudden],  adv.,  suddenly. 
repentinus  [repens],  adj.,  sudden,  unex- 
pected. 
reperio,  see  pario. 
repeto,  see  peto. 

repo,  ere,  si,  tus,  to  creep,  crawl. 
repono,  see  pono. 
reporto,  see  porto. 

repraesento,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  prae- 
sens],  to  represent,  depict. 

reprehendo,  see  prehendo. 

reprimo,  see  premo. 

repudio,  are,  avi,  atus  [repudium,  di- 
vorce, from  pudet],  to  reject,  scorn; 
repudiate,  divorce. 

requiro,  see  quaero. 

res,  rei,  f .,  a  thing,  affair,  business,  event, 
circumstance,  condition,  fortune  ; 
action,  undertaking ;  cause,  oppor- 
tunity ;  property,  wealth ;  reality ;  res 
publica,  the  state,  commonwealth  ;  res 


familiaris,  private  property ,  fortune  ; 

res  gestae,  deeds,  exploits. 
rescindo,  see  scindo. 
rescisco,  see  scisco. 
rescribo,  see  scribo. 
reservo,  see  servo, 
resists,  see  sisto. 
respicio,  see  *specio. 
respondeo,  see  spondeo. 
responsum,  i  [respondeo],  n.,  an  answer. 
restituo,  see  statuo. 
resto,  see  sto. 
resurgo,  see  surgo. 
retardo,  see  tardo. 
rete,  is,  n.,  a  net,  snare. 
retentus,  see  retineo. 
retineo,  see  teneo. 
retro,  adv.,  backward ;  behind. 
reus,  i,  m.,  defendant,  prisoner,  culprit. 
reverentia,  ae  [re  + vereor],  f.,  respect, 

awe,  reverence. 
reverto,  see  verto. 
revertor,  see  verto. 
revincio,  see  vincio. 

revivisco,  ere,  — ,  —  [re  +  vivo],  to  come 

to  life  again. 
revoco,  see  voco. 
revolo,  see  (1)  volo. 
rex,  regis  [rego],  m.,  a  king. 
Rhea,  ae,  f.,  also  called  Rhea  Silvia,  the 

mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 
Rhenus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
Rhodanus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhone. 
Rhodii,  orum,  m.,  the  Rhodians,  people 

of  Rhodes,  an  island  southwest  of  Asia 

Minor. 

rideo,  ere,  risi,  risus,  to  laugh. 

in  —  inrideo,  ere,  risi,  risus,  to  laugh 
at,  ridicule. 
de  — derideo,  ere,  risi,  risus,  to 

mock,  deride. 
rima,  ae,  f.,  a  crack,  cleft. 
ripa,  ae,  f.,  the  bank  of  a  river. 
risus,  us  [rideo],  m.,  laughter. 
rite,  adv.,  ceremonially y  duly ;  justly, 

fitly. 


324 


VOCABULARY. 


ritus,  us,  m.,  a  religious  ceremony,  rite ; 

habit,  manner;  abl.  ritu,  with  gen., 

in  the  manner  of,  like. 
robur,  oris,  n.,  the  oak;  strength,  vigor. 
robustus   [robur],  adj.,  hard,  strong, 

robust. 

rogatus,  us  [rogo],  m.,  a  desire,  request. 
rogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  ask,  desire. 

ad  —  adrogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
claim;  demanl  arrogantly . 

de  — derogo,  are,  avi,  atus  [rogo], 
to  take  away,  diminish. 

inter  ^interrogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
ask,  question,  examine. 
rogum,  i,  n.,  a  bier,  pyre. 
Roma,  ae,  f.,  Royne. 
Romanus,  adj.,  Roman. 
Romani,  orum,  m.,  the  Romans. 
Romularis,  e,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Romu- 
lus. 

Romulus,  i,  m.,  (1)  the  founder  of  Rome, 
the  son  of  Rhea  Silvia  and  Mars ;  (2) 
son  of  Agrippa,  a  mythical  king  of 
Alba. 

rostrum,  i  [xodiO,  gnaw'],  n.,  the  beak  or 
ram  of  a  ship  ;  a  beak,  bill,  snout. 

rota,  ae,  f.,  a  wheel. 

ruber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  red. 

rubus,  i,  m.,  a  bramble  bush. 

Rufinus,  i,  m.,  P.  Cornelius,  consul  with 
Dentatus  B.C.  290. 

Rufus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

(1)  M.  Minucius  Rufus,  magister 
equitum  to  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  B.C.  217, 
consul  B.C.  221. 

(2)  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  tribune  of 
the  people  B.C.  88;  killed  by  Sulla, 
whom  he  had  deserted. 

(3)  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  a  legate  in 
Caesar's  army  in  Gaul  B.C.  56. 

ruina,  ae  [ruo],  f.,  downfall,  ruin. 

Ruminalis,  e,  adj.,  of  Rumina,  the  god- 
dess of  nursing  mothers  ;  R.  Jicus,  the 
fig  tree  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

rumor,  oris,  m.,  a  rumor,  report. 

rumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus,  to  burst,  break. 


con    corrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus, 

to  break  up ;  destroy ;  corrupt,  offer 
violence  to. 

in  —  inrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus,  to 
break  in,  fall  upon  ;  interrupt. 

inter  —  interrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  rup- 
tus, to  break  apart. 

per  —  perrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus, 
to  break  thi^ough,  ruin. 

prae  —  praerumpo,  ere,  riipi,  rup- 
tus, to  bi^eak  or  tear  off\ 

pro  —  prorumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus, 
to  break  out. 
ruo,  ere,  rui,  atus  (fut.  part,  ruitiirus), 
to  faV. 

dis  —  diruo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  tear 
asunder,  destroy. 

ob  —  obruo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  over- 
ivhelm,  oppress. 

sub  —  subruo,   ere,    ui,  utus,  to 
undermine. 
riirsus  or  riirsum  [reverto],  adv.,  on  the 

other  hand,  again,  backwards. 
rusticus  [rus,  country],  adj.,  rmral,  rus- 
tic. 

S. 

Sabini,  orum,  m.,  a  race  in  central 

Italy,  adjoining  Latium  on  the  east. 
Sabinus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  surname. 

(1)  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus,  a  lieutenant 
in  Caesar's  army. 

(2)  Masurius  Sabinus,  an  eminent 
Roman  lawyer  of  the  first  century 

A.D. 

Sabis,  is,  m.,  a  river  in  the  north  of 
Gaul  flowing  into  the  Meuse ;  modern 
Sambre. 

sacellum,  i  [sacrum],  n.,  a  chapel,  shrine. 
sacer,  era,  orum,  adj.,  holy,  sacred;  as 

noun,  sacra,  n.  pi.,  rites,  sacrifices. 
sacerdos,  otis  [sacer],  m.  andf.,  a  priest, 

priestess. 

sacerdotium,  i  [sacerdos] ,  n.,  the  priest- 
hood. 

sacrarium,  i  [sacer],  n.,  a  shrine. 


VOCABULARY. 


325 


sacrifico,  are,  avi,  atus  [sacer  +  facio], 

to  offer  sacrifice. 
sacrificium,  i  [sacrifice],  n.,  a  sacrifice. 
sacrilegus,  i,  m.,   one  ivho  plunders 

temples. 

sacro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  consecrate, 
con  —  consecro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
consecrate. 

ex  — exsecror,  ari,  atus   sum,  to 
curse,  abhor,  swear  to. 

ob  — obsecro,  are,  avi,   atus,  tj 
implore,  supplicate. 
saepe,  adv.,  of  ten,  frequently . 
saepio,  ire,  si,  tus,  tj  inclose,  fortify . 
saevio,  ire,  ii,  itus  [saevus,  fierce],  to 

rage,  punish  cruelly. 
sagitta,  ae,  f.,  an  aTv^oio. 
Sagittarius,  i  [sagitta],  m.,  an  archer, 
bowman. 

Sagra(s),  ae,  f.,  a  small  river  in  llie 

south  of  Italy,  not  far  from  Locri. 
Saguntini  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 

Saguntum. 
Saguntum,  i,  n.,  a  city  on  the  east  coast 

of  Spain, 
sal,  salis,  m.,  salt;  wit,  elegance. 
Salamis,  inis  (ace.  ina),  f.,  a  small  island 

off  the  western  coast  of  Attica. 
Salaminius,  Sid}.,  pertaining  to  Salamis. 
Salinator,  oris,  m.,  31.  Livius,  consul 

B.C.  210  with  Claudius  Nero, 
salio,  ire,  ui,  saltus.  to  leap. 

de  — desilio,  ire,  ui,  sultus,  to  leap 

down,  dismount. 

in  — insilio,  ire,  ui,  — ,  to  spring  on, 
dash  at. 

trans  —  transilio,  ire,  ui,  — ,  to  leap 

over ;  pass  by  ;  exceed. 
saltatim  [salio],  adv.,  by  leaps. 
saltus,  us,  m.,  a  mountain  chain  ;  defile, 

glen. 

salum,  i  [sal]  (only  acc.  and  abl.  sing.), 

n.,  the  open  sea. 
saluto,  are,  avi,  atus  [salus],  to  salute. 
con  —  consaluto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

salute. 


salus,  utis  [salveo],  f.,  health,  safety. 

(salveo),  ere,  — ,  ~  [salvus],  to  be  well, 
be  greeted. 

salvus,  adj.,  safe,  sound. 

Samnites,  ium,  m.,  the  Samnites,  a 
branch  of  the  Sabine  race  who  inhab- 
ited the  mountains  of  central  Italy. 

sancte  [sanctus],  adv.,  solemnly,  con- 
scientiously. 

sanctitas,  atis  [sancio,  to  hallow],  f., 
sanctity,  sucredness. 

sanctus  [sancio,  to  hallow],  adj.,  hal- 
hived,  sacred. 

sano,  are,  avi,  atus  [sanus,  sound]^  to 
heal,  cure. 

Santones,  um  (Santoni),  m.,  a  tribe  on 
the  west  coast  of  Gaul.  [wise, 

sapiens,  entis  [sapio,  to  be  loise],  adj., 

sarcina,  ae,  f.,  a  pack,  load  of  baggage. 
See  page  77. 

Sardinia,  ae,  f .,  Sardinia. 

Scirdiniensis,  e,  adj.,  Sardinian. 

Sardis  (Sardes),  ium,  f.,  the  capital  of 
Lydia  in  Asia  Minor. 

sarmentum,  i  [sarpo,  to  prune] ,  n.,  brush- 
wood, faggot. 

satis,  adv.,  enough,  sufficiently,  rather. 

satisfacio,  ere,  feci,  factus  [satis -f 
facio],  to  satisfy. 

Saturnus,  i,  m.,  a  Latin  god  of  agricul- 
ture and  civilization;  the  father  of 
Jupiter,  Juno,  and  other  divinities. 

saturo,  are,  avi,  atus  [satur,  full],  to 
fill. 

saucio,  are,  avi,   atus   [saucius],  to 

ivound. 

saucius,  adj.,  wounded. 

Sauromatae,  arum  (Sarmatae),  m.,  the 
tribes  of  southern  Russia  and  districts 
on  the  west. 

Saverrio,  onis,  m.,  P.  Sulpicius,  con- 
sul B.C.  279  with  Decius  Mus.  They 
were  defeated  by  Pyrrhus  near  Auscu- 
lum. 

saxum,  i,  n.,  a  stone,  rock. 
scando,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  climbs 


326 


TOCABITARY. 


ad  —  ascendo.  ere.  scendi.  scensus. 

to  a^cer<d.  mount :  ao  <?ri  h?c.rd  skip). 

con  —  conscendo.  ere.  scendi.  scen- 
sns.  f'  in  Mint,  ascend:  in  navem  con- 
scendere.  to  emharl:  on. 

de  —  descends,  ere.  scendi.  scensus, 
to  descend:  rtSortt:>:  iiiild. 

ex  —  escendo.  ere.  scendi.  scensus, 
to  mount:  in  navem  esceniere.  to 
em'bjrl:. 

in  —  inscendo.  ere.  — .  — .  to  mount. 
trans  —  transcendo.  ere.  scendi,  — , 

to  climb  over,  su:'mou  ut.  cr^ss. 
Bcapha.  ae  [Greek] ,  f .,  a  skif.  light  bjat. 
scato.  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  bubble,  gush  (old 

aud  poetic), 
sceleratus  'scelus".  adj.,  vdcked,  itir- 

fa  novs. 
scelus.  eris.  n.,  a  .nn,  crime. 
scienter  scio],  adv.,  cleverly,  wisely. 
scientia.  ae  'scioj.  f..  knoicledge,  sHU. 
scilicet  'scire  —  licet],  adv.,  evidently, 

n  AintJy,  t'\     '( <. 
scindo.  ere.  scidi.  scissns,  to  tear  or 

break  doicn. 
dis  —  discindo.  ere.  scidi.  scissus. 

to  tear  apart  or  in  oiice?. 
re  — rescinds,  ere.  scidi.  scissus, 

to  tear  open.  . 
scio,  scire,  scivi.  scitus.  to  knowy  under- 

stind. 

Scipio.  onis.  m..  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trioiis  families  at  Rome ;  members  of 
the  Cornelian  gens. 

(1)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Asina.  con- 
sul B.C.  221. 

(2)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  consul  b.c. 
21j^;  defeated  by  Hannibal  at  the 
Ticinus  and  the  Trebia :  killed  with 
his  brother  Cn.  in  Spain  B.C.  212. 

(3)  P.  Conielius  Scipio  Africanus 
(Maior),  the  son  of  (2),  one  of  the  ' 
greatest  of  Roman  heroes.  He  was 
constil  in  B.C.  205,  and  defeated  Han- 
;:ibal  at  Zama.  He  died  (probably) 
183. 


(4)  i.  Cor7ielius  ^Scqno,  the  brother 

of  (3).  was  consul  190.  He  defeated 
Autiochus  at  Magnesia  and  assumed 
the  surname  of  Asiaticus. 

(5)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  A/ricanus 
(Minor) ,  the  son  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulus, 
was  adopted  by  the  son  of  Africanus 
Maior.  He  was  consul  b.c.  147.  and 
conducted  the  third  Punic  war  to  its 
close.  In  133  he  captured  the  city  of 
Numantia  in  Spain,  from  which  he  is 
called  Numanttnus.  He  died  mysteri- 
ously B.C.  129. 

(6)  P.  Corneiius  Scipio,  the  father- 
in-law  of  Pompey,  was  adopted  by 
Metellus,  and  sometimes  is  known  by 
that  name.  With  Cato  he  was  defeated 
by  Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus, 
B.C.  4(5. 

sciscitor.  ari.  atns  sum  [scisco].  to  iji- 

quir-; . 

scisco,    ere.    scivi.    scitus    >cio].  to 
approv?, '  r  r, 

ad  —  ascisco.  ere.  scivi.  scitus.  to 
apprtyve,  receive,  unit^. 

con  —  conscisco.  ere.  scivi.  scitus, 
to  appiX've  of.  d3cree  :  necem  sibi  con- 
sciscere,  to  commit  ^^uicid-. 

de  —  descisco.  ere.  scavi  (ii) ,  scitus, 
to  icithdrair.  des?rt,  revolt. 

re  —  rescisco,  ere.  s<avi  (ii),  scitus, 
to  discover,  ascertain. 
scitum.  i  ^scisco].  n.,  a  statute,  de- 

Scopas.  ae.  m..  a  famous  Greek  sculptor, 
scribo.  ere.  scripsi.  scriptus,  to  write, 
irri:-  down. 

con  — consci^bo.  ere,  scripsi.  scrip- 
tus. f?  enr:dl.  enlist. 

de  —  describe ,  ere,  scripsi.  scriptus, 
to  des-:rib-.  d-nne,  assign,  divide. 

prae  —  praescnbo,  ere.  scrips, 
scriptus.  to  di?'tct.  command,  pre- 
scribe 

pro — proscribo.  ere.  scripsi,  scrii>- 
tus,  to  punish,  outlaw,  proscribe. 


VOCABULARY. 


827 


re  —  rescribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptus, 

to  write  again,  r^phj ;  place  to  one's 
credit. 

sub  —  subscribe,  ere,  scripsi,  scrip- 
tus, to  write  under,  subscribe  to,  sign 
(especially  to  sign  an  accusation  as 
prosecutor) . 

scriptor,  oris  [scribo],  m.,  a  writer, 
author,  clerk. 

scutum,  i,  n.,  an  infantry  shield. 

Scythes  (a),  ae,  m.,  Scythian,  the  wan- 
dering tribes  north  of  the  Black  and 
Caspian  Seas.    See  Sauromatae. 

secretus  [secerno,  to  separate],  adj., 
separate,  hidden;  as  noun,  secretum, 
a  secret,  mystery. 

secundum  [sequor],  prep,  with  ace, 
along,  next  to,  according  to. 

secundus  [sequor],  adj.,  second ;  favor- 
able, successful. 

securus  [se,  loithout -\- oiuxdi],  adj., /ree 
from  care,  secure,  sure. 

secus,  adv.,  otherwise;  comp.  setius; 
nihilo  setius,  nevertheless. 

sed,  conj.,  but ;  yet. 

sedatus  [sedo,  settle],  adj.,  calm,  quiet. 
sedeo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  sit,  settle, 

remain,  be  encamped. 
dis  —  dissideo,  ere,  sedi,  — ,  to  sit 

apart ;  strive,  quarrel. 
in  —  insideo,  ere,  sedi,  — ,  to  sit  on, 

be  fixed ;  with  equo,  to  be  mounted  on. 
ob  —  obsideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessus,  to 

besiege,  occupy ;  watch  closely. 
sedes,  is  [sedeo],  f.,  a  seat ;  settlement, 

habitation,  place. 
seditio,  onis  [se(d)  -|-itio,  from  ire],  f., 

a  sedition,  rebellion. 
seges,  etis,  f.,  a  cornfield;  crop, produce. 
segnis,  e,  adj.,  slow,  sluggish. 
Segontiaci,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 
Segovax,  actis,  m.,  a  British  chieftain 

in  Caiitium. 
segrego,  are,  avi,  atus  [se,  apart  frora 

+  grex],  to  separate,  segregate, 
seiungo,  see  iungo. 


Seleucus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Syria,  surnamed 
Nicator;  reigned  B.C.  312-280. 

selibra,  ae,  f.,  a  half  pound, 

semel,  adv.,  once. 

semen,  inis,  n.,  seed. 

semibarbari,  orum,  m.,  semi-barbarians. 

semirutus  [ruo],  adj.,  half  razed,  half 
ruined. 

semita,  ae,  f.,  a  path,  byway. 

semper,  adv.,  always,  ever, 

Sempronius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name. 
Ti.  Sempronius,  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple B.C.  216.    See  Gracchus,  Longus. 

Sena,  ae,  f.,  a  small  town  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Italy. 

senator,  oris  [senex,  old],  m.,  a  senator  ; 
councillor. 

senatus,  us  [senex],  m.,  the  council  of 
clder,"^,  senate. 

senecta,  ae  [senex],  f.,  old  age  (poetic). 

senectus,  utis  [senex],  f.,  old  age. 

senex,  senis,  adj.,  old;  as  noun,  an  old 
m:in.   Comp.  senior. 

Senones,  um,  m.,  a  powerful  tribe  of  the 
Gauls  living  west  of  the  Seine.  A 
branch  settled  in  Italy  (near  Ravenna) 
and  burned  Rome  b.c.  390. 

sensus,  us  [sentio],  m.,  sense,  feeling, 
opinion. 

sententia,  ae  [sentio],  f.,  an  opinion, 
judgment;  sense;  sententiam  ferre, 
to  judge. 

sentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensus,  to  perceive, 
think ;  feel,  know,  imagine. 

con  —  consentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensus, 
to  agree,  accord. 

dis  —  dissentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensus,  to 
differ  in  opinion,  disagree. 

sentis,  is,  m.,  a  thorn,  brier. 

separatim  [separo,  to  separate],  adv., 
separately ,  singly. 

separatus  [separo,  to  separate],  adj., 
separate,  distinct. 

sepelio,  ire,  ivi,  sepultus,  to  bury ;  per- 
form the  funeral  rites. 

sepes,  is,  f .,  a  hedge. 


328 


VOCABULARY. 


septem,  Dum.  adj.,  seven  (VII.). 
septentriones,    um    [septem  +  trio, 

plow-ox\,  m.,  the  constellation  of  the 

Great  Bsar;  the  North. 
Septimus  [septem],  adj  ,  s-^vsnth. 
septingentesimus   [septingenti] ,  num. 

adj.,  seven  hundred;h. 
septingenti,  ae,  a  [septem  +  centum] , 

num.  adj.,  seven  hundred  (DCC). 
septuagesimus    [septuaginta] ,  num. 

adj.,  seventieth. 
septuaginta,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  seventy 

(LXX.). 

sepulcrum,  i  [sepelio],  n.,  a  grave^  sepul- 
cher. 

sepultura.  ae  [sepelio],  f.,  burial. 
Sequani,  orum,  m.,  an  important  tribe 

in  eastern  Gaul  north  of  the  Rhone, 
sequor,!,  secutus  sum,  to  follow, pursue; 

ensue. 

con  —  consequor,  i,  secutus  sum, 

to  pursue,  overtake  ;  arrive;  obtain. 

in  — insequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 
pur su^,  follow  np. 

ob  —  obsequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 
submit  to,  indulge  in,  assist. 

per  —  persequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 
pursue,  prosecute ;  relate. 

pro  —  prosequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 
folloio  after,  pursue  ;  address. 

sub  —  subsequor,  i,  secutus  sum, 
to  follow  after,  folloio. 
serenus,  adj.,  clear,  serene. 
Sergius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name.  See 
Catilina. 

^3:ius  [severus],  adj.,  grave,  serious. 
drmo,  onis  [sero,  to  weave],  m.,  talJCy 
'^■Oiive.'sati'm,  discourse. 
sero  ""serus.  late],  adv.,  too  late. 
1.  sero,  ere,  sevi.  satus,  to  plant,  sow. 
J.  sero,  ere, — ,  tus,  to  bind  together. 
con  — consero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  join 
in  battle;  conserere  manus,  to  fight 
hand  to  hand. 

de  — desero,  ere,  ui.  tus,  to  leave, 
abandon,  desert. 


in  — insero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  fasten 

into ;  insert. 
inter  —  inter  sero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to 

insert;  aUege. 

serpens,  entis  [serpo,  to  creep],  m.  or  f., 
a  serpent,  snake. 

Sertorius,  i,  Q.,  an  officer  in  the  army 
of  Marius.  He  went  to  Spain  as  pro- 
praetor in  B.C.  82,  and  maintained  an 
independent  command  until  his  death 
in  72. 

servilis,  e  [servus],  adj.,  servile,  of 
slaves. 

Servilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.   See  Casca,  Geminus. 
servio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  be  the  slave 

of,  devote  one's  self,  have  regard  to. 
servitium,  i  [servus],  n.,  slavery ;  slaves. 
servitus,  utis  [servus],  f.,  slavery. 
Servius,  i,  m.,  see  Tullius. 
servo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  save,  keep, 

ivatch. 

con  —  conservo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

save,  spare,  maintain. 

ob  —  observo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
absolve,  watch. 

re  —  reservo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  keep 

back,  reserve,  preserve. 
servulus,  i  [servus],  m.,  a  young  slave, 
boy. 

servus,  i,  m.,  a  s'ave,  servant. 

sestertius,  i  [semis  +  tertius],  m.,  a  ses- 
terce (HS.)';  a  silver  coin  =  4.1  cents; 
neut.  pi.  sestertia  (sc.  milia),  used  with 
distrib.  num.  adj.,  thousands  of  sester- 
ces;  as  neut.  sing,  sestertium  (sc.  cen- 
tena  milia)  used  with  num.  adv.,  to 
denote  millions. 

setius,  see  secus. 

seu  or  sive  [si  +  ve,  or],  conj.,  whether ^ 
either;  seu  .  .  .  ^QU,  whether  .  .  .  or, 
either  .  .  .  or. 

severe  [severus],  adv.,  strictly,  severely. 

severitas,  atis  [severus],  f.,  strictness, 
severity,  sternness. 

severus,  adj.,  serious,  strict,  harsh. 


VOCABULAEY. 


329 


sex.  indecl.  num.  adj.,  six  (VI.). 
sexageni,  ae,  a  [sexaginta],  num.  adj., 

sixty  each,  sixty. 
sexagesimus   [sexaginta],  num.  adj., 

sixtieth. 

sexaginta,  num.  adj.,  sixty  (LX.). 
sexcentesimus  [sexcenti] ,  num.  adj.,  six 

hundredth. 
sexcenti,  ae,  a  [sex  +  centum] ,  num. 

adj.,  six  hundred  (DC), 
sexies  [sex],  adv.,  six  times. 
Sextius,  i,  m.,  see  Baculus. 
sextus  [sex],  num.  adj.,  sixth. 
si,  conj.,  if,  ivhether ;  quod  si,  but  if. 
Sibyllinus,  adj.,  Sibylline,  pertaining  to 

the  Sibyllae  or  prophetesses. 
sic,  adv.,  so,  thus;  sic  .  .  .  ut,  just 

as. 

siccitas,  atis  [siccus],  f .,  dryness,  drouth. 

siccus,  adj.,  dry. 

Sicilia,  ae,  f.,  Sicily. 

sicut  [sic  +  ut] ,  Sidy.,  just  as. 

sicuti  [sic  +  uti],  ?Ldv.,just  as  if. 

sidus,  eris,  n.,  a  constellation. 

signifer,  feri  [signum  +  fero],  m.,  a 

standard  bearer,  ensign. 
significo,  are,   avi,   atus   [signum + 

facio],  to  make  signs,  ngnify,  notify. 
signo,  are,  avi,  atus  [signum],  to  make 

a  sign. 

ob  —  obsigno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
seal. 

signum,  i,  n.,  a  sign,  mark,  symbol; 

seal;  signal;  standard^  image. 
Silanus,  i,  m.,  D.  Junius,  consul  with 

L.  Murena  b.c.  62. 
silentium,  i  [silens,  silent],  n.,  silence, 

quiet. 

Silenus,  i,  m.,  an  historian  quoted  by- 
Cicero,  Livy,  and  other  writers;  said 
by  Nepos  to  have  lived  in  the  camp  of 
Hannibal. 

Silius,  i,  T.,  an  officer  of  Caesar's  army, 
silva,  ae,  f.,  a  wood,  forest. 
silvestris,    e    [silva],    adj.,  wooded, 
woody  ;  living  in  the  woods. 


Silvia,  ae,  f.,  S.  gens,  the  race  of  Sil- 
vius.    See  Ehea. 

Silvius,  i,  m.,  king  of  Alba  Longa,  son 
of  Ascanius.  The  name  was  used  as 
a  surname  by  his  descendants. 

similis,  e,  adj.,  like. 

similitude,  inis  [similis],  f.,  resem- 
blance, similarity. 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  at  once; 
simul  .  .  .  simul,  both  .  .  .  and,  partly 
.  .  .  pai'tly ;  simul  atque,  as  soon 
as. 

simulacrum,  i  [simulo],  n.,  an  image, 

representation. 
simulo,  are,  avi,  atus  [similis] ,  to  make 

like  ;  pr:'t''nd. 
dis  —  dissimulo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

pretend,  dissenibh. 
simultas,    atis    [simul],   f.,  rivalry, 

jealousy. 
sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  icithout. 
singularis,  e  [singuli],  adj.,  one  by  one, 

single ;  singular,  ivonderful. 
singularius  [late  for  singularis],  adj., 

single,  peculiar. 
singuli,  ae,  a,  adj.,  one  by  one,  one 

apiece  ;  single  ;  each. 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  left. 
sinistrorsus  [sinister  +  verto] ,  adv., 

the  left. 

sino,  ere,  sivi,  situs,  to  permit,  let. 

de  —  desino,  ere,  sivi  (ii),  situs,  to 

cease,  stop. 
sinus,  lis,  m.,  a  curve,  fold ;  bay  ;  bosom 
sis  to,  ere,  stiti,  status  [sto],  to  place, 
sthp  ;  halt. 
ab  —  absisto,  ere,  stiti,  — ,  to  with^ 
draiv,  leave  of. 

ad  —  adsisto,  ere,  astiti,  — ,  to  stand 
by ;  assist. 
circum  —  circumsisto,    ere,  stiti 

(steti),  — ,  to  take  one's  stand  around, 
surround. 
con  — consisto,  ere,  stiti,  stitus, 

to  stand,  remain,  be  posted;  consist, 
depend. 


S30 


TOCABULARY. 


de  —  desisto ,  ere,  stiti,  stitus,  r> 

sfanO.  on  from  ;  delist,  -r.     :  desistere 
sententia,  to  give  up  the  rcriyu. 
ex — ^  exsisto,  ere.  stiti,  — .  to  make  j 

come  ou: :  <:'ppeoj\  o.ri-e ,  project^  exist. 
in  —  insisto,  ere.  stiti.  — ,  tj  stayed, 

st'irA  i,^.:  :  :  pursue  :  c:.ii<t ;  b^ji  i. 
cb  — obsisto,  ere,  stiti,  stitus,  to 

re  —  resisto,  ere.  stiti, — ,  to  resist,  , 
withs^o.nd :  ho/^.. 

sub  —  subsists,  ere.  stiti,  — ,  to  halt, 
hold  out :  enQjii.nter  :  miake  a  stand. 
Sipylus.  i,  m.,  a  mounraiu  in  Lydia. 
sitiens.  entis   [sitio,  to  thirst],  adj., 

thirsty.  \ 
situs,  us  'sino],  m.,  a  situation,  site. 
sive,  see  seu. 

socer.  eri.  m.,  o.  fother-in-Jo.ic . 

socialis.  e  'socius~.  adj.,  social. 

societas.  atis  [socius^  f.,  alliance,  sod- 
e^.y ,  p  Tr:[  :  ^ 

socius.  i.  m.,  o.  comrade^  ally ^aynfederate.  | 

Socrates,  is,  m.,  the  famous  Athenian  f 
phil  .  s  phrr.  rhe  teacher  of  Plato.  He 
was  pu:  :o  death  by  his  countrymen 
B.C.  S  'O,  '..r  of  seventy. 

sol,  soils.        -  ... 

Sol,  Solis.  m..  th-  Sun  Tas  a  god),  often  ' 
identinel  with  Apollo. 

solacium.  i.  n..  '[-['mp'jrt-  consolation.  J 

soleo.  e--e.  itus  suru,  to  he  wont,  he 

solidus.  ad^,      /y  prm,  conrpact. 
solitudo,  inis  >olus^,  f.,  solitude;  a 

?/:"/7./e  -5'. 
soUemnis,    e,   ai].,    religiously  niied, 

so.rr-\         r  ,  as  n.  r.  :  soUemne, 

a  ''-y-;  .       ,  r''i,  ,5:  "t 
sollers,  ertls,  a;;',,  e'xoer-^. 
soUicito,  are,  avi.  atus  [sollicitus^,  to 

sollicitus.  -'.v  ;  iCOtchnL. 

solstitialis.  e  jsolstinum.  solstice],  adj., 

of  the  s"  '\o\^r  sPsnc^  ■  solar.  ; 
solum  [solus],  adv.,  only,  | 


solum,  i.  n.,  ground,  earth,  soil. 

solus,  aii..  o:>^y,  al'jne. 

solvo.  ere,  i.  solutus.  to  loose;  set  sail, 

annul;  p::]  :  \-\:^o.\  op^n  'a  letter), 
dis  —  dissolvo.  ere,  i,  colutus,  to 

loose:  dissjhje  :  destroy;  discharge, 
pay  on. 

somnium,  i  [somnus] ,  n.,   a  dream, 

somnus,  i.  ni,.  s^eep. 

sopor,  oris.  m..     de'^p  s^eep. 

soror.  oris.  i..  sis-^r, 

sors.  sortis.  :.,  a:-  .■  o~:e. 

Sosius.  i.  1::.,,  C  .,  a  iririia  '\c  Z'^I,  Antony, 

sospito,  are.  — ,  —  [sospes,  safe],  to 

sav:. 

Sp.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Spurius. 
spargo.  ere.  sparsi.  sparsus.  to  strev:. 
ad  — aspergo,  ere.  spersi,  spersus, 

dis  —  dispergo.  ere,  spersi,  spersus, 

to  scatter,  disperse. 
spatium,  i,  n.,  .^ace,  intervcd. 
species,  iei  [*specio],  f.,  sight,  appear- 

au'-e,  pr-^tense  :  kind.  sort. 
specimen,  inis  [*specio[,  n.,  a  proof,  ex- 

amp^.e. 

*specio.  ere.  spexi  r^bsolete').  to  look. 
ad  —  aspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus,  to 
look  a*, 

circum  —  circumspicio,  ere,  spexi, 
spectus.      I J  [J:  o.ry.nL 
con  —  conspicio,  ere  spexi,  spectus, 

de  — despicio,  ere.  spexi.  spectus, 

t.:,,-:  dy_:.  __  y-._.d^spis'^. 
per  —  perspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 

to   .y--   ra-  perceiv-^,  recognize, 

pryy. 

pro  —  prospicio.  ere.  spexi.  spectus, 

re  — respicio.  ere.  spexi,  spectus, 

tj  ly-'^:  h-A'd: :       yrdndfal  "f.  regard. 
sub  —  suspicio.  ere,  spexi,  spectus. 

to  Ijok  up,  admire i  esteem. 


VOCABULARY. 


331 


spectabilis,  e  [specto],  adj.,  visible; 
loorth  seeing,  i^eincu^kahle. 

spectaculum,  i  [specto],  n.,  a  shoiv,  spec- 
tacle. 

specto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  *specio], 

to  look  at,  behold ;  teivl  toward,  aim  at. 

circum  —  circumspecto,  are,  avi, 
atus,  to  look  around. 

ex — exspecto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
look  out  for,  10  ait  for,  aioait. 

in  —  inspects,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  look 
on. 

pro  —  prospects,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

took  forth,  icatch. 

speculatorius  [specuior],  adj.,  scout- 
ing, spying ;  navigium  speculatorium, 
a  spy  boat. 

spelunca,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  cave,  cavern. 

spero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  hope,  expect, 
icish. 

de  — despero,  are,  avi,  atus  [de + 
spero],  to  give  up  hope,  despair;  de- 
speratus,  desperate. 

spes,  ei,  f.,  hope,  expectation. 

spiritus,us  [spiro],  m.,  breath  ;  a  breeze ; 
life. 

spiro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  breathe. 

con  —  conspire,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

conspire. 

ex  —  exspiro,   are,  avi,  atus,  to 

breathe  out,  expire. 
splendide  [splendidus] ,  adv.,  splendidly. 
splendidus  [splendeo,  to  shine"],  adj., 

bright,  splendid,  illustrious,  luxuHous. 
splendor,  oris  [splendeo,  to  shine],  m., 

brightness,  splendor,  elegance. 
spolium,  i,  n.,  spoil,  booty. 
spondeo,  ere,  spopondi,  sponsus,  to 

promise. 

re  —  respondeo,  ere,  spondi,  spon- 
sus, to  answer,  reply,  respond. 

sponte,  al)l.,  and  spontis,  gen.  [obso- 
lete nom.  spons],  f.,  of  one's  own  ac- 
cord, willingly. 

stabilitas,  atis  [stabilis,  steady],  f., 
firmness,  steadiness. 


stabulor,  ari,  atus  sum  [stabulum],  to 

have  an  abode,  be  stabled. 

stabulum,  i  [sto],  n.,  a  fold,  hut, 

stagnum,  i  [sto],  n.,  a  pool. 

statim  [sto],  adv.,  instantly,  at  once. 

statio,  onis  [sto],  f.,  a  picket,  guard. 

statua,  ae  [sto],  f.,  a  statue,  image. 

statuo,  ere,  ui,  utus  [sto],  to  set,  erect ; 
appoint;  resolve,  determine. 

con  —  constituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to 
construct,  build,  form ;  establish ;  fix, 
determine,  bring  to  a  stand;  draw  up, 
moor ;  agree,  accord. 

de  — destituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  set 
down,  d-'p  )nt. 

in  —  instituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  build ; 
arrange,  form  ;  provide,  begin,  estab- 
lish. 

re  —  restituo,  ere,  ui,  iitus,  to  re- 
place, restore,  rebuild. 
status,  lis  [sto],  m.,  state,  position,  rank. 
Stella,  ae,  f.,  a  star. 

sterno,  ere,  stravi,  stratus,  to  lay  low, 
scatter ;  pare. 

pro  —  pro  sterno,  ere,  stravi,  stra- 
tus, to  destroy. 
stinguo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  extinguish. 

dis  —  distinguo,  ere,  nxi,  nctus,  to 
separate,  distinguish,  ad.rn. 

ex  —  exstinguo,  ere,  nxi,  nctus,  to 
quench,  kill,  hl  jt  out. 

in  —  instinguo,  ere,  — ,  to  instigate, 
incite. 

stipendiarius  [stipendium],  adj.,  tribu- 
tary, paying  tribute. 

stipendium,  i  [stips,  ,^7?/^  +  pendo],  n., 
tribute,  pay ;  campaign. 

stirps,  is,  m.  and  f .,  a  stock,  stem ;  plant, 
shr u b  ;  ra ce ,  family. 

sto,  are,  steti,  status,  to  stand,  take  the 
part  of,  to  stand  firm,  continue;  Stat 
mihi,  I  am  resolved. 

ante  —  antisto,  are,  steti,  — ,  to  ex- 
cel, surpass. 

circum  —  circumsto,  are,  steti,  — , 
to  stand  about,  surround. 


332 


VOCABULARY. 


con  — consto,  are,  stiti,  staturus, 

to  halt,  remain;  consist  of;  constat, 
it  is  evident. 

ex  —  exsto,  are,  — j  — ,  to  project, 
survive. 

in  —  insto,  are,  stiti,  staturus,  to 

draw  near,  be  present ;  press  on,  pur- 
sue. 

prae  —  praesto,  are,  stiti,  stitus, 

to  show;  bestow,  supply;  surpass;  be 

preferable ;  do,  perform. 

re  —  resto,  are,  stiti,  — ,  to  remain. 
strangulo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  strangle^ 

throttle,  kill. 
strenue,  adv.,  vigorously. 
strepitus,  lis  [strepo,  to  make  a  noise], 

m.,  noise,  uproar. 
stringo,  ere,  strinxi,  strictus,  to  draw 

or  bind  tight,  press  together. 
struo,  ere,  striixi,  striictus,  to  erect, 

build;  contrive,  arrange,  draw  up. 
ex  — exstruo,  ere,  striixi,  striictus, 

to  build. 

in  — instruo,  ere,  struxi,  structus, 

to  build;  put  in  order,  arrange,  equ'p. 

studeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  eager,  take  pains 
about, pay  attention  to ;  wish,  try;  favor, 

studiose  [studiosus],  adv.,  eagerly,  dili- 
gently. 

studiosus  [studium],  adj.,  eager  for, 
fond  of. 

studium,  ii  [studeo],  n.,  zeal,  fondness 
for;  study. 

stulte  [stultus,/oo?is,^],        foolishly . 

stupro,  are,  avi,  atus  [stuprum],  to  de- 
bauch, dishonor. 

stuprum,  1,  n.,  debauchery,  defilement, 
dishonor. 

suadeo,  ere,  suasi,  suasus  [cf.  sua(d)- 
vis,  sweet],  to  advise,  persuade. 

per  —  persuadeo,  ere,  suasi,  sua- 
sus, to  persuade. 

suavitas,  atis  [suavis,  siveet],  f.,  sweet- 
ness, suavity. 

sub,  prep,  with  acc.  and  abl.,  under;  at 
the  base  of;  near;  during,  about. 


subdiico,  see  duco. 
subeo,  see  eo. 
subicio,  see  iacio. 
subigo,  see  ago. 

subito  [subitus],  adv.,  suddenly. 
subitus   [subeo],  adj.,  sudden,  unex- 
pected. 
sublatus,  see  tollo. 

sublevo,  are,  avi,  atus  [sub  +  levo,  to 

raise],  to  raise  up,  help,  relieve. 
sublicius  [sublica,  a  s^aA:e],  adj.,  on  piles. 
sublime  [sublimis],  adv.,  on  high,  aloft. 
sublimis,  e,  adj.,  high,  lofty. 
sublustris,  e,  adj.,  glimmering. 
submerge,  see  mergo. 
subministro,  see  ministro. 
submitto,  see  mitto. 
submoveo,  see  moveo. 
subnixus  [sub  +  nitor],  adj.,  sustained^ 

relying  on. 
subruo,  see  ruo. 
subscribe,  see  scribo. 
subsequor,  see  sequor. 
subsidium,  i  [sub  +  sedeo],  n.,  a  reserve, 

reinforcement,  resource. 
subsists,  see  sisto. 
subsum,  see  sum. 

suburbanus  [urbs],  adj.,  near  the  city, 
suburban. 

subvenio,  see  venio. 

succedo,  see  cedo. 

succendo,  see  candeo. 

successor,  oris  [succedo],  m.,  a  succes- 
sor. 

Buccessus,  lis  [succedo],  m.,  an  advance; 

success. 
succido,  see  caedo. 
succumbo,  see  *cumbo. 
sudis,  is,  f .,  a  stake,  pile. 
sudor,  oris  [sudo,  to  sweat],  m.,  sweat; 

fatigue. 
Suebi,  orum,  m.,  the  Swabians. 
suesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus,  to  become 

accustomed. 
ad  — adsuesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus, 

to  become  accustomed  to. 


VOCABULARY. 


333 


con  —  consuesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus, 

to  acquire  a  habit,  become  accustomed. 

in  —  insuesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus,  to 
become  accustomed  or  inured. 

Suessa,  ae,  f.,  see  Pometia. 

sufficio,  see  facio. 

suffragium,  I,  n.,  a  vote. 

sui,  sibi,  se  [sese],  reflex,  pron.,  him- 
self, herself  J  itself,  themselves. 

Sulla,  ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  surnamed 
Felix,  born  B.C.  138.  He  was  elected 
consul  B.C.  88,  and  afterwards  com- 
pleted the  war  against  Mithridates. 
In  82  Sulla  had  made  himself  master 
of  Italy,  was  elected  perpetual  dicta- 
tor, and  carried  out  extensive  reforms 
in  the  constitution.    He  died  B.C.  78. 

Sulpicius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name. 
Quintus,  a  tribune  in  the  force  defend- 
ing the  capitol  b.c.  390.  See  Galba, 
Rufus,  Saverrio. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futui-iis,  to  be,  exist ;  be- 
long to,  be  the  part  of ;  with  dat.,  have, 
possess. 

ab  —  absum,  esse,  afui,  to  be  dis- 
tant, absent,  lacking. 

ad  —  adsum,  esse,  adfui,  to  be  near, 
be  present ;  help. 

de  —  desum,  deesse,  defui,  to  fail,  be 
lacking. 

in  — insum,  esse,  fui,  to  be  in  or  on, 

belong  to. 
inter  —  inter  sum,  esse,  fui,  to  be 

between,  be  pi^esent ;  differ;  interest, 
it  concerns,  is  important. 

prae  —  praesuin,  esse,  fui,  to  pre- 
side over,  have  command  of;  superin- 
tend. 

pro  — prosu2i,  piodesse,  profui,  to 

be  of  advajitage  tu,  profit. 

sub  —  subsum.  esse,  fui,  to  be  under- 
neath, be  hidden,  bs  at  hand. 

super  —  super  sum,  esse,  fui,  to  sur- 
vive, remain  over,  abound. 
summa,  ae  [summus],  f.,  the  total;  chief 
point;  control. 


Summanus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  deity  to 
whom  nocturnal  lightnings  were 
ascribed. 

summum,  i  [summus],  n.,  the  top,  sum_ 
mit. 

summus  [sup.  of  superus] ,  adj.,  highest, 
greatest,  chief ;  utmost. 

sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus  [sub  + 
emo],  to  take;  spend. 

con  —  consumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sump- 
tus, to  spend,  consume. 

sumptuosus  [sumptus],  adj.,  extrava- 
gant :  costly  :  splendid. 

sumptus,  iis  [sumo],  m.,  expense,  cost, 
cost  of  living. 

supellex,  lectilis,  f.,  furniture,  house- 
hold utensils. 

super,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  acc.  and  ahl., 
above,  upon,  about,  concerning,  beyond, 
ovr. 

superbia,  ae  [superbus],  f.,  haughtiness, 
pride. 

Superbus,  i,  m.,  see  Tarquinius. 
superbus,  adj.,  haughty ,  proud ;  august. 
superincido,  see  cado. 
superior,  ius  [superus],  adj.,  uj^p^r, 

higher,  earlier,  superior;  victorious; 

elder. 

supero,  are,  avi,  atus  [super],  to  pass 
over  or  around,  double,  overcome,  con- 
quer;  survive. 

superstes,  itis  [super +  sto],  adj.,  re- 
maining, surviving. 

super  sum,  see  sum. 

superus  [super],  adj.,  above,  on  high. 
Comp.  superior;  sup.  summus  or 
supremus. 

supervenio,  see  venio. 

supplex,  icis  [sub  +  plico],  c,  a  suppli- 
ant. 

supplicatio,  onis  [supplico],  f .,  a  thanks- 
giving. 

supplicium,  i  [supplex],  n., punishment, 
execution,  torture. 

supputatio,  onis  [sub  +  puto] ,  f .,  a  reck- 
oning, computation  (rare). 


334 


VOCABULARY. 


supra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  above, 

over,  before,  on. 
surgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrectus  [sub  -h 
rego],  to  rise. 

ad  —  adsurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrec- 
tus, to  rise. 

con  — consurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  sur- 
rectus, to  rise  together,  arise. 

ex  —  exsurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  to  rise 
up. 

re  —  resurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrec- 
tus, to  rise  again,  be  restored. 

sursum  [sub  +  vorsum,  from  verto], 
adv.,  upwards,  high  up. 

sus,  suis,  m.  and  f.,  a  swine,  pig,  boar. 

suscipio,  see  capio. 

suspicio,  see  *specio. 

suspicio,  onis  [suspicio],  f.,  suspicion; 
appearance  ;  in  lication. 

suspicor,  ari,  atus  sum  [suspicio],  to 
look  askance,  suspect. 

s  istineo,  see  teneo. 

sustuli,  see  tollo. 

suus,  adj.  pron.,  his,  her,  its,  their,  own; 
sui,  one's  friends,  soldiers,  painty ; 
neut.  pi.,  sua,  one's  property. 

symposiacus  [symposium],  adj.,  relat- 
ing to  a  banquet ;  as  noun,  n.pL,  Sym- 
posiaca,  the  writings  of  Plutarch 
entitled  Symposium. 

Syphax,  acis,  m.,  a  king  of  Numidia, 
taken  prisoner  and  sent  to  Rome  by 
Scipio  B.C.  203. 

Syracusae,  arum,  f.,  Syi^acuse,  a  large 
and  prosperous  Greek  city  in  Sicily. 

Syria,  ae,  f.,  Syina. 

T. 

T.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Titus. 

tabellarius,  ii  [tabella],  m.,a  letter  car- 
rier, courier. 

tabesco,  ere,  tabui,  — ,  to  waste  away. 
ex  —  extabesco,  ere,  tabui,  — ,  to 
pass  air  ay,  disappear. 

tabula,  ae,  f.,  a  tablet,  slab,  record. 

taceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  be  silent. 


taciturnus  [taceo] ,  adj.,  silent,  taciturn. 
tacitus  [taceo],  adj.,  silent. 
taedium,  i,  n.,  weariness,  disgust. 
talea,  ae,  f.,  a  rod,  bar. 
talentum,  i  [Greek],  n.,  a  talent,  equal 

to  about  81200. 
talis,  e,  adj.,  such. 

talus,  i,  m.,  the  ankle  bone;  heel;  a  die 
(often  made  of  bone). 

tarn,  adv.,  so,  so  very,  as. 

tamen,  adv.,  yet,  still,  for  all  thaty  how- 
ever, nevertheless. 

Tamesis,  is,  m.,  the  Thames  River, 

tamquam,  adv.,  as,  as  if,  as  though. 

Tamphilianus,  adj.,  of  Tamphilus,  a 
Roman  surname. 

tango,  ere,  tetigi,  tactus,  to  touch ;  reach 
to. 

ad  — attingo,  ere,  tigi,  tactus,  to 

border  on,  touch,  attain. 
con  —  contingo,  ere,  tigi,  tactus,  to 

touch,  i^each  ;  occur,  happen  to. 
ob  —  obtingo,  ere,  tigi,  — ,  to  fall  to 

one's  lot,  league;  to  happen. 
tantulus  [dim.  of  tantus],  adj.,  very 

small,  slight. 
tantum  [tantus],  adv.,  only,  so  much,  so 

far,  merely. 
tantus,  adj.,  so  great,  so  large,  such ; 

tanti,  of. 
tarde  [tardus],  adv.,  slowly. 
tardo,  are,  avi,  atus  [tardus] ,  to  check, 

hinder. 

re  —  retardo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  re- 
tard. 

tardus,  adj.,  slow,  cautious,  reluctant. 
Tarentini,  orum,  m.,    the   people  of 

Tarentam. 
Tarentum,  i,  n.,  a  flourishing  Greek  city 

on  the  southern  coast  of  Italy ;  modern 

Taranto. 

Tarquinius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  gens  in 
early  Rjme,  said  to  have  come  from 
Etruria. 

(1)  Tarquinius   Priscus,   the  fifth 
king  of  Rome,  reigned  B.C.  616-578. 


VOCABULARY. 


335 


(2)  Tarquinius  Superbus,  son  of 
Priscus,  the  last  king  of  Rome,  reigned 
B.C.  534-510. 

(3)  Sex.  Tarquinius,  son  of  Super- 
bus,  who  offered  violence  to  Lucretia, 
was  killed  by  Brutus  B.C.  509. 

taurus,  i,  m.,  a  bull. 

Taximagulus,  i,  m.,  a  British  chieftain 

in  Cantium. 
Tectosages,  um,  m.,  a  division  of  the 

Volcae. 

tectum,  i  [tego],  n.,  a  roof ;  building. 
tegumentum,  i  [tego],  n.,  a  covering. 
tego,  ere,  texi,  tectus,  to  cover ;  piloted. 
de— detego,  ere,  texi,  tectus,  to 

uncover,  disclose,  betray. 
pro  —  protego,  ere,  texi,  tectus,  to 

cover,  shield,  protect. 
telum,  i,  n.,  a  dart,  spear. 
temerarius    [temere],  adj.,  heedless, 

reckless. 

temere,  adv.,  rashly,  blindly,  casually. 
temeritas,  atis  [temere],  f.,  rashness, 

temerity. 
temno,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  scorn. 

con  —  contemno,  ere,  tempsi,  temp- 

tus,  to  despise,  scorn. 
temo,  onis,  m.,  a  wagon  pole. 
temperatus  [tempero],  adj.,  temperate, 

7nild. 

tempero,  are,  avi,  atus  [tempus],  to 

soften,  qualify ,  forbear,  be  moderate. 

6b  —  obtempero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
submit. 

tempestas,  atis  [tempus] ,  f .,  a  period  of 
time,  season ;  weather;  storm. 

templum,  i,  n.,  a  sacred  spot,  temple. 

tempts,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  tendo], 
to  attempt. ;  attack;  try  to. 

tempus,  oris,  n.,  time,  opportunity,  emer- 
gency. 

tendo,  ere,  tetendi,  tensus  or  tentus 
[teneo],  to  stretch,  strive,  aim  at,  start 
for. 

con  —  contend©, ere,  tendi,  tentus ,  to 
.  JiasteUf  press  towards ;  assert,  contend. 


ob  — ostendo,  ere,  tendi,  tensus  or 
tentus,  to  display,  point  out,  explain. 
pro  —  portendo,  ere,  tendi,  tentus, 

to  presage,  portend. 
teneo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  hold,  keep ;  re- 
strain ;  seize,  gain. 

ab  — abstineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
holdback;  abstain;  spare. 

ad  —  attineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  con- 
cern, relate  to. 

con  —  contineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
contain,  hold,  confine ;  continere  se,  to 
restrain  one's  self.  [tain,  delay. 

de  —  detineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  dc- 

dis  —  distineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  (o 
keep  apart. 

ob  —  obtineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  ob- 
tain; occupy,  keep);  inhabit;  j)?\'vail. 

per  —  pertineo,  ere,  ui,  to  extend ; 
pertain  to,  belong  to. 

re  —  retineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  re- 
tain, keep  back.  [sustain,  check. 

sub  —  sustineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
tener,  era,  erum,  adj.,  tender,  young. 
tenesmus,  i  (acc.  on),  m.,  tenesmus,  a 
disease. 

tenuis,  e,  adj.,  thin,  shallow;  fine,  deli- 
cate ;  poor. 

tenuiter  [tenuis],  adv.,  thinly. 

tenus,  n.,  a  stretched  cord  (old) ;  as  acc. 
absol.,  with  gen.  and  as  prep,  with  abl., 
as  far  as,  only. 

ter,  num.  adv.,  three  times,  thrice. 

terebro,  are,  — ,  atus,  to  bore. 

ex  —  exterebro,  are,  — ,  atus,  to  bore 
out. 

per  —  perterebro,  are,  avi,  — ,  to 

bore  through. 
Terentius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Varro. 
tergum,  i,  n.,  the  back;  tergum  vertere, 

to  flee. 

terni,  ae,  a  [tres],  num.  adj.,  three  by 

three,  by  threes,  three  each. 
terra,  ae,  f.,  th3  earth;  land;  te^-ritory, 

country. 


A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  — 22 


336 


VOCABULARY. 


Terrasidius,  i,  m.,  T.,  an  officer  in 
Caesar's  army  in  Gaul. 

terrenus  [terra],  adj.,  earthy,  pertain- 
ing to  the  earth. 

terreo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  temfy,  alarm; 
deter. 

de  —  deterreo,   ere,   ui,   itus,  to 

frighten  away,  deter. 

per  —  perterreo,  ere,  ui,  territus, 
to  terrify,  dismay. 

terrester,  tris,  tre,  adj.  [terra],  of  the 
earth  or  land,  land  — . 

territorium,  i  [terra],  n.,  a  territory,  do- 
main. 

terror,  oris  [terreo],  m.,  fear,  terror. 

tertius  [tres],  num.  adj.,  third;  tertio, 
the  third  time. 

tesserula,  ae  [dim.  of  tessera,  cube],  f., 
a  small  tally  or  counter. 

testa,  ae,  f.,  a  potsherd;  shell. 

testamentum,  i  [testis],  n.,  a  loill,  testa- 
ment. 

testimonium,  i  [testis],  n.,  witness,  testi- 
mony. 

testis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  witness. 
tester,  ari,  atus  sum  [testis],  to  hear 
witness,  declare,  beseech. 

con     contestor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 
ccdl  as  witness,  supplicate,  appeal  to. 

ob  — obtestor,  ari,  atus,  to  conjure, 
appeal  to. 

testudo,  inis,  f.,  tortoise;  testudo.  See 

cut,  p.  102. 
testula,  ae  [dim.  of  testa],  f.,  a  potsherd, 

voting  tablet. 
texo,  ere,  ui,  tum,  to  weave. 

con  —  contexo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  weave, 

join. 

prae  —  praetexo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to 

provide  with  a  border;  toga  prae- 
texta,  a  {purple) -bordered  toga. 
Themistocles,  is  (i),  m.,  the  celebrated 
Athenian  statesman,  born  about  B.C. 
514.  In  481  he  was  chief  archon.  He 
was  banished  in  471,  and  fled  to  Persia, 
where  he  died  in  449. 


Thermopylae,  arum,  f.,  a  narrow  pass 
on  the  east  coast  of  Greece  between 
Mt.  Oeta  and  the  Maliac  Gulf,  leading 
from  Thessaly  into  Locris. 

Thermus,  i,  m.,  Q.  Minucius,  consul  b.c. 
193. 

Thessalia,  ae,  f.,  Thessaly,  a  large  dis- 
trict in  northeastern  Greece. 

Thucydides,  is,  m.,  a  celebrated  Athenian 
historian  who  lived  B.C.  472-403. 

Ti.,  abbreviation  of  the  name  Tiberius. 

Tiberinus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Capetus,  a  king 
of  Alba  Longa. 

Tiberis,  is,  m.,  the  river  Tiber,  anciently 
called  Albula. 

Tiberius,  i,  m.,  the  emperor  Tiberius, 
the  successor  of  Augustus.  His  name 
originally  was  Ti.  Claudius  Nero;  B.C. 
42-A.D.  37. 

Tigranes,  is,  m.,  king  of  Armenia, 
father-in-law  of  Mithridates;  died  b.c 
56. 

timeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  fear,  be  anxious. 

Timochares,  is,  m.,  a  friend  of  Pyrrhus, 
who,  according  to  some  historians,  of- 
fered to  poison  the  king.    See  Nicias. 

timer,  oris  [timeo],  m.,  fear,  cause  of 
fear. 

tiro,  onis,  m.,  a  recruit ;  beginner. 

Titurius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Sabinus. 

Titus,  i,  m.,  a  praenomen  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin. 

toga,  ae  [tego],  f.,  the  toga,  the  charac- 
teristic outer  robe  of  the  Romans. 

togatus  [toga],  adj.,  wearing  the  toga; 
civil  (not  military),  peaceable. 

tollo,  ere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  to  lift,  take 
on  board;  do  away  with,  bring  to  an 
end;  remove,  destroy. 

tonans,  antis  [tono,  to  thunder],  adj., 
thundering. 

tonitrus,  iis  [tono],  m.,  thunder. 

tormentum,  i  [torqueo,  twist],  n.,  a 
rope;  engine  for  throwing  stones  or 
darts ;  instrument  of  torture ;  torment. 


VOCABULARY. 


337 


Torquatus,  i,  m. 

(1)  X.  Manlius,  a  friend  of  Atticus 
and  Cicero;  consul  b.c.  65. 

(2)  A.  Manlius,  praetor  B.C.  52,  a 
friend  of  Atticus. 

torqueo,  ere,  torsi,  tortus,  to  twist. 
ex  —  extorqueo,  ere,  torsi,  tortus, 

to  twist  out,  extort. 
torridus  [torreo, par c/i],  adj.,  dry,  hot. 
tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 
totidem  [tot],  indecl.,  2i&].,just  as  many, 

so  many. 
totus,  adj.,  all,  whole. 
trabs,  trabis,  f.,  a  beam,  timber. 
tracts,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  traho], 

to  treat. 

ob—  obtrecto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  un- 
derrate, injure. 
tractus,  us  [traho],  m.,  a  stretch,  tract. 
trado.  see  do. 
traduco,  see  duco. 

traho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus,  to  draw,  drag, 
derive ;  pass  along ;  claim. 

ab  — abstraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus, 
to  drag  off ;  abstract. 

con  —  contraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus, 
to  draw  together,  collect;  contract. 

de  —  detraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus, 
to  draw  away,  remove. 

ex  — extraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus, 
to  extract,  protract,  waste. 
traicio,  see  iacio. 

traiectus,  us  [traicio],  m.,  a  crossing, 

passage. 
trano,  see  no. 

tranquillitas,   atis    [tranquillus] ,  f., 

calmness,  stillness :  (as  title  of  em- 
peror). Serene  Highness. 

tranquillus,  adj.,  tranquil. 

trans,  prep,  with  ace,  across,  over, 
beyond. 

transcendo,  see  scando. 

transeo,  see  eo. 

transfer©,  see  fero. 

transfigo,  see  figo. 

transgredior,  see  gradior. 


transigo,  see  ago. 
transilio,  see  salio. 

transitus,  lis  [transeo],  m.,  a  passage, 
crossing. 

transmarinus    [trans  +  mare] ,  adj., 

beyond  the  sea. 
transmissus,  iis  [transmitto],  m.,  a 

passage. 

transpadanus  [trans  +  Padus],  adj.,  be- 
yond the  Po. 

transports,  see  porto. 

transtrum,  i  [trans],  n.,  a  thwart,  row- 
er^s  bench  ;  cross-beam. 

Trasumenus,  i,  m.,  a  lake  in  Etruria, 
famous  as  the  scene  of  Hannibal's 
victory  over  the  Romans  b.c.  217. 

Trebia,  ae,  f.,  a  small  tributary  of  the 
Po  River  near  Placentia. 

Trebius,  i,  m.,  M.  Trebius  Gallus,  a 
tribune  in  Caesar's  army. 

Trebonius,  i,  C,  a  lieutenant  in  Caesar's 
army. 

trecentesimus   [trecenti],   num.  adj., 

three  hundredth. 
trecenti,  ae,  a  [tres  +  centum],  num. 

adj.,  thi^ee  hundred  (CCC). 
tredecim   [tres  +  decern],   num.  adj., 

thirteen  (XIII.). 
trepido,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  be  disturbed, 

tremble. 
trepidus,  adj.,  terrified. 
tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  three  (III.). 
Treveri,  orum,  m.,  an  important  tribe 

of  Gauls,  allies  of  the  Romans.  Their 

chief  town  was  on  the  site  of  modern 

Treves. 

tribiinus,  i  [tribus,  a  tribe],  m.,  a  trib- 
une, the  commander  of  a  tribe ;  tri- 
biini  militum,  military  tribunes,  the 
chief  officers  of  a  legion,  six  in  num- 
ber; tribuni  plebis,  tribunes  of  the 
people. 

tribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  allot,  give,  pay, 
render. 

ad  —  attribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  as- 
sign, appoint,  attribute. 


338 


VOCABULARY. 


dis  —  distribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to 

distribute,  divide. 

tributum,  i  [tribuoj,  n.,  a  tar.,  tribute. 

tricesimus  [triginta],  num.  adj.,  thir- 
tieth. 

tricies  [triginta],  num.  adv.,  thirty 
times. 

Tricipitinus,  i,  m.,  Sp.  Lucretius,  the 
father  of  Lucretia.  consul  with  Brutus 
B.C.  509. 

triduum,  i  [tres  +  dies],  n.,  the  space  of 

three  days,  three  days. 
triennium,  i  [tres  +  annus] ,  n.,  the  space 

of  three  years,  three  years. 
triginta,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  thirty  (XXX.). 
Trinobantes,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons, 
tripartite  [tres  +  partes] ,  adv.,  2/1  three 

divisions. 

triplex,  plicis  [tres  +  plico] ,  adj.,  trijjle, 
threefold. 

triquetrus,  adj.,  three  cornered,  trian- 
gular. 

triremis,  is  [tres +remus],  adj.,  having 
three  banks  of  oars;  as  noun,  a  tri- 
reme. 

tristitia,  ae  [tristis,  sad],  i.,  sori^oio. 
triumphalis,  e  [triumphus],  adj.,  tri- 
umphal. 

triumpbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  triumph, 
celebrate  a  triumph, 

triumphus,  i,  m.,  a  triumph,  triumphal 
procession. 

Troezen,  enis  [acc.  ena],  f.,  an  ancient 
city  near  the  east  coast  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, across  the  Sai*onic  gulf  from 
Athens. 

Troia,  ae,  f.,  Troy,  a  city  in  the  north- 
western corner  of  Asia  Minor,  renowned 
for  its  ten  years'  siege  by  the  Greeks. 

tropaeum,  i,  n.,  a  sign  of  victory,  tro- 
phy ;  victory. 

trucido,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  cut  to  pieces, 
slaughter,  kill. 

brudo,  ere,  trusi,  trusus,  to  thrust. 
de  — detrudo,  ere,  trusi,  trusus,  to 
strip  off,  remove. 


ex  — extrude,  ere,  trusi,  trusus,  to 

push  out,  shut  out. 

trux,  trucis,  adj.,  loild,  savage,  stern. 

tu,  tui,  pers.  pron.,  thou,  you. 

tuba,  ae,  f.,  a  trumpet. 

Tubero,  onis,  m.,  Q.  Aelius,  a  Roman 
lawyer  and  historian  of  the  first  cen- 
tury B.C. 

tueor,  eri,  tuitus  or  tutus  sum,  to  look 

at,  see  ;  guard,  defend. 
in  —  intueor,  eri,  tuitus  sum,  to  look 

upon  ;  consider. 
Tullius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.     See  Cicero.    Sei^vius  Tullius^ 

the  sixth  king  of  Rome,  reigned  b.c. 

578-534. 
Tullus,  i,  m.,  see  Hostilius. 
tum,  adv.,  then;  moreover;  cum  .  .  . 

tum,  both  .  .  .  and,  not  only  .  .  .  but 

also. 

tumultuosus  [tumultus],  adj.,  tumultu- 
ous, turbulent. 

tumultus,  lis  [tumeo,  to  swell],  m.,  a  tu- 
mult ;  uprising,  rebellion  ;  peril,  crisis, 

tumulus,  i [tumeo,  to swell],m., a  mounds 
hillock. 

tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time,  now, 
turba,  ae,  f.,  a  crowd,  turmoil. 
turbidus  [turba],  adj.,  loild,  confused. 
turbo,  are,  avi,  atus  [turba],  to  disturb y 

confuse. 

de  —  deturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  beat 
dovjn. 

per  —  perturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

throio  into  confusion,  embarrass. 

pro  —  proturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
drive  avjay,  repulse. 

ob  —  obturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  con- 
fuse, disturb,  distract. 
turma,  ae,  f.,  a  squadron  of  cavalry. 
turpis,  e,  adj.,  ugly  ;  base,  dishonorable, 
turpiter  [turpis],  adv.,  basely, 
turpitudo,  inis  [turpis],  f.,  baseness. 
turris,  is,  f.,  a  tower. 
Tusci,  orum,  m.,  the  Etruscans,  See 
Etruria. 


VOCABULARY. 


339 


Tuscia,  ae,  f .,  Etruria. 
Tusculanus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Tuscu- 
lum. 

Tusculum,  i,  n.,  an  old  town  in  Latium, 
about  ten  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

tutela,  ae  [tueor],  f.,  keeping,  protec- 
tion. 

tuto  [tutus],  adv.,  safely. 
tutor,  ari,  atus  sum  [tueor],  to  watch, 
defend. 

tutor,  oris  [tueor],  m.,  a  guardian,  tutor. 

tutus  [tueor],  adj.,  safe. 

T3mdarides,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Tyndareus, 

the  husband  of  Leda ;  a  name  given  to 

Castor  and  Pollux, 
tyrannicus  [tyrannus],  adj.,  tyrannical. 
tyrannus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  ruler,  tyrant. 

V. 

ubi,  adv.,  where,  when  ;  ubi  primum,  as 

soon  as. 

ubicumque,  adv.,  ichei^ever. 

ubique  [ubi  +  que],  adv.,  anywhere. 

ulciscor,  i.  ultus  sum,  to  avenge. 

ullus  [gen.  ullius].  adj.,  any. 

ulterior,  ius  [ultra],  2i&].,  farther. 

ultimus  [ulterior],  farthest,  last,  ex- 
treme; oldest,  earliest,  first. 

ultra,  prep,  with  ace,  beyond. 

ultro,  adv.,  besides,  moreover;  of  one's 
own  accord,  voluntarily . 

umbo,  onis,  m.,  the  boss  of  a  shield. 

umbra,  ae,  f.,  shade,  shadow, 

umor,  oris,  m.,  moisture. 

umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever,  usu- 
ally with  a  negative. 

una  ^unus],  adv.,  in  company,  together; 
una  cum,  along  icith. 

unde,  adv.,  ic'ience. 

undecimus  [undecim,  eleven],  num.  adj., 
eleve7ith> 

undique  [unde  +  que],  adv.,  from  all 
sides,  on  all  sides,  everywhere. 

Unelli  (Venelli),  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of 
Gauls  on  the  English  Channel. 


unguis,  is,  m.,  a  nail,  hoof,  claw. 
universus    [unus  +  verto] ,    adj.,  all^ 

entire. 

unus  [gen.  unius],  num.  adj.,  one,  only, 
sole  (I.) ;  unus  quisque,  each  one. 

Urania,  ae,  f .,  one  of  the  Muses. 

urbanus  [urbs],  adj.,  of  the  city ;  refined, 
urbane. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city ;  the  city  (Rome), 
urgeo,  ere,  ursi,  — ,  to  press,  oppress; 

drive,  urge. 
uro,  ere,  ussi.  ustus,  to  burn. 

con  —  comburo,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  to 

burn  vp,  consume. 
de  —  deuro,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  to  burn 

up,  dry  up,  consume. 
ex  —  exuro,  ere,  ussi,  iistus,  to  bum 

up,  consume. 
urus,  i,  m.  [Celtic],  the  bison,  ivild  ox. 
usitor,  ari,  atus  sum  [freq.  of  utor],  to 

be  in  the  habit  of  using. 
usquam,  adv.,  anywhere;  to  any  place 
usque,  adv.,  even  to,  as  far  as ;  usque  ad. 

until ;  usque  eo,  to  such  an  extent. 
usus,  see  utor. 

usus,  lis  [iitor],  m.,  use,  practice;  ex- 
perie..ce,  skill;  profit;  need;  inti- 
macy, familiarity. 

ut  (uti) ,  conj.,  as,  as  though  ;  how  ;  that, 
in  order  that,  so  that;  although;  ivhen. 

uter,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  which  (of  two). 

uterque,  traque,  trumque  [uter  +  que] , 
adj.,  both,  each. 

uti,  see  ut. 

Utica,  ae,  f.,  an  important  city  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  northwest  of  Carthage. 

utilis,  e  [utor],  adj.,  useful.  Jit,  projita- 
W. 

iitilitas,  atis  [utilis],  f.,  usefulness; 
profit. 

utinam  [uti  +  nam],  adv.,  oh  that! 

would  that ! 

iitor,  uti,  usus  sum,  to  use;  enjoy; 
have,  possess  ;  to  associate  icith,  be  in- 
timate with. 

utpote,  adv.,  namely,  as  being,  since. 


340 


VOCABULARY. 


utrimque  [uterque],  adv.,  from  or  on 
both  sides. 

utrobique  [uter  +  ubi  f  que] ,  adv.,  on 

both  sides,  In  both  points. 
utrum  [uter],  conj.,  whether;  utrum 

.  .  .  din,  whether  .  .  .  or;  utrum  .  .  . 

necne,  whether  .  .  .  or  not. 
uxor,  oris,  f.,  a  loife. 

V. 

V=  5. 

vacatio,  onis  [vaco,  to  be  empty],  f., free- 
dom, iinyiiunity. 

vacuus  [vacoj,  adj.,  empty ,  free,  desti- 
tute, idle. 

vado,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  go,  rush. 

ex  —  evado,  ere,  vasi  vasus,  to 
esccqjp. 

in  —  invado,  ere,  vasi,  vasus,  at- 

taok,  invade. 
vadum,  i,  n.,  a  shoal,  foi^d. 
vae,  inter].,  looe  ! 
vagina,  ae,  f.,  a  scabbard,  sheath. 
vagitus.us  [vagio,  to  cry],m.,  a  crying. 
vagor,  ari.  atus  sum,  to  wander. 
vagus  [vagor],  adj.,  ivandering. 
valens.  entis  [valeo],  adj.,  strong,  well. 
valeo,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  to  be  loell;  bz 

poioerfal;  bs  able;  be  worth,  mean. 
Valerius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

^ens.    See  Corvus,  Flaccus,  Laevinus, 

Publicola. 

(1)  Q.  Valerius  of  Antium,  a  Roman 
historian  of  the  first  century  b.c. 

(2)  L.  Valerius,  magister  equitum 
with  Camillas  b.c.  390. 

valetudo,  inis  [valeo],  f.,  health,  sick- 
ness, iveakness. 

validus  [valeo],  adj.,  strong,  healthy, 
effective. 

vallum,  i  [vallus,  a  stake],  n.,  a  rampart, 
set  with  stakes,  wall. 

vanus,  adj.,  empty,  vain. 

vapor,  oris,  m.,  an  exhalation,  vapor. 

varietas,  atis  [varius],  f.,  variety,  mot- 
tled appearance. 


varius,  adj.,  diverse,  various. 

Varro,  onis,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

(1)  C.  Terentius  Varro,  consul  B.C. 
21G ;  defeated  with  his  colleague  Paulus 
in  the  battle  of  Cannae. 

(2)  M.  Terentius  Varro,  a  learned 
and  voluminous  writer,  served  as  a 
legate  of  Pompey  in  Spain.  The 
greater  part  of  his  long  life,  b.c.  116- 
28,  was  devoted  to  scholarly  pursuits. 

Varus,  i,  m.,  Q.,  is  named  as  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Pompeian  party  at  the 
battle  of  Thapsus. 

vas.  vasis  (pi.  vasa,  orum),  n.,  a  vessel, 
jar. 

vastitas,  atis  [vasto],  f.,  devastation. 

vasto,  are,  avi,  atus  [vastus],  to  devas- 
tate, ruin. 

vastus,  adj.,  vas%  icid '-spreading . 

vaticinatio,  onis  [vaticinor],  f  .,prop/ieq/. 

vaticinor,  ari,  atus  sum  [vates,  seer-\- 
cano,  sing],  to  foretell,  prophesy . 

Vatinius,  i,  m.,  P.,  a  man  to  whom  the 
gods  Castor  and  Pollux  appeared. 

ve,  conj.  enclitic,  or ;  ve  .  .  .  ve,  either 
.  .  .  or. 

vecors,  cordis  [ve,  icithout  -\-  coi],  adj., 

6ensel''ss,fool!sh. 
vectigal,  alls  [veho],  n.,  a  tax,  toll; 
revenue. 

vectigalis.  e  [vectigal],  adj.,  tributary. 

vectorius  [veho] ,  ad j . .  fitted  for  cann/- 
Ing ;  navigium  vectorium,  a  trans- 
port ship. 

vehiculum,  i  [veho],  n.,  a  vehicle,  car- 
riage. 

veho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus,  to  bear,  cai^ry, 
convey;  pass.,  to  ride,  sail  (navi, 
equo,  etc.) ;  act.,  to  ride  (rare). 

ad  — adveho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus,  to 
carry  or  bring  to ;  pass.,  to  ride  to  or  up. 

ex  —  eveho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus,  to 
lead  out ;  elevate. 

pro  — proveho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus, 
to  carry  forward ;  pass.,  go,d7nve,  sail. 
Veientanus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Veii. 


VOCABULARY 


341 


Veientes,  um,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Veii. 

Veil,  orum,  m.,  a  powerful  city  of  Etru- 
ria,  about  twelve  miles  from  Rome. 
After  more  than  three  centuries  of 
warfare  it  was  destroyed  by  Camillus 
B.C.  39G. 

vel  [volo],  conj.,  or;  even;  vel  .  .  . 

vel,  either  .  .  .  or. 
Velanius,  i,  m  ,  Q.,  a  tribune  in  Caesar's 

army  in  Gaul, 
velocitas,  atis  [velox,  swift\,i.,  swiftness. 
velum,  i,  n.,  sail. 
velut  [vel4-  ut],  adv.,iws^  as. 
vena,  ae,  f.,  a  vein;  mine. 
venatio,  onis  [venor],  f.,  hunting. 
Venator,  oris  [venor],  m.,  a  hunter. 
venatus,  us  [venor],  n.,  hunting  (only 

dat.  and  abl.). 
vendo,  dere,  didi,  ditus  [contr.  from 

venumdo],  to  sell,  offer  for  sale. 
venenatus  [veneno,  to  poison],  adj., 

poisoned. 
venenum,  i,  n.,  poison. 
venerabilis,  e  [veneror],  adj.,  venerable, 

reverend. 

venerabundus  [veneror],  adj.,  reveren- 
tial. 

venerandus  [veneror],  adj.,  reverend, 
venerable. 

Venerius  [Venus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
Venus  ;  as  noun,  the  Venus-throw  at 
dice. 

veneror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  worship, 

revei^e,  honor. 
Veneti,  orum,  m.,  a  people  living  on  the 

northwestern  coast  of  Gaul,  north  of 

the  Liger  (Loire) . 
Venetia,  ae,  f.,  the  country  of  the 

Veneti. 

Veneticus,  adj.,periazm/i^  to  the  Veneti. 

venia,  ae,  i.,  favor,  grace,  kindness. 

venio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to  corne,  occur. 
circum  —  circum venio,  ire,  veni, 
ventus,  to  surround,  ensnare,  circum- 
vent* 


con  —  convenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus, 

to  come  together,  assemble ;  impers., 
be  agreed  upon,  be  suitable. 

de  —  de venio,  ire,  veni,  venturus, 
to  come  from;  cm^ive  at. 

ex  —  e venio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
turn  out,  come  to  pass. 

in  —  invenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
come  up^n,find,  invent. 

inter  —  inter  venio,  ire,  veni,  ven- 
tus, tj  come  upon,  appear,  intervene. 

ob  —  obvenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
fall  in  with,  meet,  befall. 

per  —  pervenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus, 
to  come,  arrive,  reach. 

sub  —  sub  venio,  ire,  veni,  ventus, 
to  come  to  the  help  of,  relieve. 

super  —  supervenio,  ire,  veni,  ven- 
tus, to  come  upon,  surprise;  go  beyond, 
surpass. 

venor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  hunt,  chase. 
venter,  tris,  m.,  the  stomach;  appetite. 
ventito,  are,  avi,  —  [freq.  of  venio],  to 

come  often,  frequent. 
ventus,  i,  m.,  loind. 

venumdo,  dare,  dedi,  datus  [venum, 
sale  +  do],  to  put  up  for  sale. 

Venus,  eris,  f.,  the  goddess  of  love. 

Venusia,  ae,  f.,  a  town  in  Apulia. 

venustas,  atis  [venus,  beauty'],  f.,  love- 
liness, grace,  taste. 

verbero,  are,  avi,  atus  [verber,  a  lash], 
to  whip,  scourge,  beat. 

ex  —  everbero,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  nag  at 
(rare  and  poetical) . 

verbum,  i,  n.,  a  word;  verba  dare,  to 
deceive. 

verecundia,  ae  [vereor],  f.,  revei-ence, 
vereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  to  fear,  dread^ 
respect. 

vergo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  lie,  stretch  or  slope 
toioards. 

Veritas,  atis  [verus],  f.,  truth,  truthful- 
ness. 

vero  [verus,  true],  adv.,  in  truth,  truly ; 
but,  however. 


342 


VOCABULARY. 


verso,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  verto],  to 

turn  ;  change. 
versor,  ari,  atus  sum  [verso],  to  he, 

live  ;  he  husy  with. 
versus,  us  [verto],  m.,  a  line,  verse. 
verto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn ;  change. 
ab  —  averto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn 

av:aii  or  a^ide  (rarely  iutrans.)- 
ad  —  adverto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn 

to ;  animum  advertere,  to  ohserve ; 

punish. 

con  —  converts,  ere,  i,  versus,  to 

turn,  wheel  around;  change;  signa 
conversa  inferre,  to  face  ahout  and 
advance. 

ob  — ob verto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn 
towards. 

per  —  perverto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to 

overthrow,  corrupt,  pervert. 

re  —  reverter,  i,  versus  sum,  to  re- 
turn. The  act.  is  old  and  rare,  except 
in  the  pQrf .  stem. 

verum  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  hut. 

verus,  adj.,  true,  real. 

verutum,  i,  n.,  a  dart,  javelin. 

vescor,  i,  — ,  — ,  to  feed  on,  eat. 

Vesta,  ae,  f.,  the  goddess  of  the  hearth. 
A  fire  was  continually  burning  in  her 
temple  near  the  Forum,  and  her  priest- 
esses, the  Vestal  virgins,  were  among 
the  most  important  dignitaries  in  the 
state. 

Vestalis,  e,  pei^aining  to  the  god- 
dess Vesta. 

vester,  tra,  trum  [vos],  possess,  pron., 
your,  yours. 

vestigium,  i,  n.,  the  sole;  foot;  foot- 
print; spot;  instant. 

vestio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [vestis],  to  cover, 
clothe. 

vestis,  is.  f.,  garment,  clothing. 
vestitus,  us  [vestio],  m.,  clothing,  dress. 
veto,  are,  ui,  itus,  to  forhid,  not  allow ; 

oppose,  prevent. 
Vettones,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  living  on  the 

boundaries  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 


Veturia,  ae,  f.,  the  mother  of  Q.  Marcius 
Coriolanus. 

Veturius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name. 
See  Calvinus. 

vetus,  eris,  adj.,  old,  aged;  former. 

vetustas,  atis   [vetus],  f.,  antiquity, 
length  of  time. 

vetustus  [vetus],  adj.,  old,  ancient,  of 
long  standing. 

vexillum  [dim.  of  velum],  i,  n.,  stand- 
ard, flag.    See  cut,  p.  V9. 

vexo,  are,  avi,  atus  [vebo],  to  annoy. 
con  — convexo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
crowd,  press  together  (late  and  rare). 

via,  ae,  f.,  a  icay,  road.  Journey ;  pas- 
sage. 

viator,  oris  [via],  m.,  a  traveler. 
Vibulanus,  i,  m.,  C.  Fahius,  consul  for 

the  third  time  B.C.  479. 
vicesimus  [viginti],  num.  adj.,  twentieth. 
vicies  [viginti],  num.  adv.,  tv:enty  times. 
vicinus  [vicus],  adj.,  near,  neighhoring. 
vicis,  is  [nom.  wanting],  f.,  alternation, 

succession  :  in  vicem,  in  turn. 
vicissim  [vicis],  adv.,  in  turn. 
victima,  ae,  f.,  a  victim,  sacrifice. 
victito,  are,  — ,  —  [freq.  of  vivo],  to  live, 

subsist. 

victor,  oris  [vinco],  m.,  a  conqueror ;  as 

adj.,  victorious. 
victoria,  ae  [victor],  f.,  victory. 
victus.  see  vinco. 

victus.  us  [vivo],  m.,  mode  of  living; 
food. 

vicus,  i,  m.,  a  town,  village. 

video,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  to  see,  look  at; 

understand:  pass.,  seem  ,*  seem  good. 
pro  —  provideo,  ere,  vidi,  visus, 

to  foresee,  provide. 
vigil,  ilis,  m.,  a  sentinel. 
vigilia.ae [vigil],  f.,  wakefulness;  watch. 
viginti,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  twenty  (XX.). 
vigor,  oris  [vigeo,  to  thrive],  m.,  vigor, 

activity. 

villa,  ae,  f.,  a  country  house,  farm, 
villa. 


VOCABULARY. 


343 


yimen,  inis  [vieo,  to  weave,  bind],  n.,  a 

twig,  osier. 
viminalis,  is  [vimen],  adj.,  of  osiers; 

as  noun,  Viminalis  (sc.  collis),  the 

Viminal,  one  of  the  seven  hills  of 
Rome. 

vincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  to  bind,  tie, 
fasten. 

de  —  de vincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus, 

to  bind,  oblige  ;  gain,  win. 

re — revincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus, 
to  bind  togethe?',  fasten. 
vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  to  conquer,  pre- 
vail, sviyass. 

de  —  de  vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  to 
overcome. 

vinculum,  i  [vincio],  n.,  a  chain,  bond. 
vindico,  are,  avi,  atus  [vis  +  dico], 

to  claim;  liberate;  avenge,  take  ven- 
geance on. 
vinum,  i,  n.,  ivine. 

violenter  [violens  from  violo],  adv.,  vio- 
lently. 

violo,  are,  avi,  atus  [vis],  to  do  violence 

to ;  invade,  ravage. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  a  man ;  hero  ;  husband. 
vires,  see  vis. 

Virginia,  ae,  f.,  the  maiden  whose  at- 
tempted enslavement  by  Appius  Clau- 
dius led  to  the  downfall  of  the  decem- 
virs B.C.  449. 

virgfinitas,  atis  [virgo],  f.,  virginity. 

Virginius,  i,  m. 

(1)  L.  (T.)  was  consul  B.C.  479. 

(2)  L.,  the  father  of  Virginia,  was 
made  consul  B.C.  449. 

virgo,  inis,  f.,  a  maiden,  virgin. 
virgulta,  orum  [virgula,  a  twig],  n.,  a 
thicket. 

viridis,  e,  adj.,  green,  fresh,  blooming. 
virilis,  e  [vir],  adj.,  masculine,  male, 
manly. 

Viromandui,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the 
Belgae. 

virtus,  iitis  [vir],  f.,  manliness,  valor; 
goodness ;  virtue,  excellence. 


vis  [pi.  vires],  f.,  power,  violence ;  attack, 

outbreak;  amount,  number. 
Viscellinus,  i,m..,  Sp.  Cassius,  appointed 

the  first  magister  equitum  by  T.  Lar- 

cius  B.C.  501. 
visus,  us  [video],  m.,  a  sight,  appearance. 
vita,  ae  [vivo],  f.,  life,  conduct. 
vitium,  i,  n  ,  a  fault,  vice. 
vito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  shun,  try  to  escape. 
vitrum,  i,  n.,  ivoad  (a  dye  plant), 
vivax,   acis  [vivo],  adj.,  long  lived; 

lively,  vigoi'ous, 
vivo,  ere,  vixi,  — ,  to  live,  dwell ;  live  on. 
vivus  [vivo],  adj.,  living,  alive. 
vix,  adv.,  icith  difficulty,  hardly,  scarcely. 
vociferor,  ari,  atus  sum  [vox  +  fero], 

to  cry  out,  exclaim. 
voco,  are,  avi,  atus  [vox],  to  call,  sum- 
mon; rouse;  name. 
ab  — avoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 

away. 

ad  —  advoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 
to  or  together. 

con  —  convoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
call  together,  summon. 

ex — evoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 
out,  summon. 

in  — invoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 
on,  invoke. 

pro  — provoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
challenge. 

re  —  re  voco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  recall, 
recover. 

voians,  antis  [volo],  Sid].,  flying. 
Volcae,  arum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Gauls  in 
Gallia  Transalpina. 

1.  volo,  are,  avi,  atiirus,  to  fly. 

ad  —  advolo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  fly 
to,  hurry  on,  rush  upon. 

pro  —  pro  volo,  are,  avi,  to  dash 
forth. 

re  —  revolo,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  fly  back. 

2.  volo,  velle,  volui,  — ,  to  be  willing ^ 
wish;  sibi  velle,  to  mean. 

magis  —  malo,  maile,  maiui,  to  pre- 
fer. 


844 


VOCABULARY. 


ne  —  nolo,  nolle,  nolui  [ne  +  volo], 

to  he  unwilling,  not  wish,  not  want. 

Volsci,  orum,  m.,  an  ancient  tribe  living 
in  the  south  of  Latium,  finally  sub- 
dued by  the  Romans  B.C.  338. 

Volso  (Vulso),  onis,  L.  Manlius,  consul 
B.C.  256. 

volucer,  cris,  ere  [volo],  adj.,  loinged, 
flying. 

volumen,  inis  [volvo,  to  roll],  n.,  a  roll, 

book,  volume.  \ 
Volumnia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Coriolanus.  i 
voluntas,  atis  [volo],  f.,  will,  desire;  j 

consent,  affection.  \ 
voluptas,  atis  [volo],  f.,  pleasure,  de-  \ 

light.  I 
Volusenus,  i,  m.,  C.  Volusenus  Quadra-  ' 

tus,  a  tribune  in  Caesar's  army.  j 
volvo,  ere,  volvi,  volutus,  to  roll;  re-  \ 

volve. 

Vorenus,  i,  m.,  Z.,  a  centurion  in  Caesar's 
army. 

voveo,  ere,  vovi,  votus,  to  vow ;  conse- 
crate. 

de  — devoveo,  ere,  vovi,  votus,  to 

VOID,  devote. 
vox,  vocis,  f .,  a  voice,  sound ;  word ;  lan- 
guage, statements. 


Vulcanus,  i,  m.,  the  Latin  god  of  fire 
and  of  metal  work. 

vulgatus  [vulgo,  to  publish],  adj.,  com- 
mon, notorious. 

vulgo  [vulgus],  adv.,  commonly ^  pub- 
licly, usually. 

vulgus,  i,  n.,  the  common  people,  the 
populace,  the  common  soldiers. 

vulnero,  are,  avi,  atus  [vulnus],  to 
icound,  hurt,  i^ijure,  offend. 

vulnus,  eris,  n.,  a  loound,  hloic^  misfor- 
tune. 

vultur,  uris,  m.,  a  vulture. 
vultus,  us,  m.,  the  countenance,  face, 
look. 

X. 

Xanthippe,  es,  f.,  the  wife  of  Socrates. 

Xanthippus,  i,  m.,  a  Spartan  commander 
by  whose  aid  the  Carthaginians  de- 
feated Regulus  B.C.  255. 

Xerxes,  is,  m.,  the  king  of  Persia,  son 
of  Darius ;  defeated  by  the  Greeks  at 
Salamis  B.C.  480. 

Z. 

Zama,  ae,  f .,  a  city  in  Numidia,  near  the 
borders  of  Carthage. 


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Illustrative  Readings  from  Latin  Literature 
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ROCKWOOD'S 
Cicero's  Cato  Maior  De  Senectute 

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Cicero's  defense  of  old  age  is  so  charming  in  style  and  so  inter- 
esting in  matter  that  it  deserves  something  more  by  way  of  commen- 
tary than  mere  discussion  of  grammatical  and  linguistic  usage. 
Accordingly  an  attempt  has  been  made  in  the  illustrative  notes,  on 
the  pages  with  the  text,  to  give  prominence  to  the  historical  and 
literary  features  of  the  essay,  and  to  show  by  numerous  quotations 
what  ancient  and  modern  authors  have  uttered  like  thoughts,  couched 
in  similar  forms  of  expression. 

In  order  that  the  chief  emphasis  may  be  placed  on  the  literary 
element,  the  grammatical  and  textual  commentary  is  placed  in  a 
separate  body  of  notes  following  the  text.  The  commentaries  are 
supplemented  by  a  list  of  variations  from  the  text  of  Miiller,  an 
index  to  the  notes  and  an  index  of  proper  names. 

The  text  is  preceded  by  an  introduction  containing  a  life  of 
Cicero,  a  resume  of  his  works,  a  valuable  bibliography,  and  a  discussion, 
analysis  and  summary  of  the  De  Senectute. 


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Stories  from  Aulus  Gellius 


EDITED  FOR  SIGHT  READING 

BY 

CHARLES  KNAPP,  Ph.D. 

INSTRUCTOR  IN  LATIN,    BARNARD  COLLEGE,  NEW  YORK 


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The  Noctes  Atticse  of  Aulus  Gellius  is  a  representative  work, 
since  it  not  only  reflects  perfectly  the  nature  of  the  subjects  which 
engaged  the  attention  of  the  literary  men  of  the  second  century  A.D., 
but  also  forcibly  depicts  the  spirit  in  which  their  labors  were  prosecuted. 
Of  especial  interest  and  value  are  the  numerous  quotations  from  early 
writers  whose  works  are  no  longer  extant.  For  such  portions  as  yet 
remain  of  the  oldest  Latin  literature,  we  are  almost  wholly  indebted  to 
quotations  by  various  grammarians.  In  this  connection  the  obligations 
of  Latin  scholarship  to  Gellius  are  far  from  small.  Fully  two  hundred  and 
seventy-five  authors  are  mentioned  or  directly  quoted  in  his  work,  while 
the  number  of  individual  v/orks  cited  is  twice  or  thrice  as  large.  In 
giving  these  quotations  from  the  older  writers,  he  often  adds  information 
concerning  their  careers,  or  their  works,  and  in  this  way  his  contribu- 
tions to  our  knowledge  of  the  history  of  Latin  literature  is  very 
valuable.  For  example,  practically  all  that  is  known  of  the  life  of 
Plautus,  the  greatest  comic  poet  of  Rome,  is  derived  from  the  third 
chapter  of  the  third  book  of  the  Noctes  Atticse. 

The  commentary  gives  sufficient  assistance  to  enable  such  students 
to  read  the  selections  as  rapidly  and  intelligently  as  possible,  and 
without  the  need  of  any  helps  beyond  those  furnished  by  the  book  itself. 
The  text,  in  point  of  language  and  spelling,  is  in  the  main  that  of 
Hertz,  as  given  in  his  critical  edition.  Throughout  the  book  all  vowels 
known  to  be  long  have  been  carefully  marked. 


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